Identification and Analysis of SND1 as an Oncogene and Prognostic Biomarker for Lung Adenocarcinoma / 中国肺癌杂志

BACKGROUND@#Transcription factor (TF) can bind specific sequences that either promotes or represses the transcription of target genes, and exerts important effects on tumorigenesis, migration, invasion. Staphylococcal nuclease-containing structural domain 1 (SND1), which is a transcriptional co-activator, is considered as a promising target for tumor therapy. However, its role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains unclear. This study aims to explore the role of SND1 in LUAD.@*METHODS@#Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC), and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database was obtained to explore the association between SND1 and the prognosis, as well as the immune cell infiltration, and subcellular localization in LUAD tissues. Furthermore, the functional role of SND1 in LUAD was verified in vitro. EdU assay, CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, scratch assay, Transwell assay and Western blot were performed.@*RESULTS@#SND1 was found to be upregulated and high expression of SND1 is correlated with poor prognosis of LUAD patients. In addition, SND1 was predominantly present in the cytoplasm of LUAD cells. Enrichment analysis showed that SND1 was closely associated with the cell cycle, as well as DNA replication, and chromosome segregation. Immune infiltration analysis showed that SND1 was closely associated with various immune cell populations, including T cells, B cells, cytotoxic cells and dendritic cells. In vitro studies demonstrated that silencing of SND1 inhibited cell proliferation, invasion and migration of LUAD cells. Besides, cell cycle was blocked at G1 phase by down-regulating SND1.@*CONCLUSIONS@#SND1 might be an important prognostic biomarker of LUAD and may promote LUAD cells proliferation and migration.

Estandarización de PCR en tiempo real para detección y cuantificación de los oncogenes E7 de seis Virus del Papiloma Humano de Alto Riesgo / Real-time PCR standardization for detection and quantification of E7 oncogenes from six High-Risk Human Papillomaviruses

El cáncer de cuello uterino es causado por la infección persistente del epitelio cervical con los genotipos de alto riesgo del Virus del Papiloma Humano. Para su detección se realizan pruebas moleculares que detectan el gen L1 del VPH. Este gen puede perderse hasta en el 11 % de los casos durante la integración del ADN viral en el genoma del hospedero originando falsos negativos. Por otra parte, el oncogén E7 se expresa durante todas las etapas de progresión de la enfermedad. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estandarizar una PCR en tiempo real del oncogén E7 (E7-qPCR) para genotipificación y cuantificación de 6 VPH-AR. Los resultados muestran que la E7- qPCR amplificó VPH-16, -18, -31, -33, -35 y -45 con una alta sensibilidad con límites de detección desde 102 copias, eficiencias entre 90 y 110 %, valores R2 > 0,97 y análisis de curva de fusión que revelan productos específicos.

Cervical cancer is caused by persistent infection of the cervical epithelium with the high-risk genotypes of the Human Papilloma Virus (HR-HPV). For its detection, molecular tests are carried out that detect the L1 gene of HPV. This gene can be lost in up to 11 % of cases during the integration of viral DNA into the host genome, causing false negatives. On the other hand, the E7 oncogene is expressed during all stages of disease progression. The aim of this work was to standardize a real-time PCR of the E7 oncogene (E7-qPCR) for genotyping and quantification of 6 HR-HPV. The results show that the E7-qPCR amplified HPV-16, -18, -31, -33, -35 and -45 with high sensitivity with detection limits from 102 copies, efficiencies between 90 and 110 %, R2 values >0,97 and melting curve analysis revealing specific products.

High frequency of alternative splicing variants of the oncogene Focal Adhesion Kinase in neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas and breast / 医学前沿

The characteristic genetic abnormality of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs), a heterogeneous group of tumors found in various organs, remains to be identified. Here, based on the analysis of the splicing variants of an oncogene Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) in The Cancer Genome Atlas datasets that contain 9193 patients of 33 cancer subtypes, we found that Box 6/Box 7-containing FAK variants (FAK6/7) were observed in 7 (87.5%) of 8 pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas and 20 (11.76%) of 170 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs). We tested FAK variants in 157 tumor samples collected from Chinese patients with pancreatic tumors, and found that FAK6/7 was positive in 34 (75.6%) of 45 pancreatic NENs, 19 (47.5%) of 40 pancreatic solid pseudopapillary neoplasms, and 2 (2.9%) of 69 PDACs. We further tested FAK splicing variants in breast neuroendocrine carcinoma (BrNECs), and found that FAK6/7 was positive in 14 (93.3%) of 15 BrNECs but 0 in 23 non-NEC breast cancers. We explored the underlying mechanisms and found that a splicing factor serine/arginine repetitive matrix protein 4 (SRRM4) was overexpressed in FAK6/7-positive pancreatic tumors and breast tumors, which promoted the formation of FAK6/7 in cells. These results suggested that FAK6/7 could be a biomarker of NENs and represent a potential therapeutic target for these orphan diseases.

The role of B3GNT3 as an oncogene in the growth, invasion and migration of esophageal cancer cells

Purpose: To investigate the role and mechanism of ß1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-3 gene (B3GNT3) in esophageal cancer (ESCA). Methods: The starBase database was used to evaluate the expression of B3GNT3. B3GNT3 function was measured using KYSE-30 and KYSE-410 cells of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell lines. The mRNA levels were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell counting kit-8, clone formation assay and transwell assay were used to detect the changes of proliferation, invasion and migration. Results: B3GNT3 expression was higher in ESCA tissues than in normal tissues. The overall survival rate of ESCA patients with high B3GNT3 expression was lower than that of ESCA patients with low B3GNT3 expression. In vitro functional experiments showed that the proliferation ability, migration and invasion ability of KYSE-30 and KYSE-410 cells with B3GNT3 interference were lower than those of the control, and the overexpression of B3GNT3 had the opposite effect. After silencing B3GNT3 expression in ESCC cell lines, the growth of both cell lines was inhibited and the invasiveness was decreased. Knockdown of B3GNT3 reduced the growth rate and Ki-67 expression level. Conclusion: B3GNT3, as an oncogene, may promote the growth, invasion and migration of ESCC cell.

Caracterización molecular de pacientes con cáncer colorrectal / Molecular characterization of colorectal cancer patients

Introducción. El cáncer colorrectal tiene una alta incidencia en la población mundial. Diversas vías moleculares están involucradas en su desarrollo, entre ellas, la inestabilidad cromosómica, la inestabilidad microsatelital y la epigenética. Objetivo. Hacer la caracterización molecular de 44 individuos con cáncer colorrectal esporádico. Materiales y métodos. El análisis de mutaciones en los genes APC, KRAS, TP53 y BRAF se hizo mediante secuenciación de Sanger; la inestabilidad microsatelital se determinó mediante electroforesis capilar utilizando cinco marcadores de repetición corta en tándem (Short Tandem Repeat) y el estado de metilación del promotor del gen MLH1 se hizo con la técnica MS-PCR (Methylation-Specific PCR). Resultados. La frecuencia de mutación de los genes APC, KRAS y TP53 fue del 18,1, 25 y 4,5 %, respectivamente; las mutaciones detectadas se localizaron con mayor frecuencia en el colon derecho. La frecuencia de inestabilidad microsatelital fue del 27,2 % y el 73,1 % en los tumores con metilación en el gen MHL1, y el 91,6 % de los tumores con inestabilidad microsatelital presentaba metilación en el gen MLH1. En el grupo de tumores con estabilidad microsatelital, las mutaciones en los genes APC, KRAS y TP53 fueron más frecuentes que en el grupo de tumores con inestabilidad microsatelital. La metilación del gen MLH1 fue la alteración más predominante. Conclusiones. En los pacientes con cáncer colorrectal evaluados se demostró la presencia de alteraciones moleculares en las diferentes vías genéticas, las cuales son comunes en su carcinogénesis. Los pacientes presentaron un perfil de mutaciones diferente al de otras poblaciones. Los hallazgos obtenidos en este estudio confirman la heterogeneidad molecular descrita en el desarrollo del cáncer colorrectal.

Introduction: Colorectal cancer has a high incidence in the world population. Different molecular pathways, such as chromosomal instability, microsatellite instability, and epigenetics are involved in its development. Objective: To perform molecular characterization in 44 individuals with sporadic colorectal cancer. Materials and methods: We conducted mutation analyses of the APC, KRAS, TP53 y BRAF genes using Sanger sequencing techniques; microsatellite instability was determined by capillary electrophoresis with five STR genetic markers while the methylation status of the MHL1 promotor gene was analyzed using methylation-specific PCR. Results: APC, KRAS, and TP53 genes mutation frequency was 18.1%, 25%, and 4.5%, respectively; the somatic mutations detected were located more frequently in the right colon. The frequency of microsatellite instability was 27.2% and 73.1% of the tumors had the MHL1 gene methylated while 91.6% of microsatellite instability-positive tumors had the methylated MLH1 gene. The mutation profile of microsatellite stability tumors APC, KRAS, and TP53 genes was more frequent than in the microsatellite instability-positive tumors. The methylation of the MLH1 gene was the most predominant molecular alteration. Conclusions: We identified molecular alterations in different genetic pathways of the colorectal cancer patients evaluated, which are common in the carcinogenesis of this cancer. These patients showed a different mutational profile compared to other populations. Our findings confirm the molecular heterogeneity described in the development of colorectal cancer.

Progress of Research on the Relationship between Lung Microbiome and Lung Cancer / 中国肺癌杂志

The microbiota plays an important role in the biological functions of the human body and is associated with various disease states such as inflammation (gastritis, hepatitis) and cancer (stomach, cervical, liver). The Human Microbiome Project painted a panorama of human microorganisms in its first phase, incorporating body parts such as the nasal cavity, oral cavity, intestine, vagina and skin, while the lungs were considered a sterile environment. However, studies in recent years have confirmed the presence of a rich microbial community in the lung, and the association of this lung microbiota with lung disease has become a hot topic of research. Current research has found that patients with lung cancer have a specific microbiota compared to healthy individuals or patients with lung disease. Even in patients with lung cancer, a lung microbiota specific to the tumor site is present. In addition, different pathological types and metastatic status of lung cancer can lead to differences in microbiota. Mechanistic studies have found that the lung microbiota may influence lung cancer development by affecting the immune response. Clinical studies on lung microbiota and immunotherapy are still in the preliminary stage. More relevant studies are needed in the future to provide high-quality evidence to further understand the oncogenic mechanisms of lung microbiota and provide new ideas for clinical treatment. This paper briefly reviews the progress of lung microbiota research in terms of its relevance to lung cancer, possible molecular mechanisms and applications in clinical treatment, and provides an outlook for future research.
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Kristen Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Mutations in Colorectal Carcinomas at the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia

ackground: The second leading cause of cancerrelated deaths worldwide iscolorectal cancer. With an incidence rate of 4.8 per 100,000, this is Zambia's sixth most prevalent cancer; Methods: This laboratory-based, cross-sectional study examined the frequency of Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutation and its association with prognostic factors in colorectal carcinoma cases from the University Teaching Hospital-Adult Hospital (UTHs), Lusaka, Zambia; Results: Thirty (30) formalin-fixed paraffinembedded (FFPE) samples collected between June 2017 and June 2018 were sent to the Lancet laboratories and analyzed for KRAS mutations (codons 12 and 13). One FFPE block did not meet the inclusion criteria and was excluded. The demographic and clinicopathological data were analyzed using STATA 12. Males outnumber females by 20 to nine. The average age of the patient was 45 ± 16 years. The rectum was the location of 44.8% of the tumors, with the majority being conventional adenocarcinoma (CAC) (65.6 %). All cases (100%) had advanced-stage (stages 3 and 4) disease;however, only 27.6% of patient tumors exhibited lymphovascular invasion. KRAS mutation was detected in 11 (37.9%) cases and mainly in left-sided tumors (62.5%). KRAS mutations were only detected in CAC and serrated adenocarcinoma subtypes. No significant associations were observed between the KRAS mutation status and tumor or patient's clinical and sociodemographic factors; Conclusion: We advocate for incorporating KRAS mutation testing into the standard of care for treating colorectal cancer.

GGAA-Microsatellites of NR0B1 Promoter Region in Ewing's Sarcoma Patients and Healthy Individuals of a Southern Brazilian Population / Microssatélites GGAA na Região Promotora de NR0B1 em Pacientes com Sarcoma de Ewing e Indivíduos Saudáveis de uma População no Sul do Brasil / Microsatélites GGAA en la Región Promotora de NR0B1 en Pacientes con Sarcoma de Ewing y Individuos Sanos de una Población del Sur de Brasil

Introduction: The very aggressive soft tissue and bone pediatric tumor Ewing's sarcoma (ES) is caused in most cases by the chromosomal translocation t(11;22)(q24;q12), which encodes an aberrant chimeric transcription factor (EWS-FLI1) that regulates target genes, including the critical oncogene NR0B1 (Xp21.2),via GGAA-microsatellites. Objective: Analyze the GGAA-microsatellites of NR0B1promoter region of ES patients and healthy subjects in the population investigated. Method: Ten male ES patients and 71 adult healthy males from Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, were included in this study. DNA from peripheral blood samples was extracted, amplified by PCR, sequenced by the Sanger method and analyzed by capillary electrophoresis. Total number of GGAA-motifs, length of microsatellite in base pairs, number of segments separated by "A" insertions, and the greatest number of consecutive GGAA-motifs were analyzed as well. Statistical analyses were performed in the SPSS statistical software and p-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: A total of 21 different alleles was identified in the 81 subjects, with 24.2 allele [(GGAA)7A(GGAA)7A(GGAA)10] being the most frequent, but when comparing the data between the two groups, no significant difference was found. Conclusion: The sample investigated had a wide variation of microsatellite structure, including the presence of rare alleles, allowing the opportunity to describe this population as an essential step to identify genetic implications in ES tumorigenesis

Introdução: O sarcoma de Ewing (ES) é um tumor pediátrico de ossos e partes moles muito agressivo, causado, na maioria das vezes, pela translocação cromossômica t(11;22)(q24;q12), codificando um fator de transcrição quimérico aberrante (EWS-FLI1) que regula genes-alvo, incluindo o oncogene NR0B1 (Xp21.2), via microssatélites GGAA. Objetivo: Analisar os microssatélites GGAA da região promotora de NR0B1 em pacientes com ES e indivíduos saudáveis da população em investigação. Método: Foram incluídos dez pacientes do sexo masculino com diagnóstico de ES e 71 indivíduos adultos hígidos do sexo masculino do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O DNA foi extraído de sangue periférico e amplificado por PCR, sequenciado pelo método de Sanger e analisado por eletroforese capilar. Foram analisados o número total de repetições GGAA, comprimento total do microssatélite em pares de bases, número de segmentos separados por inserções "A" e maior número de repetições GGAA consecutivas. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no software estatístico SPSS e o valor de p<0,05 foi considerado significativo. Resultados: Um total de 21 alelos diferentes foi identificado nos 81 indivíduos, com o alelo 24,2 [(GGAA)7A(GGAA)7A(GGAA)10], sendo o mais frequente; mas, ao comparar os dados entre os dois grupos, nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada. Conclusão: A amostra estudada é altamente variável em termos de estrutura de microssatélites, incluindo a presença de alelos raros, dando a oportunidade de descrever essa população, o que é uma etapa fundamental na identificação de implicações genéticas na tumorigênese do ES

Introducción: El sarcoma de Ewing (ES) es un tumor pediátrico de huesos y tejidos blandos muy agresivo, que se presenta con mayor frecuencia por translocación cromosómica t(11;22)(q24;q12), que codifica un factor de transcripción quimérico aberrante (EWS-FLI1) que regula los genes diana, incluido el oncogén NR0B1 (Xp21.2), a través de microsatélites GGAA. Objetivo: Analizar los microsatélites GGAA de la región promotora de NR0B1en pacientes con ES y personas sanas de la población investigada. Método: Este estudio incluyó a diez pacientes varones con diagnóstico de ES y 71 varones adultos del estado de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. El ADN se extrajo de sangre periférica y se amplificó por PCR, secuenciado por el método de Sanger y analizado por electroforesis capilar. El número total de repeticiones GGAA, longitud total de microsatélites en pares de bases, número de segmentos separados por inserciones "A" y el mayor número de repeticiones GGAA consecutivas fueran analizados. Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron con el software estadístico SPSS y se consideró significativo un valor de p<0,05. Resultados: Se identificaron un total de 21 alelos diferentes en los 81, siendo el alelo 24,2 [(GGAA)7A(GGAA)7A(GGAA)10] el más frecuente, pero al comparar los datos entre los dos grupos, no hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa. Conclusión: La muestra estudiada es muy variable en cuanto a estructura de microsatélites, incluyendo la presencia de alelos raros, lo que nos permite la oportunidad de describir la población estudiada, lo cual es un paso fundamental en la identificación de implicaciones genéticas en la tumorigénesis de ES

Speckle type POZ adaptor protein (SPOP) and its role in cancer / La proteína adaptadora Speckle-type POZ (SPOP) y su papel en cáncer

Abstract Proteasomal degradation is an essential regulatory mechanism for cellular homeostasis maintenance. The speckle-type POZ adaptor protein (SPOP) is part of the ubiquitin ligase E3 cullin-3 RING-box1 complex, responsible for the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of biomolecules involved in cell cycle control, proliferation, response to DNA damage, epigenetic control, and hormone signaling, among others. Changes in SPOP have been associated with the development of different types of cancer, since it can act as a tumor suppressor mainly in prostate, breast, colorectal, lung cancer and liver cancer, due to point mutations and/or reduced expression, or as an oncogene in kidney cancer by protein overexpression. In endometrial cancer it has a dual role, since it can act as a tumor suppressor or as an oncogene. SPOP is a potential prognostic biomarker and a promising therapeutic target.

Resumen La degradación proteosómica es un mecanismo de regulación esencial para el mantenimiento de la homeostasis celular. La proteína adaptadora Speckle-type POZ (SPOP) hace parte del complejo ubiquitin ligasa E3 cullin-3 RING-box1, encargado de la ubiquitinación y degradación proteosomal de biomoléculas involucradas en el control del ciclo celular, proliferación, respuesta al daño de ADN, control epigenético, señalización hormonal, entre otros. Las alteraciones en SPOP han sido asociadas al desarrollo de diferentes tipos de cáncer, ya que puede actuar como supresor tumoral principalmente en cáncer de próstata, mama, colorrectal y pulmón, debido a mutaciones puntuales y/o expresión reducida o como oncogén en cáncer riñón por sobreexpresión de la proteína. En cáncer endometrial tiene un rol dual, ya que puede actuar como supresor tumoral o como oncogén. SPOP es considerado como un potencial biomarcador pronóstico y un objetivo terapéutico prometedor.

Genes involucrados en el cáncer pulmonar / Genes involved in lung cancer

Introducción: El cáncer pulmonar constituye un serio problema de salud mundial por su elevada prevalencia y mortalidad. En la carcinogénesis pulmonar están implicados oncogenes y genes supresores tumorales, que en una compleja interacción con factores ambientales favorecen la transformación cancerosa. Objetivo: Describir los principales genes implicados en el cáncer pulmonar. Métodos: Se buscaron referencias en las bases de datos PubMed Central, Annual Reviews y SciELO. Se revisaron preferentemente los artículos originales, las revisiones bibliográficas, las revisiones sistemáticas y los metaanálisis de los últimos cinco años. Análisis e integración de la información: En la carcinogénesis pulmonar se involucran los oncogenes JUN, FOS, ABL1, BRAF, RAF1, GNAS, KRAS, NRAS, HRAS, CSF 1R, MYC, EGFR, MET, ALK, CCNE1, DDR2, ERBB3, FGFR1, MDM2, ROS1, SOX2 y TP63 y los genes supresores tumorales TP53, CDKN2A, CDKN1A, RB1, CDK2AP1, ATM, ERCC2, BRCA1, CCND1, STK11, PDLIM2, PTEN, ARID1A, ASCL4, CUL3, EP300, KEAP1, KMT2D, NF1, NOTCH1, RASA1, ETD2 y SMARCA4. El conocimiento de la genética molecular del cáncer pulmonar es importante para la identificación de biomarcadores diagnósticos y pronósticos más eficaces y para el diseño de fármacos diana sobre genes específicos(AU)

Introduction: Lung cancer is a serious global health problem due to its high prevalence and mortality. Lung carcinogenesis involves oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes which interact in complex manners with environmental factors, paving the way for the cancerous transformation. Objective: Describe the main genes involved in lung cancer. Methods: References were searched for in the databases PubMed Central, Annual Reviews and SciELO. Particular attention was paid to original papers, bibliographic reviews, systematic reviews and meta-analyses published in the last five years. Data analysis and integration: Lung carcinogenesis involves the oncogenes JUN, FOS, ABL1, BRAF, RAF1, GNAS, KRAS, NRAS, HRAS, CSF 1R, MYC, EGFR, MET, ALK, CCNE1, DDR2, ERBB3, FGFR1, MDM2, ROS1, SOX2 and TP63, and the tumor suppressor genes TP53, CDKN2A, CDKN1A, RB1, CDK2AP1, ATM, ERCC2, BRCA1, CCND1, STK11, PDLIM2, PTEN, ARID1A, ASCL4, CUL3, EP300, KEAP1, KMT2D, NF1, NOTCH1, RASA1, ETD2 and SMARCA4. Knowledge about the molecular genetics of lung cancer is important to identify more efficient diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and to design targeted drugs for specific genes(AU)

Identification and verification of key cancer genes associated with prognosis of colorectal cancer based on bioinformatics analysis / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#The biomarkers targeting colorectal cancer (CRC) prognosis are short of high accuracy and sensitivity in clinic. Through bioinformatics analysis, we aim to identify and confirm a series of key genes referred to the diagnosis and prognosis of CRC.@*METHODS@#GSE31905, GSE35279, and GSE41657 were selected as complete RNA sequencing data sets of CRC and colorectal mucosa (CRM) tissues from the NCBI-GEO database, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed. The common DEGs in these 3 data sets were obtained by Venn map, and enriched by STRING network system and Cytoscape software. The Kaplan-Meier plotter website was used to verify the correlation between the enriched genes and the prognosis of CRC.@*RESULTS@#For the whole RNA sequencing data sets of CRC and normal intestinal mucosa samples, the DEGs of CRC and CRM in the 3 data sets (|log@*CONCLUSIONS@#The above 11 genes verified by bioinformatics retrieval and analysis can predict the poor prognosis of CRC to a certain extent, and they provide a possible target for the diagnosis and treatment of CRC.

Research progress on the relationship between the Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B gene mutation and lymph node metastasis of papillary thyroid carcinoma / 生物医学工程学杂志

In recent years, with the improvement of the sensitivity of examination equipment and the change of people's living environment and diet, the rate of thyroid cancer has risen rapidly, which has increased nearly five folds in 10 years. The pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, biological behavior, treatment and prognosis of thyroid carcinoma of different pathological types are obviously different. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) can develop at any age, which accounts for about 90% of thyroid cancer. It progresses slowly and has favourable prognosis, but lymph node metastasis appears easily. Whether PTC is accompanied by lymph node metastasis has an important impact on its prognosis and outcome. The Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B(BRAF)gene mutation plays a crucial role in PTC lymph node metastasis. Having an in-depth understanding of the specific role and mechanism of BRAF gene mutation in PTC is expected to provide new ideas for diagnosis and treatment of PTC.

Citogenética de las hemopatías malignas en la era de la secuenciación / Cytogenetics of malignant hemopathies in the sequencing era

Las neoplasias hematológicas se caracterizan por un gran número y complejidad de alteraciones genéticas, desde la formación de genes de fusión a partir de translocaciones e inversiones cromosómicas hasta mutaciones génicas y alteraciones epigenéticas que han permitido la identificación de nuevos oncogenes y genes supresores de tumores responsables de su etiología. Al abordar el estudio genético de las leucemias se utilizan múltiples técnicas como la citogenética convencional, citogenética molecular (hibridaciónin situ por fluorescencia (FISH), esta última con una mayor sensibilidad, especificidad y rapidez que permiten el diagnóstico, la estratificación pronóstica y seguimiento de la enfermedad. Las técnicas anteriores se integran con técnicas de biología molecular, secuenciación génica, entre otras, que permiten el hallazgo de nuevos marcadores genéticos con una mejor caracterización de las hemopatías malignas y la posibilidad del desarrollo de nuevos fármacos específicos que actúen sobre la diana molecular. El objetivo fue revisar la utilidad de la citogenética y la secuenciación génica en el estudio de la leucemia mieloide aguda y la leucemia linfocítica crónica. Ante las ventajas, desventajas y limitaciones de estas técnicas genéticas es necesario utilizarlas de forma complementaria y nunca excluyente(AU)

Hematological neoplasms are characterized by a large number and great complexity of genetic disorders, from the formation of fusion genes after chromosomal translocations and inversions to gene mutation and epigenetic disorders that have permitted the identification of new oncogenes and tumor-suppressing genes responsible for their etiology. When addressing the genetic study of leukemias, multiple techniques are used, such as conventional cytogenetics, molecular cytogenetics, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), the latter having the higher degree of sensitivity, specificity and speed, which allow diagnosis, prognostic stratification and follow-up of the disease. The previous techniques are integrated with molecular biology techniques, gene sequencing, among others, which allow discovery of new genetic markers with better characterization of malignant hemopathies and the possibility of developing new specific drugs against the molecular target. The objective was to review the usefulness of cytogenetics and gene sequencing in the study of acute myeloid leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Given the advantages, disadvantages and limitations of these genetic techniques, it is necessary to use them in as complementary but never exclusive management ways(AU)

Immunotherapy for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Current Landscape and Future Perspectives

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown remarkable benefit in the treatment of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and have emerged as an effective treatment option even in the first-line setting. ICIs can block inhibitory pathways that restrain the immune response against cancer, restoring and sustaining antitumor immunity. Currently, there are 4 PD-1/PD-L1 blocking agents available in clinics, and immunotherapy-based regimen alone or in combination with chemotherapy is now preferred option. Combination trials assessing combination of ICIs with chemotherapy, targeted therapy and other immunotherapy are ongoing. Controversies remain regarding the use of ICIs in targetable oncogene-addicted subpopulations, but their initial treatment recommendations remained unchanged, with specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors as the choice. For the majority of patients without targetable driver oncogenes, deciding between therapeutic options can be difficult due to lack of direct cross-comparison studies. There are continuous efforts to find predictive biomarkers to find those who respond better to ICIs. PD-L1 protein expressions by immunohistochemistry and tumor mutational burden have emerged as most well-validated biomarkers in multiple clinical trials. However, there still is a need to improve patient selection, and to establish the most effective concurrent or sequential combination therapies in different NSCLC clinical settings. In this review, we will introduce currently used ICIs in NSCLC and analyze most recent trials, and finally discuss how, when and for whom ICIs can be used to provide promising avenues for lung cancer treatment.

Research Progress of Expression and Clinical Significant of EZH2 in Hematological Malignancies--Review / 中国实验血液学杂志

Enhancer of zeste homolog 2(EZH2) is a histone methyltransferase which regulate gene expression through epigenetic machinery. The abnormal expression of EZH2 has been described in many cancer types. With in-depth study, it was found that EZH2 is involved in the occurrence and development in many kinds of malignant hematologic disease which may play a dual role of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. In recent years, the emergence of EZH2 inhibitors provide a new option for the future treatment of hematological malignancies. In this review, the expression and clinical significance of EZH2 in various of hematological tumors were summarized briefly.

The Long Noncoding RNA NEAT1 Targets miR-34a-5p and Drives Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Progression via Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling

PURPOSE: Long noncoding RNA nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) has been deemed an oncogene in many human cancers. However, the underlying mechanism of NEAT1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) progression remains largely unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Quantitative real-time PCR assay was performed to assess the expression of NEAT1 and miR-34a-5p in NPC tissues and cells. Western blot analysis was used to observe cell epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in 5-8F cells. MiRNA directly interacting with NEAT1 were verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation. Cell proliferation ability was determined by CCK-8 assay, and cell migration and invasion capacities were assessed by transwell assays. An animal model was used to investigate the regulatory effect of NEAT1 on tumor growth in vivo. RESULTS: Our data revealed that NEAT1 is upregulated, while miR-34a-5p is downregulated in NPC tissues and cell lines. NEAT1 knockdown repressed tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, we discovered that NEAT1 directly binds to miR-34a-5p and suppresses miR-34a-5p expression. Moreover, NEAT1 knockdown exerted suppression effects on cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT by miR-34a-5p. NEAT1 knockdown blocked Wnt/β-catenin signaling via miR-34a-5p. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that NEAT1 targets miR-34a-5p at least partly to drive NPC progression by regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling, suggesting a potential therapeutic target for NPC.

Long non-coding RNA linc00152 acting as a promising oncogene in cancer progression

The incidence and mortality rate of cancer continues to gradually increase, although considerable research effort has been directed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying biomarkers responsible for tumorigenesis. Accumulated evidence indicates that the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are transcribed but not translated into functional proteins, contribute to cancer development. Recently, linc00152 (an lncRNA) was identified as a potent oncogene in various cancer types, and shown to be involved in cancer cell proliferation, invasiveness, and motility by sponging tumor-suppressive microRNAs acting as a competing endogenous RNA, binding to gene promoters acting as a transcriptional regulator, and binding to functional proteins. In this review, we focus on the oncogenic role of linc00152 in tumorigenesis and provided an overview of recent clinical studies on the effects of linc00152 expression in human cancers.

Asiatic Acid Induces Apoptosis and Autophagy and Reduces MiR-17 and MiR-21 Expression in Pancreatic Cancer Cell Lines

This study investigated the cytotoxic effects and mechanism of action of asiatic acid in pancreatic cancer cell lines. First, we confirmed the cell viability of MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 cells after asiatic acid administration for 48 and 72 h. The viability of MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 cells decreased in a dose-dependent manner following asiatic acid administration. To investigate the underlying mechanism, we performed a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, annexin V assay, and western blotting. Asiatic acid induced apoptosis and autophagy through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in MIA PaCa-2 cells. Finally, the expression of miR-17 and miR-21, known as oncogenes in pancreatic cancer, was decreased by asiatic acid. These results indicate that asiatic acid has potential as a new therapeutic agent against pancreatic cancer.

Sonic Hedgehog Pathway as the Prognostic Marker in Patients with Extensive Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer

PURPOSE: Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway is known to play a crucial role in carcinogenesis in various malignancies, including lung cancer regarding tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, and cellular differentiation. The aim of this study was to investigate the value of components of Shh pathway as a prognostic marker in extensive stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data of 36 patients who were diagnosed with ES-SCLC between 2008 and 2012 at a single center. We performed immuo-histochemistry for glioma-associated oncogene homolog zinc finger protein 1 (Gli1), patched, Shh, and Ptch-mediated repression of smoothened (Smo) proteins using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue derived from primary tumors. We then conducted survival analysis to evaluate the prognostic impact of these markers. RESULTS: All 36 patients received platinum-based doublet chemotherapy. The median progression free survival and median overall survival were 6.9 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 6.5–7.3] and 11.7 months (95% CI, 9.1–14.3), respectively. The overall response rate was 84%. Of the 36 tissue specimens examined, over-expression of Gli1, Patched, Shh, and Smo was found in 12 (33.3%), five (13.9%), five (13.9%), and six (16.7%) cases, respectively. We found that high expression of Shh was associated with worse progression free survival (6.3 vs. 7.6 months, p=0.005) and overall survival (9.2 vs. 12.0 months, p=0.039) by both univariate and multivariate analyses, whereas other markers were not related to patient prognosis. CONCLUSION: A high proportion of small cell lung cancer tumors express proteins related to Shh pathway, and over-expression of Shh is correlated with poor prognosis.

KIF11 Functions as an Oncogene and Is Associated with Poor Outcomes from Breast Cancer / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: The study aimed to search and identify genes that were differentially expressed in breast cancer, and their roles in cancer growth and progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Gene Expression Omnibus (Oncomine) and The Cancer Genome Atlas databases (https://cancergenome.nih.gov/) were screened for genes that were expressed differentially in breast cancer and were closely related to a poor prognosis. Gene expressions were verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and genes were knocked down by a lentivirus-based system. Cell growth and motility were evaluated and in vivo nude mice were used to confirm the in vitro roles of genes. Markers of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and the associations of KIF11 with the classical cancer signaling pathways were detected by Western blot. RESULTS: A series of genes expressed differentially in patients with breast cancer. The prognosis associated with high KIF11 expression was poor, and the expression of KIF11 increased significantly in high stage and malignant tumor cells. Inhibiting KIF11 expression in lentivirus-suppressed cells revealed that KIF11 inhibition significantly reduced cell viability and colony formation, inhibited migration and invasion, but promoted apoptosis. The sizes and weights of KIF11-inhibited tumors in nude mice were significantly lower than in the negative controls. Western blot showed that E-cadherin in breast cancer was significantly upregulated in KIF-inhibited cells and tumor tissues, whereas N-cadherin and vimentin were significantly down-regulated. BT549 and MDA231 cells with KIF11 knockdown exhibited decreased ERK, AMPK, AKT, and CREB phosphorylation. CONCLUSION: KIF11 acts as a potential oncogene that regulates the development and progression of breast cancer.