Study on the encapsulation technique of high purity gamma-linolenic acid, part 1--Single factor, and two-factor tests for encapsulation process / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effects of all factors during the process of urea encapsulation of gamma-linolenic acid on the purity and yield.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>To observe the material proportions, time, temperature and purity using single-factor and two-factor tests.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Single-factor test showed that the optimal ratio of all materials (oil, urea and 95% ethanol) was 1:3:8. A 30% purity after single encapsulation process was obtained, at the best temperature range was - 15 degrees C-20 degrees C, for 24 hours. Two-factor test showed that the optimal ratio of oil, urea and ethanol was 1:3:8, where the concentration of ethanol was 90%-95%. The purity reached 90% or higher, with three-time encapsulation process.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>An optimized process was identified where material ratios, encapsulation time, temperature, and ethanol concentrations were determined using single-factor and two-factor tests.</p>

Distribution of pectins in the pollen apertures of Oenothera hookeri: velans ster/+ster

Cell wall pectins are some of the most complex biopolymers known, and yet their functions remain largely mysterious. The aim of this paper was to deepen the study of the spatial pattern of pectin distribution in the aperture of Oenothera hookeri.velans ster/+ster fertile pollen. We used "in situ" immunocytochemical techniques at electron microscopy, involving monoclonal antibodies JIM5 and JIM7 directed against pectin epitopes in fertile pollen grains of Oenothera hookeri.velans ster/+ster. The same region was also analyzed by classical cytochemistry for polysaccharide detection. Immunogold labelling at the JIM7 epitope showed only in mature pollen labelling mainly located at the intine endo-aperture region. Cytoplasmic structures near the plasma membrane of the vegetative cell showed no labelling gold grains. In the same pollen stge the labelling at the JIM5 epitope was mostly confined to a layer located in the limit between the endexine and the ektexine at the level of the border of the oncus. Some tubuli at the base of the ektexine showed also an accumulation of gold particles. No JIM5 label was demonstrated in the aperture chamber and either in any cytoplasmic structure of the pollen grains. The immunocytochemical technique, when compared with the traditional methods for non-cellulose polysaccharide cytochemistry is fare more sensitive and allows the univocal determination of temporal and spatial location of pectins recognized by the JIM7 and JIM5 MAbs.

Morphometric Studies on the Genus Septoria in Korea (I)

The mycoflora of Korea was rather poorly studied in the past and the fungi belonging to the genus Septoria are no exception. For this reason, taxonomic studies on Septoria have been initiated, with the eventual aim of producing a monograph of the Septoria species present in Korea. The present study circumscribes 10 species; viz., Septoria artemisiae, S. callistephi, S. chrysanthemella, S. erigerontis, S. lycopersici, S. lysimachiae, S. oenotherae, S. phlogis, S. rohlenae, and S. sonchi. Distinguishing morphological characters are described and illustrated for each species.