Efeito da adição de óleo essencial de Origanum vulgar e Ocimum gratissimum L. no perfil lipídico da gordura de palma usada em fritura de batata tipo chips / Palm oil fatty acid profile evaluation during the potato chips processing with Origanum vulgar and Ocimum gratissimum L

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito antioxidante dos óleos essenciais de orégano e alfavacão sobre a estabilidade e perfil de ácidos graxos da gordura de palma utilizada no processamento industrial. Foram adicionados 100ug.g-1 de óleos essenciais em gordura de palma, que foi submetida a onze ciclos de fritura de batatas tipo chips. Amostras da gordura submetidas ao processamento foram analisadas quanto às características físico-químicas e perfil de ácidos graxos. Nas condições do estudo, não foi observado efeito dos óleos essenciais sobre a inibição na formação de compostos trans. Não houve alteração da relação de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados e ácidos graxos saturados da gordura. No entanto, a análise de peróxido indicou um efeito positivo do óleo essencial de alfavacão na redução da formação de radicais livres.

Efficacy of Ocimum gratissimum essential oil against the monogenean Cichlidogyrus tilapiae gill parasite of Nile tilapia / Eficácia do óleo essencial de Ocimum gratissimum contra o monogenea Cichlidogyrus tilapiae parasita de brânquias de tilápia-do-nilo

The phythotherapy is an alternative to use of chemotherapeutical agents against monogenean infection. This study evaluated the anthelmintic activity of essential oil Ocimum gratissimum against monogenean Cichlidogyrus tilapiae as well as its acute toxicity in tilapia juveniles. The mean lethal concentration (LC50) and different concentrations of the essential oil, both in vitro and in vivo assays (short and long-term baths) were assessed. The LC50 was 40.70mg.L-1 and in the in vitro assay this concentration showed 80% efficacy at the last two hours and in the in vivo assay 65.87% efficacy in long-term bath. However, it provoked morphological alterations on the gills such as hyperplasia and edema. The parasites exposure at the highest concentration (320mg.L-1) showed 100% mortality after 2h exposure in the in vitro assay, whereas in the in vivo assay, short-term baths of 5min for 3 consecutive days showed an efficacy of 87.71% without gills damage. These results demonstrate the anthelminthic activity of essential oil O. gratissimum and the safety concentration to use in Nile tilapia.(AU)

A fitoterapia é uma alternativa ao uso de agentes químicos contra infecções por parasitos monogenéticos. Este estudo avaliou a atividade anti-helmíntica do óleo essencial Ocimum gratissimum contra o monogenea Cichlidogyrus tilapiae , bem como sua toxicidade aguda e histopatologia em juvenis de tilápias. Foram avaliadas a concentração letal média (CL50) e diferentes concentrações de óleo essencial, tanto in vitro como in vivo (banho de curta e longa duração). A CL50 foi de 40,70mg.L-1; no ensaio in vitro, essa concentração apresentou 80% de eficácia, e no ensaio in vivo 65,87% de eficácia em banho de exposição crônica. No entanto, provocou alterações morfológicas nas brânquias, como hiperplasia e edema. A exposição dos parasitas na concentração mais elevada (320mg.L-1) mostrou 100% de mortalidade após duas horas de exposição no ensaio in vitro, enquanto no ensaio in vivo, em banho de curta duração de cinco minutos, durante três dias consecutivos, apresentou uma eficácia de 87,71%, sem danos às brânquias. Esses resultados demonstraram a atividade anti-helmíntica do óleo essencial de O. gratissimum e a concentração de segurança para uso na tilápia-do-nilo em banhos de curta duração.(AU)

Efecto gastroprotector de un nutraceutico compuesto por Ocimum micranthum Willd (albahaca silvestre) frente a ulceras gástricas inducidas por etanol en ratas / Gastroprotective effect of an Ocimum micranthum Willd nutraceutical product in ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats

Objetivo: Investigar el efecto de los extractos acuosos en infusión y cocimiento de un nutraceutico compuesto de Ocimum micranthum Willd (ISHCATUL®), en un modelo de ulcera gástrica inducida con etanol en ratas. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio experimental. Se distribuyeron 25 ratas machos en cuatro grupos de estudio: 1) Control Negativo (Suero fisiológico 0.9% 1mL/100 g); 2) Control Positivo (Sucralfato 500 mg/Kg); 3) Experimental 1 (Cocimiento a dosis 1mL/100 g); y 4) Experimental 2 (Infusión a dosis 2mL. /100 g). Adicionalmente se utilizó una rata como blanco, para poder realizar comparaciones mediante la visualización directa del tejido gástrico. Se indujo ulcera gástrica mediante la administración intragastrica de Etanol absoluto al 75% 1 mL/100g. Se realizó una observación directa de características macroscópicas con las que se calculó el índice ulceroso y porcentajes de inhibición de ulcera gástrica. Resultados: El grupo de tratamiento 1 y 2 obtuvieron un porcentaje de inhibición de 35.2% y 21.2 %, lo que no fue superior comparado con el 75% obtenido por el grupo que recibió sucralfato. Conclusión: Se encontraron efectos gastroprotectores en los grupos de estudio que recibieron decocto (a 1 mL/mg) e infusión (a 2mL/mg) de un nutraceutico compuesto de Ocimum micranthum Willd (Albahaca salvaje), en modelos experimentales de inducción de ulcera gástrica por etanol al 75%, que no fueron superiores a los controles positivos.

Objective: To investigate the effect of aqueous extracts on infusion and decoction of an Ocimum micranthum Willd nutraceutic (ISHCATUL®), in a model of gastric ulcer induced by ethanol in rats. Materials and Methods: An experimental study. Twenty-five male rats were distributed in four study groups: 1) Negative Control (Saline solution 0.9% 1mL / 100 g); 2) Positive Control (Sucralfate 500 mg / Kg); 3) Experimental 1 (Decoction at a dose of 1mL / 100 g); and 4) Experimental 2 (Infusion at a dose of 2mL / 100 g). Additionally, a rat was not intervened, in order to make comparisons through direct visualization of gastric tissue. Gastric ulcer was induced by intragastric administration of 75% absolute ethanol (1 mL / 100g). A direct observation was made of macroscopic characteristics through ulcer indexes and percentages of inhibition (PoI) were calculated. Results: Experimental 1 and Experimental 2 groups obtained PoIs of 35.2% and 21.2%, respectively. However, these results were not superior than PoI obtained by group which received sucralfate (75%). Conclusion: Gastroprotective effects were found in experimental groups which received Ocimum micranthum Willd nutraceutics decoction (at 1 mL / mg) and infusion (at 2mL / mg), in experimental models of ethanol-induced ulcer gastric ulcer, which were not superior to positive controls.

S-(+)- and R-(-)-linalool: a comparison of the in vitro anti-Aeromonas hydrophila activity and anesthetic properties in fish

ABSTRACT Linalool is the main compound of many essential oils and occurs in two isomeric forms: S-(+)- and R-(-)-linalool. This study aimed to determine if linalool isomers have different antimicrobial and anesthetic properties in fish. For this purpose, these compounds were previously isolated from Lippia alba (Mill.)N. E. Brown and Ocimum americanum L. essential oils. Antimicrobial effects were evaluated through the microdilution test against Aeromonas hydrophila, an important fish disease etiologic agent. Induction time until sedation, anesthesia and recovery time were determined in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) through bath exposure (60, 180, 300 or 500 μL L-1). The results showed different biological properties for the isomers being S-(+)-linalool the only active against A. hydrophila at 3.2 mg mL-1. The sedation was induced without differences between the compounds, however R-(-)-linalool promoted faster anesthesia. There were no differences regarding the recovery time of the animals exposed to the linalool isomers. Although both S-(+)- and R-(-)-linalool can be used for sedative purposes, their use in A. hydrophila infection is inadvisable due to the high effective concentration. Considering anesthesia as the main objective, the R-(-)-linalool demonstrated clear advantages at lower concentration.

Development of a High-Resolution Multi-Locus Microsatellite Typing Method for Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is an economically important fungal pathogen causing substantial yield losses indifferent host plants. To understand the genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of this fungus, we have developed a novel, high-resolution multi-locus microsatellite typing (MLMT) method. Bioinformatic analysis of C. gloeosporioides unannotated genome sequence yielded eight potential microsatellite loci, of which five, CG1 (GT)(n), CG2 (GT1)(n), CG3 (TC)(n), CG4 (CT)(n), and CG5 (CT1)(n) were selected for further study based on their universal amplification potential, reproducibility, and repeat number polymorphism. The selected microsatellites were used to analyze 31 strains of C. gloeosporioides isolated from 20 different host plants from India. All microsatellite loci were found to be polymorphic, and the approximate fragment sizes of microsatellite loci CG1, CG2, CG3, CG4, and CG5 were in ranges of 213–241, 197–227, 231–265, 209–275, and 132–188, respectively. Among the 31 isolates, 55 different genotypes were identified. The Simpson's index of diversity (D) values for the individual locus ranged from 0.79 to 0.92, with the D value of all combined five microsatellite loci being 0.99. Microsatellite data analysis revealed that isolates from Ocimum sanctum, Capsicum annuum (chili pepper), and Mangifera indica (mango) formed distinct clusters, therefore exhibited some level of correlation between certain genotypes and host. The developed MLMT method would be a powerful tool for studying the genetic diversity and any possible genotype-host correlation in C. gloeosporioides.

Evaluación de la actividad cicatrizante, en ratas albinas, de la combinación de los preparados galénicos de Bixa orellana L. (Achiote), Ocimum campecheanum Mill. (Albahaca de monte) y Aloe vera L. (Sábila) / Evaluation of the cicatrizant activity, in albino rats, of the combination of the galenic preparations of Bixa orellana L. (Annatto), Ocimum campecheanum Mill. (Albahaca de monte) and Aloe vera L. (Aloe)

EL estudio de medicamentos cicatrizantes es de suma importancia debido a que el 50% de complicaciones de una herida son las infecciones, por lo que el cuidado de las mismas, permite que el paciente tenga una mejor recuperación. Se realizó la evaluación de la actividad cicatrizante de un preparado galénico tipo ungüento a base de Bixa orellana, Ocimum campechianum y Aloe vera con el fin de compararlo con estudios anteriores y valorar si la efectividad era superior a los preparados individuales, para ello se llevo a cabo la metodología de heridas de segunda intención en ratas albinas. Se utilizó un modelo estadístico de análisis de varianza, comparación de grupo control mediante análisis de DUNNETT y graficas de intervalos, así como una comparación porcentual de los resultados. Los resultados demostraron que tras 10 días de tratamiento el ungüento al 30% (10% Bixa orellana, 10% Ocimum campechianum y 10% Aloe) no es superior a los preparados individuales de O. campechianum y A. vera pero si al preparado individual de B. orellana y al control positivo ya que en este hubo menos población que cerró la herida completamente. Al no contarse con estudios de B. orellana se realizó un preparado individual al 10% el cual demostró mejor reconstrucción tisular que el ungüento combinado y el control positivo.

Effect of Ocimum gratissimum in Mouthrinses on De Novo Plaque Formation. A Randomized Clinical Trial

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar clinicamente em humanos o efeito antiplaca de Ocimum gratissimum (Og). Quinze adultos saudáveis participaram deste estudo cruzado, duplo-cego, por meio de um modelo de acúmulo de placa parcial de 3 dias. Os voluntários aboliram qualquer método mecânico de higiene oral e foram inicialmente designados para usar os seguintes enxaguatórios bucais: água destilada (solução AD), digluconato de clorexidina a 0,12% (solução CLX) ou 10% Og (solução Og). O índice de placa (IPL) foi registrado em todos os dentes inferiores no final do experimento e os testes estatísticos Kruskal-Wallis (α=0,05) e Mann-Whitney (α=0,05) foram utilizados para estimar a diferença entre os grupos. Os resultados clínicos demonstraram diferença estatisticamente significante entre os três grupos (p<0,05), favorecendo os grupos CLX e Og; entretanto o grupo CLX foi mais efetivo que o grupo Og (p<0,05). Os enxaguatórios bucais contendo digluconato de clorexidina e Og a 10% foram capazes de reduzir a formação de nova placa bacteriana, mas Og mostrou resultados mais limitados em comparação ao digluconato de clorexidina.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiplaque effect of Ocimum gratissimum (Og) by in vivo investigation. Fifteen healthy volunteers participated in a crossover, double-blind clinical study, using a 3-day partial-mouth plaque accumulation model. The participants abolished any method of mechanical oral hygiene and they were randomly assigned to initially use just the following mouthrinses: distilled water (DW solution), 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate (CLX solution) or 10% Og (Og solution). The plaque index (PLI) was recorded in all mandibular teeth at the end of the trial and the Kruskal-Wallis (α=0.05) and Mann-Whitney (α=0.05) tests were used to estimate the difference among groups. The clinical results showed statistically significant difference among the groups (p<0.05), favoring the CLX solution and Og solution, but the first was more effective (p<0.05). The mouthrinses containing 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate and 10% Og were able to inhibit plaque re-growth, however Og showed more limited results in comparison to CLX.

Atividade antifúngica e possível mecanismo de ação do óleo essencial de folhas de Ocimum gratissimum (Linn. ) sobre espécies de Candida / Antifungal activity and potential action mechanisms of essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum (Linn. ) leaves against Candida species

RESUMO A espécie Ocimum gratissimum (Linn.), popularmente conhecida como alfavaca-cravo, é muito utilizada na medicina popular. A planta apresenta inúmeros compostos, sendo o eugenol o constituinte majoritário do seu óleo essencial e o provável responsável pela sua atividade antimicrobiana. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o potencial antifúngico e o possível mecanismo de ação do óleo essencial extraído das folhas de O. gratissimum L. (OEOg) sobre cepas-padrão de Candida. Para avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana foi determinada a Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM), o efeito do tempo de exposição, o efeito modulador na atividade de antifúngicos (ATF) de uso clínico e a ação do OEOg nas fases de crescimento exponencial e estacionário de leveduras do gênero Candida. O mecanismo de ação do OEOg foi verificado por captação do cristal violeta e avaliação da morfologia microbiana pela técnica de microcultivo. Também foi avaliada a toxicidade do OEOg sobre hemácias humanas. O OEOg apresentou boa atividade antifúngica sobre cepas de Candida, sendo capaz de reduzir a taxa de crescimento das cepas de Candida a partir de quatro horas de exposição, além de ter modulado positivamente a atividade do cetoconazol para C. tropicalis ATCC 13803 e reduzir o número de células viáveis em todas as fases de crescimento microbiano. O OEOg foi capaz de promover o aumento discreto da captação do cristal violeta e provocou alterações na micromorfologia das células de Candida spp., sugerindo que seu alvo de ação seja o envoltório celular. Observou-se baixa toxicidade do OEOg sobre hemácias humanas. Os resultados encontrados mostraram que o OEOg possui boa atividade sobre o gênero Candida, com mecanismo de ação mediado possivelmente pela ocorrência de danos no envoltório celular, além de ter sido observada baixa toxicidade, indicando do OEOg é promissor no desenvolvimento e elaboração de um novo fármaco com potencial atividade para o tratamento de doenças fúngicas.

ABSTRACT Ocimum gratissimum (Linn.) is a medicinal plant popularly known as “wild basil” widely used in traditional medicine. The plant has numerous compounds, and eugenol is the major constituent of its essential oil and likely responsible for its antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study was to determine the antifungal activity and the potential mechanism of action of the essential oil extracted from the leaves of O. gratissimum L. (OEOg) against standard strains of Candida. The following experiments were performed: determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), determination of the effect of exposure time to OEOg; evaluation of the modulating effect of OEOg in antifungal (ATF) activity for clinical use; determination of the effects of the OEOg on different growth phases of Candida spp; determination of crystal violet (CV) uptake and the microculture of yeast technique. OEOg showed good antifungal activity against Candida, being able to reduce microbial growth during 24 hours of contact and also the number of viable cells at all stages of growth. OE positively modulates the activity of ketoconazole for C. tropicalis ATCC 13803. Increased uptake of CV and also the inhibition of Candidavirulence factors were also observed, which indicates the occurrence of damage in the cell envelope. These findings, coupled with the low toxicity of OEOg on human erythrocytes, indicate that “wild basil” is a promising plant for the development of a new drug with a potential activity to treat fungal diseases.

Anesthetic activity of the essential oil of Ocimum americanum in Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) and its effects on stress parameters

The aim of this study was to evaluate the anesthetic activity of the essential oil (EO) of Ocimum americanum L. in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen ). In the first experiment, the depressor effects and chemical composition of the leaf EO (LEO) and inflorescence EO (IEO) were compared. Juveniles (n = 10) were placed in aquaria containing different concentrations of EO (25 - 500 mg L-1) to determine the point at which anesthesia was induced and the length of the recovery period. In the following experiment, the effects of 300 and 500 mg L-1 LEO exposure on stress parameters (plasma cortisol, glucose and sodium levels) after air exposure for 1 min were assayed. Fish (n = 10 per sampling time) were sampled immediately or transferred to anesthetic-free aquaria until sampling (15, 30, 60 or 240 min). LEO was composed mainly of β-linalool and 1,8-cineole in similar proportions, whereas IEO showed β-linalool as major compound. Anesthesia was obtained in silver catfish with 200-500 mg L-1 between 4-8 min for LEO and 6-16 min for IEO. Lower EO concentrations did not reach anesthetic stage up to 30 min. LEO used as anesthetic prevented the cortisol increase and sodium loss induced by aerial exposure. Glucose levels were raised in catfish exposed to LEO compared to basal group (not air exposed) in almost all observation times. EO of O. americanum obtained from leaves was considered suitable to anesthetic procedures due to its fast induction and handling-induced stress prevention.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade anestésica do óleo essencial (EO) de Ocimum americanum L. em jundiás (Rhamdia quelen ). No primeiro experimento, os efeitos depressores e a composição química dos óleos obtidos a partir das folhas (LEO) e das inflorescências (IEO) desta espécie vegetal foram comparados. Para isto, juvenis de jundiás (n = 10) foram transferidos para aquários contendo diferentes concentrações de EO (25 - 500 mg L-1) a fim de determinar os tempos de indução aos estágios de anestesia e de recuperação. No experimento seguinte foram determinados os efeitos da exposição a 300 e 500 mg L-1 de LEO em parâmetros de estresse (cortisol, glicose e níveis de sódio plasmáticos) após os animais serem expostos durante 1 min ao ar. Os peixes (n = 10 por tempo de amostragem) foram coletados imediatamente ou transferidos para aquários livres de anestésico até amostragem (15, 30, 60 ou 240 min). LEO demonstrou ser composto majoritariamente por β-linalol e 1,8-cineol em proporções similares, enquanto que IEO apresentou β-linalol como constituinte majoritário. O estágio de anestesia foi verificado em jundiás com 200-500 mg L-1 entre 4-8 min para LEO e 6-16 min para IEO. Menores concentrações de ambos os EO não promoveram anesthesia até 30 min. O uso de LEO como anestésico preveniu o aumento de cortisol e a perda de sódio induzida pela exposição aérea. Já a glicemia encontrava-se aumentada em peixes expostos ao LEO em comparação ao grupo basal (não exposto ao ar) na maioria dos tempos de observação. Assim, EO de O. americanum obtido a partir das folhas foi considerado adequado para procedimentos anestésicos devido a sua rápida indução e capacidade de prevenir o estresse decorrente do manuseio.

Use of Traditional Indian Plants in the Inhibition of Caries-Causing Bacteria - Streptococcus mutans

The aim of the study was to comparatively evaluate the antibacterial activity of six Indian plant extracts and 0.2% chlorhexidine against clinical strains of Streptococcus mutans, which were isolated from the plaque samples of 45 pediatric patients. Six plant extracts were prepared in three different forms, namely aqueous extracts, organic solvent-based extracts and crude (raw) extracts. The antimicrobial sensitivity testing was done by agar well diffusion method. Antimicrobial activity of the extracts was determined by measuring the mean zones of inhibition (mm) produced against the bacterial isolates. Results showed that crude garlic extract exhibited greater antibacterial activity than chlorhexidine. Aqueous extract of amla and organic solvent-based extract of ginger showed the maximum antibacterial activity against S. mutans, whereas aqueous extract of tulsi and organic solvent based extract of amla showed the minimum antibacterial activity. This study suggests that plant extracts like garlic in crude form, amla as aqueous infusion and ginger as alcoholic tincture have potential for the control of S. mutans. These extracts can be used as an alternative remedy for dental caries prevention or in the form of mouthwash, which is safe and economical.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar comparativamente a atividade antibacteriana de seis plantas indianas contra linhagens clínicas de Streptococcus mutans, que foram isoladas das amostras de biofilme dental de 45 pacientes pediátricos, com 0,2% de clorexidina. Seis extratos vegetais foram preparados em três formas diferentes, a saber, extratos aquosos, extratos à base de solventes orgânicos e extratos brutos. Os testes de sensibilidade antimicrobiana foram realizados por método de difusão em agar. A atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos foi determinada através da medição da zona de inibição, em milímetros, produzida contra os isolados bacterianos. Os resultados mostraram que o extrato de alho cru apresentou maior atividade antibacteriana do que a clorexidina. O extrato aquoso de amla e o extrato à base de solventes orgânicos de gengibre mostraram a máxima atividade antibacteriana contra S. mutans, enquanto o extrato aquoso de tulsi (manjericão) e o extrato à base de solventes orgânicos de amla mostraram mínima atividades antibacteriana. Este estudo sugere que extratos de plantas como o alho em forma bruta, amla como infusão aquosa e gengibre como tintura alcoólica tem um potencial para o controle de S. mutans. Estes extratos podem ser utilizados como uma via alternativa para a prevenção de cáries dentárias ou sob a forma de bochechos, que são seguros e econômicos.

Total biomass and essential oil composition of Ocimum gratissimum L. in response to broiler litter and phosphorus / Produção de biomassa e composição do óleo essencial de Ocimum gratissimum L. cultivado em solo com cama-de-frango e fósforo

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the biomass yield and chemical composition of the essential oil of clove basil in response to doses of broiler litter (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha-1) added in presence of triple superphosphate (200 kg ha-1) or without it. Before the first harvest, the height of the plants increased significantly (34.42 cm) when 15 tonnes ha-1 broiler litter were added to the soil. However, after resprouting, the plant heights ranged only as a function of the vegetative cycle, with maximum height (76.0 cm) observed at 60 days. Phosphate fertilization also significantly influenced the leaf area (1.771 cm2 plant-1) during the first harvest. The fresh weight of leaves increased linearly in response to the addition of broiler litter (20 ton ha-1) with maximum yields of 1,709 and 7,140 kg ha-1 during the first harvest and regrowth, respectively. On average, the oil content of the leaves was 0.7%, with maximum performance (3.8 L ha-1) when 20 tonnes ha-1 of broiler litter were added on the soil. Eugenol was found to be the major compound of the essential oil (71.65%).

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a produção de biomassa e a composição do óleo essencial da alfavaca-cravo cultivada com adição ao solo de cama-de-frango de corte, na ausência ou presença de fósforo. Foram estudadas cinco doses de cama-de-frango semi-decomposta (0, 5, 10, 15 e 20 t ha-1), na ausência ou presença de fósforo (200 kg ha-1), na forma de superfosfato triplo. A altura das plantas na primeira colheita foi maior sob a dose de 15 t ha-1 de cama-de-frango (34,42 cm), ou sem o uso de fósforo (32,4 cm); na rebrota, a altura variou apenas em função do ciclo, sendo máxima (76,0 cm) aos 60 dias após a rebrota. A adubação fosfatada influenciou significativamente a área foliar da primeira colheita, que foi maior com fósforo (1.771 cm2 planta-1). As produções de massas frescas de folhas cresceram linearmente com as doses de cama-de-frango, com máximas de 1.709 e 7.140 kg ha-1 na primeira colheita e na rebrota, respectivamente, sob 20 t ha -1. O teor de óleo essencial foi em média de 0,7% e o rendimento máximo de 3,8 L ha-1 sob a dose de 20 t ha-1 de cama-de-frango; o principal constituinte foi o eugenol, com teor médio de 71,65%.

Role of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract on dietary supplementation in the transgenic Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease / 中国天然药物

AIM@#To evaluate the effect of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract on the dietary supplementation in the transgenic Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease.@*METHOD@#The effect of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract was studied on the transgenic Drosophila model of flies expressing normal human alpha synuclein (h-αs) in the neurons. O. sanctum extract at final concentrations of 0.042 8 × 10(-4), 0.87 × 10(-4), and 1.85 × 10(-4) g·mL(-1) of diet were established and the flies were allowed to feed for 21 days. The climbing assay and lipid peroxidation were taken as parameters for the study.@*RESULTS@#The supplementation of O. sanctum extract showed a dose-dependent significant delay in the loss of climbing ability and reduction in oxidative stress in the brain of PD model flies.@*CONCLUSION@#The results of the present study showed that the O. sanctum extract is potent in reducing the PD symptoms in transgenic Drosophila model.

Armazenamento de sementes de Alfavaca-cravo (Ocimum gratissimum L. ) / Storage of Clove Basil (Ocimum gratissimum L. ) seeds

A espécie Ocimum gratissimum L. é um subarbusto aromático, pertencente à família Lamiaceae, considerado como importante produtor de óleo essencial e largamente utilizado na medicina popular. Devido à escassez de informações sobre a conservação das sementes dessa espécie o presente estudo objetivou analisar a longevidade das sementes submetidas a diferentes condições de armazenamento, por 12 meses, através de avaliações do potencial germinativo e da capacidade de formação de plântulas normais. As sementes foram armazenadas em três tipos de embalagens: sacos de papel, sacos de papel aluminizado, e frascos de vidro, e nas seguintes condições ambientais: balcão de laboratório, geladeira, e câmara fria. Aos 6, 8, 10 e 12 meses de armazenamento foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: umidade, porcentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação e porcentagem de plântulas normais. Durante o período de armazenamento a manutenção da umidade nas sementes foi mantida, bem como a porcentagem de germinação e de plântulas normais em todos os tratamentos avaliados. As sementes armazenadas apresentaram maiores valores de IVG quando comparadas com as recém-colhidas.

The Ocimum gratissimum L. species is an aromatic subshrub that belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is considered as an important producer of essential oil, widely used in folk medicine. Because of the lack of information about the conservation of O. gratissimum seeds, we aimed to evaluate the longevity of the seeds on different storage conditions for 12 months through the germination and seedling formation percentage in this study. The seeds were stored in three types of packages: paper bags (permeable), aluminized paper bags (semipermeable) and glass flasks (impermeable), in the settings of laboratory bench, refrigerator and cold room over the 12 month period. The germination tests were performed on the 6th, 8th, 10th and 12th month, when moisture, germinability, germination velocity index and percentage of normal seedlings were evaluated. During the storage period, moisture, germinability and percentage of normal seedling were kept in each storage condition. The stored seeds showed increased values of GSI compared to the newly- harvested ones.

Avaliação fitoquímica e atividade antioxidante, antimutagênica e toxicológica do extrato aquoso das folhas de Ocimum gratissimum L / Phytochemical Assessment And Antioxidant, Antimutagenic And Toxicological Activity Of Ocimum gratissimum L. Leaf aqueous extract

A espécie Ocimum gratissimum L., popularmente conhecida como alfavaca, é uma planta muito usada na medicina tradicional brasileira, à qual são atribuídas diversas atividades terapêuticas quando usada na forma de infuso de suas folhas. Neste estudo foi realizada a caracterização fitoquímica, a avaliação da ação antioxidante e a investigação dos efeitos antimutagênico e antigenotóxico, além do efeito mutagênico e genotóxico potencial do extrato aquoso liofilizado a parir das folhas de O. gratissimum (EAOG). O conteúdo de polifenóis totais no extrato foi determinado pelo método Folin-Ciocalteu, sendo encontrado 11,3 µg EAG/mg de EAOG. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada pelo teste do 1,1-difenil-2-picril hidrazil (DPPH•), apresentando IC50 de 83,0 µg/mL. A antimutagenicidade e mutagenicidade foram avaliadas em cepas de Salmonella typhimurium (TA98 e TA100) utilizando o teste Salmonella/microssoma (Salmonella typhimurium/microssomas) em diferentes concentrações. EAOG induziu a atividade antimutagênica para a cepa TA98. A mutagenicidade não foi observada para o extrato em ambas as linhagens. Adicionalmente, a ação antigenotoxica avaliada pelo teste de clivagem do DNA-plasmidial também foi observada para EAOG. Os resultados também demonstraram que o extrato não foi capaz de induzir a genotoxicidade pelo teste empregado. Este estudo relata, pela primeira vez, as propriedades antimutagênica e antigenotóxica do extrato aquoso de O. gratissimum.

The species Ocimum gratissimum L., popularly known as Clove Basil, is a plant widely used in traditional Brazilian medicine, and several therapeutic activities are attributed to it when used as infusion of its leaves. In this study, we carried out a phytochemical characterization and the assessment evaluation and investigation of the antioxidant action of the antimutagenic and antigenotoxic effects and the potential mutagenic and genotoxic effects of the freeze-dried aqueous extract of the O. gratissimum (EAOG) leaves. The total polyphenol content in the extract was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and we found 11.3 µg EAG/mg of EAOG. The antioxidant activity was assessed by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hidrazil (DPPH·), with IC50 of 83.0 µg/mL. Antimutagenicity and mutagenicity were assessed in Salmonella typhimurium (TA98 and TA100) strains using the Salmonella/microsome (Salmonella typhimurium/microsome) test in different concentrations. EAOG induced antimutagenic activity for strain TA98. Mutagenicity was not observed for the extract in both strains. Additionally, antigenotoxic action, assessed by cleavage of the DNA-damage, was also observed for EAOG. The results also show that the extract was not able to induce genotoxicity by the test used. This study reports for the first time the antimutagenic and antigenotoxic properties of the O. gratissimum aqueous extract.

Antiaging, antistress and ROS scavenging activity of crude extract of Ocimum sanctum (L.) in Caenorhabditis elegans (Maupas, 1900).

Since aging is the most important risk factor for variety of diseases, the discovery of a wide range of chemical modulators of aging in model organisms encourages new strategies for targeting age associated diseases. Simple genetic manipulation leads to long-lived and healthy animals, so any compound which could have similar effect would prove a boon to mankind. In the present study, effect of different pharmacological doses (1.0, 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 mg/mL) of O. sanctum crude extract were used to determine their impact on life span, thermotolerance and ROS scavenging activities in C. elegans. The results revealed that 1 mg/mL of O. sanctum extract significantly extended the life span of C. elegans. The extract also proved to be a strong free radical scavenger and increased resistance against thermal stress. It is also suggested that the protective and life span extending action of the crude extract is not only due to its antioxidant capacity but may also be mediated by modulation of some signaling pathways. Thus, in addition to all the known medicinal property of Ocimum, it is capable of increasing stress tolerance and life span in C. elegans.

Preclinical immunohistochemical biomarkers for testicular changes in hyperlipidemic rats and the role of Ocimum fratissimum

High plasma levels of cholesterol or triglycerides were accompanied by testicular dysfunction, besides being a high risk factor for coronary and cerebrovascular diseases. The aim of the study was to investigate the histological effect of Ocimum gratissimum on the testes of rats with tyloxapol-induced hyperlipidemia as well as investigate its effect on androgen receptor [AR] and proliferating cell nuclear antigen [PCNA] distribution as a molecular biomarker for spermatogenesis. Twenty-four adult male albino rats were used and divided into four equal groups: the control group [group I]; the group treated with crude aqueous extract of O. gratissimum [group II]; the tyloxapol-injected group [group III]; and the group injected with tyloxapol followed by treatment with O. gratissimum [group IV]. The rats were anesthetized at the time of sacrifice; thereafter, blood samples were collected to estimate the lipid profile levels, and the testis specimens were examined histologically and immunohistochemically for AR and PCNA. The present results showed a significant increase in the levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein and a decrease in the levels of high-density lipoprotein in the tyloxapol-injected group [hyperlipidemic rats] with histological changes in the form of loss of normal distribution of spermatogenic cells, vacuolation, diminution of germinal epithelium, and sloughing of germ cells into the tubular lumen with acidophilic material in the interstitial tissues when compared with the control group. Immunohistochemical study showed a significant decrease in the intensity of AR immunostaining in Sertoli, Leydig, and peritubular myoid cells and in the number of PCNA immunopositive germ cells; the index PCNA values were also significantly decreased in tyloxapol-injected rats in comparison with controls. O. gratissimum administration after tyloxapol injection induced a significant reduction in lipid profile with marked improvement in testicular histological changes as well as increase in the number of AR and PCNA immunopositive cells. This study revealed that AR and PCNA indexing can be used as a preclinical biomarker for testicular changes in hyperlipidemic states. The extract of O. gratissimum leaves provides effective hypolipidemic activity and exerts significant improvement in combating the harmful effects of hyperlipidemia on the rat testes

Avaliação das estruturas secretoras de Ocimum gratissimum var. macrophyllum Briq. (Lamiaceae) após extração dos constituintes voláteis / Evaluation of secretory structures of Ocimum gratissimum var. macrophyllum Briq. (Lamiaceae) after extraction of volatile compounds

O impacto provocado nas estruturas secretoras de folhas adultas de Ocimum gratissimum var. macrophyllum após extração dos componentes voláteis utilizando-se diferentes métodos de extração foi investigado através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Secções transversais do ápice, da nervura central, e da margem mostraram superfície com cutícula estriada, estômatos diacíticos, tricomas tectores simples, filiformes, e glandulares peltados. Os peltados, com estrutura envolta por uma cutícula contendo o exsudado celular, variaram de 60 a 80µm de diâmetro sendo formados por uma porção apical multicelular com disposição radial formada por dois círculos concêntricos com 9 a 16 células. Na região central do ápice do tricoma peltado se identificou a presença de 4 células em forma de vértice dispostas sobre o pedúnculo, sendo esta a região mais externa formada por número variável de células. Os componentes voláteis das folhas adultas foram extraídos por hidrodestilação (HD), destilação-extração simultânea (DES), e solvente (SO). Os dados obtidos evidenciaram que o maior impacto nas estruturas secretoras ocorreu após extração por hidrodestilação quando comparado aos outros métodos utilizados. A porcentagem dos principais constituintes químicos, timol e γ-terpineno variaram de acordo com o método de extração: timol (HD = 25,4%, SO = 18,2%, DES = 54,8%) e γ-terpineno (HD = 38,2%, SO = ausente, DES = 13,7%).

The impact on the secretory structures of mature leaves of Ocimum gratissimum var. macrophyllum, after extraction of the volatile compounds using different extraction methods, was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cross-sections of the apex, the midrib and the margin showed surface with striated cuticle, diacitic stomata, single tector, filiform and glandular peltate trichomes. The peltate trichomes with a structure surrounded by cuticle containing the celllular exudate ranged from 60 to 80µm in diameter and consisted of a multicellular apical portion of radial arrangement formed by two concentric circles with 9 to 16 cells. In the central region of the peltate trichome apex, there were 4 cells in the form of a vertex arranged on the peduncle, and this was the most external region formed by a variable number of cells. The volatile compounds of the mature leaves were extracted by hydrodistillation (HD), simultaneous distillation-extraction (SDE) and solvent (SO). The obtained data evidenced that the major impact on the secretory structures occurred after extraction by hydrodistillation, compared to the other used methods. The percentage of the major chemical constituents, thymol and γ-terpinene, changed according the extraction method: (HD = 25.4%, SO = 18.2%, SDE = 54.8%) and γ-terpinene (HD = 38.2%, SO = absent, SDE = 13.7%).

Extrato de plantas medicinais como carrapaticida de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus / Herbal extract against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks

O uso de plantas medicinais tem sido uma prática antiga da humanidade, contribuindo para a divulgação das virtudes terapêuticas de extratos de diferentes vegetais. Na busca de alternativas naturais eficazes para males que prejudicam indiretamente o homem, as plantas medicinais têm sido utilizadas na veterinária na tentativa de eliminar ou reduzir a ação dos carrapatos B. microplus, que podem trazer prejuízos a bovinos. Durante anos têm sido utilizado produtos químicos nesse controle, no entanto, os carrapatos adquirem resistência aos fármacos em decorrência do uso contínuo. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de hidrolato e extratos aquosos de carqueja [Baccharis trimera (Less). D.C.], alfavaca (Ocimum gratissimum L.), necroton [Vernonia condensata (Backer) H. Rob.] camomila [Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert], além do óleo essencial de alfavaca (Ocimum gratissimum L.). Os ensaios para larvas de B. microplus foram realizados com impregnação das substâncias em papel filtro. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que todos os extratos aquosos foram ineficazes; o hidrolato de carqueja e de necroton apresentaram eficiência em torno de 30%, necessitando novos testes para comprovação. Dentre os resultados obtidos, destaca-se o hidrolato de alfavaca que apresentou eficiência de 76,7% na concentração de 100% e o óleo essencial puro de alfavaca que apresentou ação larvicidade 100% indicando o potencial carrapaticida dessa planta, especificamente no combate de B.microplus.

The use of medicinal plants has been a longstanding practice of mankind, helping to spread the therapeutic virtues of different plant extracts, due to their medicinal effects. In the search for effective natural alternatives for ailments that indirectly affect man, medicinal plants have been used in veterinary medicine, in an attempt to eliminate or reduce the action of B. microplus ticks, which can cause damage to cattle. For many years, chemical products have been used in this control. However, after some time ticks acquire drug resistance, as a result of continuous use. Thus, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the effect of hydrolates and aqueous extracts of carqueja [Baccharis trimera (Less). DC], alfavaca (Ocimum gratissimum L.), necroton [Vernonia condensata (Baker) H. Rob.], chamomile [Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert] and also the essential oil of alfavaca (Ocimum gratissimum L.). The assays for larvae of B. microplus were carried out by impregnating the paper filter with the substances. The results showed that all the aqueous extracts were ineffective; the hydrolate of carqueja and necroton presented efficiencies around 30%, requiring further tests to prove. Among the results, we observed that the alfavaca hydrolate showed an efficiency of 76.7% at a concentration of 100% and the pure alfavaca oil showed a larvicidal action of 100%, indicating this plant's potential to reduce ticks, specifically in the control of B. microplus.

Effect of Ocimum basilicum extract on cadmium-induced testicular histomorphometric and immunohistochemical alterations in albino rats / 대한해부학회지

The present study examined the efficacy of Ocimum basilicum (basil) extract, a natural herb, with antioxidant properties, against testicular toxicity induced by cadmium (Cd), which is one of the most important toxic heavy metals. The intoxicated rats showed significant alterations in the testicular tissue including decreased seminiferous epithelium height and changes in the arrangement of spermatogenic layers. Hypospermatogensis with cytoplasmic vacuolization and pyknotic nuclei were observed. Intertubular hemorrahage and absence of spermatozoa were noted. Decreased cell proliferation was reflected by a decrease in Ki-67 expression, whereas the increase in apoptotic rate was associated with a decrease in the Bcl/Bax ratio. Concomitant treatment with aqueous basil extract led to an improvement in histological, morphometrical and immunohistochemical changes induced by Cd. The beneficial effects of basil extract could be attributed to its antioxidant properties.

Aqueous extracts of Ocimum grasstimum inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 expression in airway epithelial cell BEAS-2B / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the antiinflammatory activities of aqueous extract of Occimum gratissmium (OGE) with emphasis on expression of proinflammatory cytokines in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated epithelial cell BEAS-2B.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Effects of OGE on cell viability were determined by MTT assay. mRNA expression were analyzed by and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR. Activation of kinase cascades was investigated by immunoblot. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was analyzed by flow cytometry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>OGE (<200 μg/mL) treatment or pretreatment and following LPS exposure slightly affected viability of BEAS-2B cells. Increase of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 and the elevated level of intracellular ROS in LPS-stimulated BEAS-2B cells were diminished by OGE pretreatment in a dose-dependent manner. OGE suppressed inflammatory response-associated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and Akt activation. Additionally, OGE pretreatment increased level of cellular inhibitor of κBα (IκBα) and inhibited nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>These findings indicate that significant suppression of IL-6 and IL-8 expressions in LPS-stimulated BEAS-2B cells by OGE may be attributed to inhibiting activation of MAPKs and Akt and consequently suppressing nuclear translocation of NF-κB.</p>