Patella cubiti - a continuing etiological mystery / Patella cubiti: un misterio etiológico continuo

SUMMARY: A sesamoid bone in the elbow joint is a rare anatomical variation described as a Patella cubiti. Although this variation has been known for centuries its exact etiology is still unclear. Congenital, developmental, and traumatic hypotheses have been proposed. It seldom causes clinical manifestations than elbow stiffness or hypomobility. Herein, we present a case of a 31-year-old patient admitted to our department with complaints of swelling and erythema in the right elbow. An X-ray image revealed a triangular accessory bone with rounded edges, which was diagnosed as a Patella cubiti in combination with olecranon bursitis. Knowledge of this rare elbow abnormality is paramount for orthopedic surgeons and roentgenologists in their daily medical practice.

Un hueso sesamoideo en la articulación del codo es una rara variación anatómica descrita como Patella cubiti. Aunque esta variación se conoce desde hace siglos, su etiología exacta aún no está clara. Se han propuesto hipótesis congénitas, de desarrollo y traumáticas. Rara vez causa manifestaciones clínicas que no sean rigidez o hipomovilidad del codo. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 31 años que ingresó en nuestro servicio por presentar tumefacción y eritema en el codo derecho. Una imagen de rayos X reveló un hueso accesorio triangular con márgenes redondeados, que se diagnosticó como una Patella cubiti en combinación con bursitis del olécranon. El conocimiento de esta rara anomalía del codo es fundamental para los cirujanos ortopédicos y los médicos radiólogos en su práctica médica diaria.

Olecranon osteotomy approach for Dubberley type Ⅲ coronal fractures of the distal humerus / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To retrospectively analyze the clinical efficacy of olecranon osteotomy approach in the treatment of Dubberley type Ⅲ coronal fractures of the distal humerus and summarize the treatment experience.@*METHODS@#From January 2016 to June 2020, 17 patients (5 males and 12 females) with Dubberley type Ⅲ coronal fractures of the distal humerus were treated by olecranon osteotomy approach. The age ranged from 37 to78 years old with an average of (58.5±12.9) years old. According to Dubberley classification, there were 5 cases of type Ⅲ A and 12 cases of type Ⅲ B. The curative effect was evaluated using the Borberg-Morrey elbow function score. The flexion, extension and rotation range of motion of the elbow joint, complications and postoperative imaging evaluation were recorded.@*RESULTS@#All the 17 patients got bony union. The follow-up time ranged from 12 to 33 months with an average of (15.6±5.6) months. There was 1 case of ischemic necrosis of capitulum humeri, 2 cases of traumatic arthritis and 1 case of heterotopic ossification, 1 case of malunion of fracture. The range of motion was (114.80±19.50) °. The Broberg-Morrey score was 85.3±8.2, excellent in 5 cases, good in 9 cases, fair in 3 cases and poor in 0 case.@*CONCLUSION@#Through olecranon osteotomy approach, the articular surface of distal humerus could be fully exposed, and the operation is convenient. Anatomical reduction and rigid fixation of the articular surface of distal humerus are the key factors for the succesful outcome.

Comparison of the efficacy of three types of Kirschner wire tension bands for ulnar olecranal fracture / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the clinical effect of three types of Kirschner wire tension band for olecranon fracture.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 64 patients with olecranon fracture treated by Kirschner wire tension band fixation from March 2016 to May 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 19 patients were treated with intramedullary K-wires fixation(group A) including 8 males and 11 females with an average of (48.2±18.3) years old, 3 patients were typeⅠ, and 16 patients were typeⅡ according to Mayo classification;20 patients were treated with transcortical K-wires fixation (group B) including 13 males and 7 females with an average of (43.5±20.4) years old, 3 patients were typeⅠand 17 patients were typeⅡ according to Mayo classification;25 patients were treated with perforated Kirschner wire(group C) including 15 males and 10 females with an average of (55.2±17.5) years old, 4 patients were typeⅠand 21 patients were typeⅡ according to Mayo classification. The operative time, intraoperative blood loss, times of Intraoperative fluoroscopy, fracture healing time and complications of 3 groups were compared. At the final follow-up, elbow function was assessed using the Mayo Elbow Function Scale.@*RESULTS@#There were differences in operative time, intraoperative fluoroscopy times, postoperative VAS and soft tissue irritation among the three groups(P<0.05). The operative time, intraoperative fluoroscopy times in group A and C was better than that in group B. The postoperative VAS score, skin irritability in group C was better than that of group B. The difference was statistically significant on Mayo elbow function score at the final follow-up among three groups(P<0.05), the scores of group A and C were higher than that of group B.@*CONCLUSION@#Compared with transcortical K-wires screw fixation, both intramedullary K-wires screw fixation and perforated Kirschner wire fixation, which can significantly reduce the occurrence of soft tissue irritation, reduce surgical complications and shorten the operation time.

How to Choose Between the Transolecranon and Triceps-Reflecting Approaches to Treat Distal Humerus Fractures in Adults: A Prospective Study / Como escolher entre as abordagens transolecraniana e por reflexão do tríceps para tratar fraturas distais do úmero em adultos: Um estudo prospectivo

Abstract Objective To choose an appropriate posterior approach for distal humerus fractures in adults. Methods Fifty patients with distal humerus fractures were analyzed prospectively. The fractures were classified using the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen/Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO, Working Group for Bone Fusion Issues, in German/OTA) classification. The patients were divided into group A and group B. Olecranon osteotomy (the transolecranon approach) was performed in 30 patients, and the triceps-reflecting approach was used in 20 patients. The functional results were evaluated using the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire. Results The average operative time was of 92.62 8.73 minutes for group A, and of 78.63 7.02 minutes for group B, (p< 0.01), and the average blood loss was of 222.78 34.93 mL for group A, and of 121.61 19.85 mL for group B, (p< 0.01), which were statistically significant. The mean scores on the MEPS and DASH of both groups were found to be insignificant. Complications like infection, neurapraxia and soft tissue irritation where observed more in group A. Conclusion The triceps-reflecting approach results in a shorter operative time, a lower levels of blood loss, and a low rate of complications, and olecranon osteotomy provides better accuracy in terms of articular reduction. But there were no significant differences between the two groups regarding the functional outcome. Therefore, we have proposed a new classification that is a modification of the AO/OTA classification: type 1 includes AO grades 13A to C2 (B3 excluded); and type 2, AO 13C3. For type-1 fractures, the triceps-reflecting approach may be considered, and, for type-2 fractures, olecranon osteotomy.

Resumo Objetivo Escolher uma abordagem posterior adequada para fraturas distais do úmero em adultos. Métodos Cinquenta pacientes com fraturas distais do úmero foram analisados prospectivamente. As fraturas foram classificadas por meio da classificação Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen/Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA). Os pacientes foram divididos em grupo A e grupo B. A osteotomia olecraniana (abordagem transolecraniana) foi realizada em 30 pacientes, e a abordagem por reflexão do tríceps foi usada em 20 pacientes. Os resultados funcionais foram avaliados por meio do Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) e do questionário Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH). Resultados O tempo médio da cirurgia foi de 92,62 8,73 minutos para o grupo A, e de 78,63 7,02 minutos para o grupo B (p< 0,01) e a média da perda sanguínea foi de 222,78 34,93 mL no grupo A, e de 121,61 19,85 mL no grupo B (p< 0,01), os quais foram estatisticamente significativos. As pontuações médias no MEPS e no DASH de ambos os grupos foram consideradas insignificantes. Complicações como infecção, neurapraxia e irritação de tecidos moles foram mais observadas no grupo A. Conclusão A abordagem por reflexão do tríceps resulta em menor tempo de operação, menor perda de sangue, e baixas taxas de complicações, e a osteotomia olecraniana proporciona uma melhor precisão da redução articular. Mas não houve diferença significativa entre os dois grupos em termos do resultado funcional. Por isso, propusemos uma nova classificação, que é uma modificação da classificação AO/OTA: o tipo 1 inclui os graus AO 13A a C2 (excluído o B3); e o tipo 2, AO 13C3. Para fraturas do tipo 1, a abordagem por reflexão do tríceps pode ser considerada, e, para as fraturas do tipo 2, a osteotomia olecraniana.

Osteosintesis de fracturas complejas de húmero distal. Nuestra experiencia / Osteosynthesis of complex fractures of the distal humerus. Our experience

Objetivo: Describir los resultados obtenidos en el tratamiento de las fracturas de húmero distal mediante reducción abierta y fijación interna y reflejar si el abordaje empleado tuvo impacto en el resultado funcional. Materiales y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo de presentación de casos. Se evaluó a 19 pacientes con diagnóstico de fractura de húmero distal compleja tratados con reducción abierta y fijación interna entre 2015 y 2021. Se realizó un control radiográfico periódico y se evaluó el resultado funcional mediante escalas internacionales, como DASH y MEPS. Luego se procedió a extrapolar las variables obtenidas utilizando un programa estadístico. Resultados: Se logró la consolidación de todas las fracturas. Se empleó el abordaje de Alonso Llames en 7 pacientes (37%) y la osteotomía de olécranon en 12 casos (63%). El puntaje DASH promedio fue de 11,31, lo que determinó discapacidades leves. El puntaje MEPS obtenido fue excelente en un paciente (5,26%), bueno en 10 (52,6%), regular en 7 (36,84%) y pobre en 1 (5,26%). Conclusiones: La reducción abierta y la fijación interna son eficaces para tratar las fracturas complejas de húmero distal, permiten lograr buenos resultados posquirúrgicos. En esta serie, el 57% de los pacientes obtuvo resultados excelentes o buenos. No se halló una diferencia estadísticamente significativa con respecto a la elección de un abordaje u otro. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Objective: To describe the results obtained in the treatment of distal humerus fractures by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) and to reflect whether the approach used had an impact on the functional outcome. Materials and methods: We carried out a retrospective case study of 19 patients with a diagnosis of complex distal humerus fracture who were treated with ORIF from 2015 to 2021. Periodic radiographic controls were performed and the functional outcome was evaluated using internationally known scales such as the DASH and Mayo Elbow performance Score (MEPS), then the variables obtained were extrapolated using statistical software. Results: A 100% consolidation rate was achieved; in 7 patients (37%), the Alonso Llames approach was used and in 12 cases (63%), we performed an olecranon osteotomy. The average DASH was 11.31, which determined mild disabilities. The MEPS obtained was excellent in 1 patient (5.26%), good in 10 (52,6%), fair in 7 (36.84%), and poor in 1(5.26%). When comparing the results obtained through the different approaches a P = 0.4197 was obtained in the ANOVA test and P =0.4723 in the Mann-Whitney/Wilcoxon Two sample Test. Conclusions: We conclude that ORIF is effective in the treatment of complex fractures of the distal humerus, allowing the surgeon to obtain good post-surgical results. In this series, the average DASH was 11.31, with excellent and good results in 57% of the patients. We found no statistically significant difference regarding the choice of one approach or the other. Level of Evidence: IV

Fracturas de olécranon. Nueva alternativa terapéutica / Olecranon fractures. A new therapeutic alternative

Introducción: Las fracturas de olécranon desplazadas mayoritariamente requieren de fijación quirúrgica. Las técnicas más usadas son las clavijas con alambre en 8 y las placas anatómicas, pero están asociadas a altas tasas de insatisfacción por irritación de las partes blandas. Una nueva opción quirúrgica es la fijación con suturas de alta resistencia y tornillo canulado. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los rangos de movilidad, la consolidación ósea y las complicaciones utilizando esta técnica. Materiales y Métodos: Se presenta a 6 pacientes con fracturas tipo IIA y un promedio de edad de 43 años (rango 24-60) tratados con suturas de alta resistencia y tornillo canulado intramedular entre enero de 2020 y abril de 2021. Se evaluó el rango de movilidad posoperatorio, la consolidación ósea y las complicaciones. Todos fueron evaluados hasta el mes 6 posoperatorio. Resultados: A los 6 meses de la cirugía, el promedio de flexión fue de 143° (rango 90°-160°) y la extensión promedio, de 19° (0°-55°). Se logró la consolidación ósea en 5 pacientes y hubo un retraso de la consolidación con rigidez articular (complicación 16,6%). No hubo segundas intervenciones. Conclusión: La fijación con suturas de alta resistencia y tornillo canulado para las fracturas simples desplazadas de olécranon es una técnica simple, reproducible y económica, ya que no necesitaría de segundas intervenciones, como sí sucede con las fijaciones tradicionales. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Objective: Displaced olecranon fractures mostly require surgical fixation. The most commonly used techniques are tension band wiring and plate fixation, but they are associated with high rates of discomfort due to soft tissue irritation. An alternative surgical option is fixation with high-strength sutures with intramedullary screws. The aim of this study is to evaluate the range of motion, bone healing and complications using this technique. Materials and Methods: Six patients with type IIA fractures with an average age of 43 years (range 24-60 years) treated with high strength suture and intramedullary screw between January 2020 - April 2021 were included. Post-operative range of motion, bone healing and complications were evaluated. All were evaluated up to 6 months postoperatively. Results: At the 6th postoperative month, the average flexion was 143° (range 90°-160°), average extension 19° (0°-55°), there was bone healing in 5 patients, and 1 nonunion with joint stiffness (complication 16.6%). There were no second surgeries. Conclusion: Simple displaced olecranon fractures treated with high-strength suture with intramedullary screws is a simple, reproducible and economical technique since it does not require a second surgery, as is the case with traditional fixation methods for this pathology. Level of Evidence: IV

Sex estimation using ulna in a Thai population / Estimación del sexo utilizando la ulna en una población tailandesa

SUMMARY: Sex estimation from fragmentary bone remain is still challenge for forensic pathologist. Ulna has been reported useful for sex estimation by metric analysis. This study generated sex estimation function for fragment and complete of ulnar bone in a Thai population. The function was generated from 200 pairs of ulnar bone, and others 20 pair of ulnar bone were used for test the accuracy of the functions. Olecranon width was the best single variable for sex predicting of proximal part of ulna, which right olecranon width could be classified the sex 90.5 %. While distal end width of ulna was the variable for predicting the sex of distal part, which left distal end width could be classified the sex with 83.0 %. Stepwise discriminant function analysis was applied to proximal part. For proximal part of right ulna 4 measurements were selected (inferior-medial trochlear notch length, olecranon width, olecranon-coronoid process length, and maximum proximal ulnar width), while the left side, superior trochlear notch width, olecranon width, and maximum proximal ulnar width were chosen, and their functions could be predicted the sex with 91.0 % and 90.0 %, respectively. Our results indicated the ulnar bone had high ability for estimating the sex in a Thai population.

RESUMEN: La estimación del sexo a partir de restos óseos fragmentarios sigue siendo un desafío para el patólogo forense. Se ha informado de la utilidad de la ulna para la estimación del sexo mediante análisis métrico. En este estudio se analizó la estimación del sexo para un fragmento y de la ulna completa en una población tailandesa. La función se generó a partir de 200 pares de ulnas y se utilizaron otras 20 pares de ulnas estimando la precisión de las funciones. El ancho del olécranon fue la mejor variable individual para predecir el sexo en la parte proximal de la ulna (90, 5 %). Si bien el ancho del extremo distal de la ulna fue la variable para predecir el sexo, el ancho del extremo distal izquierdo podría clasificarse por sexo con un 83,0 % de certeza. Se aplicó un análisis de función discriminante escalonada a la parte proximal. Para la parte proximal de la ulna derecha se seleccionaron 4 medidas (longitud de la incisura troclear inferior-medial, ancho del olécranon, longitud del proceso olecraneano-proceso coronoides y ancho ulnar proximal máximo), mientras que en el lado izquierdo, fue determinado el ancho de la incisura superior troclear, ancho del olécranon y ancho ulnar proximal máximo. Se eligió el ancho, y se pudo predecir el sexo en el 91,0 % y 90,0 % de los casos, respectivamente. Nuestros resultados indicaron que la ulna tenía una alta capacidad para estimar el sexo en una población tailandesa.

Clinical observation of double mini locking plate in the treatment of olecranon fracture / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the clinical effect of double mini-locking plates in the treatment of ulna olecranon fractures.@*METHODS@#From March 2017 to May 2020, 19 patients with olecranon fractures were treated with double mini locking plates, including 12 males and 7 females, aged from 20 to 75 years old with an average of (40.50±7.62) years old;10 patients had the injuries on the left side and 9 patients on the right side. All the 19 patients were fresh closed fractures without ulnar coronoid process fracture, elbow dislocation and other injuries. The fracture healing time and complications were recorded, and the clinical efficacy was evaluated by Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS) before operation and 12 months after operation.@*RESULTS@#All the 19 patientswas followed up, and the duration ranged from 12 to 17 months with an average of (13.51±3.17) months. Postoperative follow-up showed all fractures healed. Fracture healing time ranged from 2 to 6 months, with an average of(3.77±1.24) months. There was no internal fixation fracture, screw loosening, infection, internal fixation irritation, heterotopic ossification, elbow stiffness and other complications occurred. The MEPS score of affected elbow at 12 months after operation was 91.26±3.87, which was significantly different from that before operation 56.18±9.56 (@*CONCLUSION@#It is a reliable fixation method to treat olecranon fracture with double mini locking plate. The incision lengh is small and the fracture fixation is reliable. Elbow joint function exercise can be performed early after operation. Postoperative internal fixation has less skin irritation and satisfactory elbow joint function recovery.

Olecranon osteotomy vs. triceps-sparing for open reduction and internal fixation in treatment of distal humerus intercondylar fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#The open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) was a standard treatment approach for fracture at distal humerus intercondylar, whereas the optimal way before ORIF remains inconclusive. We, therefore, performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the efficacy and safety of olecranon osteotomy vs. triceps-sparing approach for patients with distal humerus intercondylar fracture.@*METHODS@#The electronic searches were systematically performed in PubMed, EmBase, Cochrane library, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure from initial inception till December 2019. The primary endpoint was the incidence of excellent/good elbow function, and the secondary endpoints included Mayo elbow performance score, duration of operation, blood loss, and complications.@*RESULTS@#Nine studies involving a total of 637 patients were selected for meta-analysis. There were no significant differences between olecranon osteotomy and triceps-sparing approach for the incidence of excellent/good elbow function (odds ratio [OR]: 1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.69-2.75; P = 0.371), Mayo elbow performance score (weight mean difference [WMD]: 0.17; 95% CI: -2.56 to 2.89; P = 0.904), duration of operation (WMD: 4.04; 95% CI: -28.60 to 36.69; P = 0.808), blood loss (WMD: 33.61; 95% CI: -18.35 to 85.58; P = 0.205), and complications (OR: 1.93; 95% CI: 0.49-7.60; P = 0.349). Sensitivity analyses found olecranon osteotomy might be associated with higher incidence of excellent/good elbow function, longer duration of operation, greater blood loss, and higher incidence of complications as compared with triceps-sparing approach.@*CONCLUSIONS@#This study found olecranon osteotomy did not yield additional benefit on the incidence of excellent/good elbow function, while the duration of operation, blood loss, and complications in patients treated with olecranon osteotomy might be inferior than triceps-sparing approach.

Prótesis total de codo en el contexto de una seudoartrosis de olécranon. Técnica quirúrgica y reporte de tres casos / Total elbow arthroplasty in the context of a nonunion of the olecranon. Surgical technique and report of 3 cases

La indemnidad del aparato extensor es fundamental para un correcto funcionamiento de una prótesis de codo. Se ha considerado que la deficiencia del tríceps es una contraindicación relativa para la artroplastia, porque produce una contractura en flexión y un déficit de extensión activa. Estas limitaciones pueden afectar significativamente la mejora funcional que la artroplastia total de codo produce. Ante una seudoartrosis de olécranon, la colocación de una prótesis total de codo se presenta como un problema complejo que resolver. El objetivo de este artículo es describir la técnica quirúrgica para la colocación de una prótesis total de codo en el contexto de una seudoartrosis de olécranon, y comunicar tres casos. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

The integrity of the extensor apparatus is essential for the correct functioning of an elbow prosthesis. Triceps deficiency has been considered a relative contraindication for arthroplasty, because it produces a flexion contracture and an active extension deficit. These limitations can significantly affect the functional improvement that total elbow arthroplasty produces. Faced with an olec-ranon nonunion, the placement of a total elbow prosthesis is presented as a complex problem to be solved. The objective of this article is to describe the surgical technique for the placement of a total elbow prosthesis in the context of an olecranon nonunion, and to report three cases. Level of Evidence: IV

Tratamiento para fractura de olécranon en pacientes mayores: Revisión sistemática / Treatment for olecranon fracture in older patients: Systematic review

Introducción El tratamiento de las fracturas de olécranon puede tener diferentes resultados, según el tipo de intervención, las características de la fractura y del paciente. Esta revisión sistemática de la literatura pretende identificar los tratamientos para el manejo de este tipo de fractura en el adulto mayor y sus resultados funcionales. Materiales y métodos Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la bibliografía en las bases de datos Medline, Embase y Cochrane. Se incluyeron estudios clínicos en pacientes mayores con fractura de olécranon que incluyeran resultados funcionales en sus seguimientos. Resultados De un total de 432 referencias capturadas, se incluyeron nueve estudios 6 estudios observacionales retrospectivos y 3 prospectivos. En 3 estudios se usó exclusivamente tratamiento no quirúrgico y en 4 tratamiento quirúrgico, de los cuales 2 comparan la fijación de banda de tensión con placa y 2 proponen el uso de supersuturas y suturas de anclaje. En 2 estudios comparan el tratamiento quirúrgico con el tratamiento no quirúrgico. En la evaluación de los resultados funcionales el puntaje de la Escala de Incapacidades del brazo, hombro y la mano (DASH) fue la más usada. Discusión En pacientes de edad avanzada antes de optar por fijación quirúrgica, se evalúan factores que pueden tener implicaciones en los resultados clínicos y funcionales como el número de comorbilidades y la mala calidad ósea. Este trabajo puede servir de base para la elección de tratamientos no quirúrgicos bajo condiciones requeridas, para obtener mejores resultados funcionales.

Background The treatment of olecranon fractures may lead to different outcomes, depending on the type of intervention, the characteristics of the fracture, and the patient. This systematic review of the literature aims to identify the treatments for the management of this type of fracture in the elderly and its functional results. Methods A systematic search of the bibliography was carried out in the Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases. It included clinical studies on elderly patients with olecranon fractures, as well as the functional results in their follow-up. Results Of a total of 432 references were obtained, with nine studies including 6 retrospective observational studies, and 3 prospective studies. In 3 studies, non-surgical treatment was used, and in 4 surgical treatments, 2 were comparing tension band wiring and plate fixation, and 2 proposed the use of super sutures and anchoring sutures. In 2 studies, surgical treatment was compared with non-surgical treatment. In the evaluation, the functional outcomes, the score of the Scale of disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and the hand (DASH) was the most used. Discussion In patients of advanced age, before opting for surgical fixation, factors that may have implications for clinical and functional outcomes, such as number of comorbidities and poor bone quality are evaluated. This work can serve as a basis for the choice of non-surgical treatments under the necessary conditions, and to obtain better functional results.

Choice of internal fixation selection and clinical effect of olecranon fracture / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To compare clinical effects of common Kirschner wire, anatomical plate and perforated Kirschner wire in treating olecranon fracture.@*METHODS@#From March 2014 to May 2017, clinical data of 79 patients with olecranon fracture treated with different internal fixation was retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 26 patients treated with common Kirschner wire (group A), including 19 males and 7 females aged from 23 to 51 years old with an average of (37.2±9.6) years old;11 patients were typeⅠ, and 15 patients were typeⅡ according to Mayo classification. Twenty eight patients were treated with olecroanon anatomical plate internal fixation, including 16 males and 12 females aged from 25 to 52 years old with an average of (36.6±8.9) years old;10 patientswere typeⅠ and 18 patients were typeⅡ according to Mayo classification. Twenty five patients were treated with perforated Kirschner wire, including 13 males and 12 females aged from 26 to 51 years old with an average of (38.2±9.2) years old;9 patients were typeⅠand 16 patients were typeⅡ according to Mayo classification. Operation time, intraoperatve blood loss, fracture healing time and postoperative complications among three groups were compared; VAS score at 1 week after operation was used to evaluate pain relief, Broberg-Morrey function score of elbow joint at the final follow up was applied to evaluate clinical effect.@*RESULTS@#Seventy nine patients were followed up from 13 to 23 months with an average of (18.3±4.5) months. Operation time, intraoperatve blood loss, fracture healing time in group A were (82.9±19.7) min, (113.5±32.3) ml, (4.2±0.6) months respectively;in group B were(101.2±24.5) min, (150.2±39.5) ml, (4.6±0.8) months respectively;in group C were (83.3±18.7) min, (119.3±34.3) ml, (4.1±0.5) months respectively. Operation time, intraoperatve blood loss, fracture healing time in group A and group C were better than that of group B(0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Common Kirschner wire has more complications; anatomical plate has greater surgical trauma and long fracture healing time;while perforated Kirschner wire was not only benefit for fracture union with less trauma, but also could reducing the incidence of postoperative complications, and it is the appropriate method for patients with olecranon fracture.

Osteosíntesis de olécranon: Sistema absorbe-tracción utilizando suturas de alta resistencia / Internal fixation of olecranon fractures using tension band wiring and high resistance suture materials

Introducción: La reducción abierta y fijación interna mediante el sistema absorbe-tracción es un método que ha demostrado su eficacia y logra resultados predecibles en el tratamiento de las fracturas de olécranon tipos IIA y IIIA de la Clasificación de la Clínica Mayo. Considerada por muchos cirujanos como una técnica sencilla y reproducible a la hora de restaurar la anatomía y la continuidad del aparato extensor del codo, su empleo puede asociarse con una tasa de complicaciones relativamente alta, y no es infrecuente la necesidad de retirar el cerclaje de alambre previamente colocado. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si reemplazar el clásico alambre de 1,6 mm por suturas de alta resistencia aporta la estabilidad suficiente para el tratamiento de las fracturas de olécranon tipos IIA y IIIA, y analizar los resultados obtenidos en una serie de casos. Materiales y Métodos: Se estudió, en forma retrospectiva, a 25 pacientes consecutivos con fracturas de olécranon tipos IIA y IIIA, tratados mediante reducción abierta y fijación interna con sistema absorbe-tracción compuesto por alambres de Kirschner de 1,6 mm y suturas de alta resistencia (polietileno trenzado de alto peso molecular), con un seguimiento mínimo de 12 meses. Se evaluaron el tiempo de consolidación radiográfica, el rango de movilidad, el puntaje MEPS, y se registraron las complicaciones. Resultados: Todas las fracturas consolidaron, en un promedio de 6.83 semanas (rango 6-10). El puntaje MEPS promedio fue de 96,6 (rango 85-100). El arco total de movilidad promedio para la flexo-extensión activa del codo fue de 139° (rango 110-150°). La extensión promedio fue de -4,8° (rango 0-20°) y la flexión, de 143,8° (rango 130-150°). Se registraron cuatro casos de migración proximal de los alambres de Kirschner y un caso de pérdida de reducción de 3 mm en la tercera semana del posoperatorio. Dos pacientes requirieron una segunda intervención para retirar los alambres de Kirschner. Ninguno refirió dolor o molestias inherentes al uso de la sutura. Conclusiones: El sistema absorbe-tracción utilizando suturas de alta resistencia es una opción a la hora de realizar la osteosíntesis de una fractura de olécranon tipos IIA y IIIA. Los resultados clínicos y radiográficos han sido satisfactorios, con una baja tasa de complicaciones. El uso de suturas ultrarresistentes simplifica el procedimiento y disminuye la necesidad de una segunda intervención para retirar el alambre. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Objectives: Open reduction and internal fixation using tension band wiring is an efficient approach that offers predictable results in patients with olecranon fractures types 2A and 3A (Mayo Classification). Many surgeons consider it a simple and reproducible technique for restoring the anatomy responsible for elbow extension, as well as its functional continuity. This technique may be associated with a relatively high percentage of complications, as well as the need to remove the previous cerclage wire, if present. The purpose of our study was to determine if replacing the traditional 1.6 mm Kirschner wires with high resistance suture materials could reliably maintain reduction in patients with olecranon fractures types 2A and 3A (Mayo Classification), and to analyze the results. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five consecutive patients were studied retrospectively. All of them presented olecranon fractures types 2A and 3A (Mayo Classification), and were treated with open reduction and internal fixation using tension band wiring built with two 1.6 mm Kirschner wires and two high resistance sutures (ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene). A minimum 12-month follow up was performed in all patients. Time to bone healing, range of motion and functional scores were evaluated and complications recorded. Results: All fractures healed in an average time of 6.83 weeks (range 6-10). The average Mayo score was 96.6 (range 85-100). The average range of motion for active elbow flexion-extension was 139 degrees (range 130-150). The average extension and flexion was -4.8 degrees (range 0 to -20) and 143.8 (range 130-150). Four cases of proximal migration of the Kirschner wires and one case of a 3 mm loss of reduction in the third postoperative week were reported. Two patients required a second intervention for removal of the Kirschner wires. None of the patients reported pain or discomfort as a a result of the sutures. Conclusions: Tension band wiring using high resistance suture materials is an adequate alternative for the surgical management of olecranon fractures types 2A and 3A (Mayo Classification). Clinical and radiological outcomes in this series were satisfactory, and the complication rate was low. The use of high resistance suture materials may simplify the procedure and reduce the need of a second intervention to remove the hardware. Level of Evidence: IV

Fractura compleja de codo / Complex elbow fracture

Resumen: Las fracturas de codo son secundarias a traumatismos de baja y alta energía, afectan el extremo distal del húmero, olécranon, cabeza radial o una combinación de las anteriores. Las fracturas complejas de codo dificultan la reducción y su posterior fijación, lo que representa un reto para el ortopedista. Es esencial el uso de auxiliares diagnósticos como la tomografía axial computarizada para su diagnóstico y posterior tratamiento. En la actualidad, las nuevas tendencias en la fijación de las mismas y los diversos implantes con los que se cuenta pueden mejorar el pronóstico del paciente. Se presentan dos casos clínicos de fracturas complejas de codo tratadas mediante osteosíntesis.

Abstract: Elbow fractures are secondary to low or high energy trauma affecting the distal humerus, olecranon, radial head or a combination of the above. Complex fractures of the elbow complicate the reduction and its subsequent fixation representing a real challenge for the orthopedic surgeon. It is essential the use of diagnostic aids such as computerized axial tomography for diagnosis and subsequent treatment. Currently new trends in the fixation of the same and the various implants with which it is counted, can improve improve the patient's prognosis. We present two clinical cases of complex elbow fractures treated by osteosynthesis.

Synchronization of Synovial Chondromatosis and Mycobacterium intracellurae Infection in Olecranon Bursitis: A Case Report

A 73-year-old woman presented with a recurrent cystic mass around her left olecranon. She had a history of 8 steroid injections due to elbow pain beginning 3 years ago and twice had undergone aspiration of olecranon bursitis that developed two months prior to presentation. She had been taking medications for hypertension and diabetes with no pertinent past history. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), there were multiple nodules in the olecranon bursa, which were isointense to muscle on T1-weighted images and hyperintense to muscle on T2-weighted images. Our initial diagnosis was synovial chondromatosis. On bursoscopy, masses of gray-white colored nodules were observed in the bursa. Finally, synovial chondromatosis and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection were concurrently diagnosed. In conclusion, uncalcified synovial chondromatosis and rice bodies can have similar visual and MRI characteristics; therefore, we suggest that clinicians should be aware of the possibility of other infections in cases of this type.

Paratricipital Approach for AO/OTA Type C2 Intra-Articular Fracture of Distal Humerus

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the outcomes of fixation of AO/OTA type C2 fractures among intra-articular fractures of the distal humerus using the paratricipital approach (side to side retraction of the triceps). MATERIALS AND METHODS: From June 2008 to January 2018, 12 patients underwent an open reduction and internal fixation with the paratricipital approach and were followed-up for more than 10 months after surgery. According to the AO/OTA classification, type C2 fractures were chosen among the intraarticular distal humerus fractures. An extended posterior incision was used over the olecranon in the prone position, preserving the insertion site of the triceps brachii muscle. The fracture site was exposed by retracting the muscle side-to side through a dissection of the medial and lateral intermuscular septum of the triceps brachii muscle. The therapeutic results were assessed by the anatomical reduction of the articular surface and integrity of the metaphyseal contour in postoperative simple radiographs, complications, such as neuropathy or non-union, and the Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS) were checked to estimate the functional outcome. RESULTS: In the postoperative simple radiographs, no case showed more than 1 mm step-off and the disrupted contour of the distal humerus was recovered to normal alignment in most cases. The range of elbow joint motion in the last follow-up was 133.8° on average with a mean flexion contracture of 5.0°. The clinical results depending on the MEPS were excellent, except for two cases, which were good. Neuropathy of the ulnar nerve was observed in one patient, which was resolved after metal removal. CONCLUSION: The paratricipital approach is useful technique in AO/OTA type C2 intra-articular distal humerus fractures that provides sufficient exposure of the surgical field, without injury to the triceps brachii muscle and postoperative complications associated with the trans-olecranon approach.

Surgical Treatment Strategy for Distal Humerus Intra-articular Fractures

Treating distal humerus fractures, especially those involving intra-articular lesions, is complex and often technically demanding. Although there still exist many controversial issues, the goal of treatment is to establish anatomical stable fixation by restoring the two columns and the articular surface. Universally, a posterior midline incision is applied, and the approach varies according to the further management of the triceps or olecranon. Evidence supports dual plate fixation as the optimal fixation method, and debates regarding appropriate plating configuration are still ongoing. As multiple clinical studies comparing results of parallel and perpendicular plate fixation have shown no actual difference, it is important to place the plates according to the fracture configuration.

Biomechanical Comparison of Fixed- versus Variable-Angle Locking Screws for Distal Humerus Comminuted Fractures

BACKGROUND: To compare the stability of fixed- versus variable-angle locking constructs for the comminuted distal humerus fracture (AO/OTA 13-A3). METHODS: Eight pairs of complete humeri harvested from eight fresh frozen cadavers were used for the study. We fixed the intact humeri using 2.7-mm/3.5-mm locking VA-LCP stainless steel distal humerus posterolateral (nine-hole) and medial (seven-hole) plates. An oscillating saw was used to cut a 1-cm gap above the olecranon fossa. The specimens were loaded in axial mode with the rate of 1 mm per 10 seconds to failure, and stress-strain curves were compared in each pair. The mode of failure was recorded as well as the load needed for 2- and 4-mm displacement at the lateral end of the gap. RESULTS: The stiffness of the constructs, based on the slope of the stress-strain curve, did not show any difference between the fixed- versus variable-angle constructs. Likewise, there was no difference between the force needed for 2- or 4-mm displacement at the lateral gap between the fixed- and variable-angle constructs. The mode of failure was bending of both plates in all specimens and screw pull-out in four specimen pairs in addition to the plate bending. CONCLUSIONS: Our results did not show any difference in the biomechanical stability of the fixed- versus variable-angle constructs. There was not any screw breakage or failure of the plate-screw interface.

Clinical observation of olecranon sled for the treatment for olecranal fracture / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore clinical effect of olecranon sled in treating olecranal fracture.@*METHODS@#Four patients with olecranal fracture treated by olecranon sled in March 2017, including 2 males and 2 females, age of 40, 46, 47, 72 years old, 3 patients on the left side and 1 patient on the right side. All patients were caused by falling down. Fracture were transverse, oblique and slightly compressive articular surface fracture. The time from injury to operation ranged from 1 to 3 days. Operative time, blood loss, complications and flexion and extension of elbow joint, and function of forearm were observed, VAS score was used to evaluate relieve degree of pain, and Mayo score was applied to assess recovery of elbow function.@*RESULTS@#Four patients were followed up until September 2018. Operative time ranged from 40 to 60 min, blood loss was for 20 to 40 ml, and no complications occurred. All fracture were healed at 4 months after operation. Elbow flexion was for 140° to 150°, extension of elbow was from 0° and extend to 10°, activity of flexion and extension ranged from 140 ° to 160°, MEPS score was 100. No pain occurred during doing activity, and VAS score was 0.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Low-profile design and integrated design of olecranon sled could avoid irritation of tension band and plate, and it is a simple and ideal internal fixation method for simple and mildly comminuted olecranon fracture, which is not suitable for severely comminuted olecranon fracture.

Safe Needle Insertion Locations for Motor Point Injection of the Triceps Brachii Muscle: A Pilot Cadaveric and Ultrasonography Study

OBJECTIVE: To determine the location of the motor endplate zones (MoEPs) for the three heads of the triceps brachii muscles during cadaveric dissection and estimate the safe injection zone using ultrasonography.METHODS: We studied 12 upper limbs of 6 fresh cadavers obtained from body donations to the medical school anatomy institution in Seoul, Korea. The locations of MoEPs were expressed as the percentage ratio of the vertical distance from the posterior acromion angle to the midpoint of the olecranon process. By using the same reference line as that used for cadaveric dissection, the safe injection zone away from the neurovascular bundle was identified in 6 healthy volunteers via ultrasonography. We identified the neurovascular bundle and its location with respect to the distal end of the humerus and measured its depth from the skin surface.RESULTS: The MoEPs for the long, lateral, and medial heads were located at a median of 43.8%, 54.8%, and 60.4% of the length of the reference line in cadaver dissection. The safe injection zone of the medial head MoEPs corresponded to a depth of approximately 3.5 cm from the skin surface and 1.4 cm away from the humerus, as determined by sonography.CONCLUSION: Correct identification of the motor points for each head of the triceps brachii would increase the precision and efficacy of motor point injections to manage elbow extensor spasticity.