La dinámica oceanográfica frente al Humedal Nacional Térraba-Sierpe y su relación con la muerte del manglar / The oceanographic dynamic in front of Térraba-Sierpe National Wetland (HNTS) and its relation with the mangrove's death

Resumen Se estudió la dinámica de las mareas y el oleaje frente al Humedal Nacional Térraba-Sierpe (HNTS) y su relación con los procesos de erosión y la muerte del manglar en esta región. Se encuentra que un aumento relativo del nivel del mar, ya sea generado por el basculamiento de las costas, o por calentamiento global, es el responsable de crear una nueva plataforma para el oleaje y está modificando el perfil de la costa y cambiando el tipo de sedimento sobre el cual crece el manglar. Una mayor deposición de sedimentos sobre la región norte de este delta, mantiene el equilibrio de este sistema en esta zona, donde más bien hay una ganancia de sedimentos en la isla al frente de la desembocadura del Río Grande de Térraba. Un menor aporte de sedimentos del Rio Sierpe está generando una migración tierra adentro de este sistema estuarino frente a esta región, lo cual es un síntoma de un aumento relativo del nivel del mar. Los escenarios futuros sobre una mayor energía del oleaje, y de un continuo aumento del nivel del mar, no permitirán un equilibrio en la dinámica de los sedimentos, especialmente sobre la parte sur de este delta, por lo que continuará perdiendo la cobertura del manglar en este sistema estuarino.

Abstract The Térraba-Sierpe Reserve has the largest mangrove in Costa Rica but has suffered from changes in sea level. I used published data to analyze the area and found that sea level rise, generated by coast subsidence or global warming, created a new platform for waves and changed the beach profile and sediment type. Increased sediment deposition on the north maintains the balance of this system, with a sediment gain on the island in front of the Térraba river mouth. A lower sediment output from the Sierpe river is generating a landward delta migration, especially in the southern part, a symptom of local sea level rise. Future scenarios of greater wave energy and additional sea level rise will not allow a dynamic sediment balance, especially on the southern part of the delta, and will generate a loss mangrove cover. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (Suppl. 1): 29-46. Epub 2015 April 01.

Territorial disputes, identity conflicts, and violence in surfing / Disputas territoriais, conflitos de identidade e violência no surfe / Disputas territoriales, conflictos de identidad y la violencia en el surf

Aggressive manifestations of localism are a current concern among surfers and are becoming well known as a result of specialized media. The objective of this paper was to investigate this phenomenon through the examination of a specific case and empirical fieldwork that was conducted for an ethnography of São Paulo surfers. The data were obtained via participant observations and open interviews. The results indicate that conflicts generally begin as disputes over the best waves. Surfing has a general rule of "wave priority criteria," based on spatial positioning. However, this universal rule may be intentionally broken depending on surfers' sociability. Ethnic and class differences based on historical processes can exist in oppositional relationships among surfers and are manifested by categories of accusation or identity (in São Paulo's case, local, haole, roots, prego, and playboy). However, this category attribution is contextual and interchangeable because surfers circulate between groups and beaches while searching for waves.

Manifestações agressivas de localismo são preocupações entre surfistas e se tornam conhecidas pela mídia especializada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar este fenômeno a partir de um caso específico por meio de pesquisa de campo conduzida para a etnografia entre surfistas da cidade de São Paulo. Os dados foram obtidos por observação participante e entrevistas abertas. Os resultados mostram que os conflitos geralmente começam com disputas pelas melhores ondas. O surfe institui uma regra geral de acordo com "critérios de prioridade pela onda" baseada no posicionamento espacial. No entanto, esta regra pode ser desobedecida propositalmente, de acordo com a sociabilidade dos surfistas. Diferenças étnicas e de classe baseadas em processos históricos aparecem como relações de oposição reveladas por categorias de acusação ou identidade (no caso de São Paulo: local, haole, roots, prego e playboy). Entretanto, como os surfistas circulam entre grupos e praias a procura de ondas sua atribuição é contextual e intercambiável.

Manifestaciones agresivas de localismo son una preocupación actual entre los surferos y se están convirtiendo en conocida en los medios especializados. El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar este fenómeno a través de um caso específico y investigación de campo para la etnografía entre surferos de São Paulo. Los datos fueron obtenidos a través de observación participante y entrevistas abiertas. Los resultados muestran que los conflictos generalmente comienzan por disputas de las mejores olas. El surf tiene una regla general de acuerdo a "criterios de prioridad por la ola" baseados en posicionamento técnico. Sin embargo, esta regla universal puede ser desobedecida a propósito dependiendo de la sociabilidad de los surferos. Diferencias étnicas y de clase sobre la base de los procesos históricos aparecem en relaciones de oposición reveladas por categorías de acusación o de identidad (en el caso de São Paulo: local, haole, roots, prego y playboy). Sin embargo, como los surferos circulan entre grupos e playas en busca de las olas su atribución es contextual e intercambiable.

Propagación de onda en un tejido cardiaco 3D usando dos modelos auriculares / Wave propagation in a 3D cardiac tissue using two atrial models

Objetivo: evaluar el grado de predictibilidad entre dos modelos de electrofisiología celular para aurícula humana, analizando las propiedades, a nivel tisular, de la duración del potencial de acción (APD) y velocidad de conducción (CV) en un tejido en tres dimensiones incorporando el direccionamiento de fibras para toda la anatomía auricular. Métodos: se implementaron los modelos celulares de Courtemanche-Ramírez-Nattel y Nygren; además se desarrolló un modelo geométrico detallado y realista de una aurícula humana, partiendo del modelo burdo de Harrild-Henriquez al que se le incorporó el direccionamiento de fibras en toda la anatomía auricular. Resultados: las constantes de difusión implementadas permitieron obtener en ambos modelos velocidades de conducción muy similares a las velocidades de conducción reales; además, en las regiones de alta conductividad el direccionamiento de fibras longitudinal permitió obtener velocidades de conducción más altas que en otras zonas de la aurícula. Conclusiones: la curva del potencial de acción muestra un APD90 (AP al 90% de la repolarización) de 320 ms en NYG y 235 ms en CRN. En condiciones donde las propiedades de la membrana no han cambiado en la aurícula normal, se ha observado que en ambos modelos se generan subidas de potencial de acción rápidas que se aprecian en la forma del potencial, asociados con una baja velocidad de propagación en la dirección transversal y una subida lenta del potencial de acción, que se relaciona también con una alta velocidad de propagación en el sentido longitudinal.

Objective: to evaluate the degree of predictability between two models of human atrial cellular electrophysiology, analyzing at tissue level the properties of the action potential duration (APD) and conduction velocity (CV) in a three-dimensional tissue incorporating direction of fibers for the entire atrial anatomy. Methods: we implemented the cellular models of Courtemanche-Ramirez-Nattel and Nygren, also developed a detailed and realistic geometric model of a human atrium, starting from the clumsy model of Harrild-Henriquez to which we incorporated the direction of fibers throughout the entire atrial anatomy. Results: The diffusion constants implemented allowed to obtain in both models conduction velocities very similar to the real conduction velocities; moreover, in the high conductivity regions the longitudinal fiber direction allowed to obtain conduction velocities higher than in other areas of the atrium. Conclusions: the action potential curve shows a APD90 (AP at 90% of repolarization) of 320 ms in NYG and 235 ms in CRN. Under conditions where the membrane properties have not changed in the normal atrium, we observed that in both models increases of fast action potential are generated, which can be seen as the potential associated with a low propagation velocity in the transversal direction and a slow rise of the action potential, which is also related to a high propagation velocity in the longitudinal direction.

"Do outside": corpo e natureza, medo e gênero no surfe universitário paulistano / \"From the outside\": body and nature, fear and gender in surfing

Ao objetivo primeiro desta pesquisa, descrever as dinâmicas do surfe e os significados de sua prática, em especial a relação ser humano/natureza estabelecida por meio do esporte, somaram-se outros objetivos: problematizar a aproximação do pesquisador de seu campo de investigação, a possibilidade de um pesquisador realizar uma investigação através de seu próprio corpo e discutir a questão de gênero no surfe. Sobre o objetivo primeiro desta pesquisa, vivendo e descrevendo as dinâmicas do surfe encontrou-se os significados da relação do surfista com o mar nas sensações corporais experimentadas nas técnicas do remar, sentar, dar o joelhinho e dropar a onda. Que ser capaz de passar a rebentação é associado a um retorno bem sucedido à comunhão do homem com a natureza, sendo as cores, formas e sensações do "outside" o privilégio daquele que vence as dificuldades do tornar-se e ser surfista. Mas, que estas sensações são tidas como possibilidades de corpos corajosos e hábeis, "a priori", entendidos como corpos masculinos. O surfe como campo em que o feminino é visto ainda como exceção dá a pensar que os esportes na natureza e a educação ao ar livre, embora tenham potencial de promover novas condutas políticas e a virtuosa sensibilidade ambiental, não estão livres de reproduzir outros padrões de dominação.

The main goal of this research is to describe the dynamics of surfing and its meanings, mainly the human/nature relation established through the sport. Meanwhile, other goals were added: discussing the approach to the field by the researcher, the possibility this researcher could investigate through her own body and the gender matter in the sport. About the main aim of the research, living and experiencing the sport itself, meaning, to the relation between the surfer and the sea, was found in the body sensations experienced through techniques such as paddling, sitting, duck diving and dropping a wave. Being able to go out is associated to a successful return to man's communion with nature, making outside's colors, shapes and sensations the privilege of whoever transposes the challenges and difficulties of becoming and being a surfer. However, these sensations are held as being only possible for courageous and agile bodies, at first, understood as male ones. Surfing as a field where the feminine is still the exception, allows the thinking that, even though nature sports and outdoor education have the potential to promote new political conducts and environmental sensitivity virtues, they are not free from reproducing other domination standards.

Assessment of psychopathological consequences in children at 3 years after tsunami disaster.

BACKGROUND: At 1 year after the Tsunami disaster, 30% of students in two high risk schools at Takuapa district of Phang Nga Province still suffered from post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The number ofpatients was sharply declined after 18 months. The psychological consequences in children who diagnosed PTSD after the event were reinvestigated again at 3 years, as there were reports of significant comorbidity and continuing of subsyndromal post traumatic stress symptoms in children suffered from other disasters. OBJECTIVE: To assess psychological outcomes and factors contributed at 3-year follow up time in children diagnosed PTSD at 1-year after the Tsunami disaster MATERIAL AND METHOD: There were 45 students who were diagnosed PTSD at 1-year after the disaster At 3-year follow up time, clinical interview for psychiatric diagnosis was done by psychiatrists. RESULTS: 11.1% of students who had been diagnosed as PTSD at 1-year after Tsunami still had chronic PTSD and 15% had either depressive disorder or anxiety disorder 25% of students completely recovered from mental disorders. Nearly 50% ofstudents were categorized in partial remission or subsyndromal PTSD group. Factors which influenced long-term outcomes were prior history of trauma and severe physical injury from the disaster. CONCLUSION: Although the point prevalence of PTSD in children affected by Tsunami was declined overtime, a significant number of students still suffer from post traumatic stress symptoms, depressive disorder or anxiety disorder which need psychological intervention.

Psychiatric disorders in children at one year after the tsunami disaster in Thailand.

BACKGROUND: The tsunami that struck Thailand on 26th December 2004 was the greatest natural disaster in the country's history. It left in its wake unprecedented damage and destruction. Children suffered the loss of parents or guardians, and survivors were left to cope with psychological trauma of the disaster OBJECTIVE: To assess the psychiatric disorders in tsunami victim children at one year after the event. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A cross sectional study was done. One thousand three hundred and sixty-four students from 2 schools were enrolled. Three tests were used according to the students' grades, pediatric symptoms checklist, Childhood Depressive Inventory and the Revised Child Impact of Events scale (CRIES). Psychiatric disorders were diagnosed by child and adolescent psychiatrists, using criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM IV). Analysis data by using SPSS version 10.0 and Chi-square test. The results were presented as percentage and p-value. RESULTS: Psychiatric disorders were found in 142 students or 10.4 percents of all students at one year after the tsunami disaster. Not all the students who had psychiatric disorders developed them as the result of the tsunami disaster However, ninety students or 6.3 percent of all the students did have psychiatric disorders resulting from the tsunami disaster The most common psychiatric problem was post traumatic stress disorder Ten percent of grade 4-6 students and 11 percent of grade 7-9 students had psychiatric disorders. The prevalence was lower in kindergarten and grade 1-3 students of which the percentage was 2.3 and 3.8 respectively. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of psychiatric disorders at 1 year after the tsunami disaster was 10.4 percent of all the students or 33.1 percent of victims. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in grade 4-6 and 7-9 students was higher than in kindergarten and grade 1-3 students. The most common psychiatric problem is post traumatic stress disorder.

Psychological wellbeing of survivors of the tsunami: empowerment and quality of life.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the empowerment and the quality of life of individuals before and after receiving the psychological services and support interventions. STUDY DESIGN: This quasi-experimental research had two hypotheses: 1) the survivors gained empowerment, and 2) the survivors experienced improvement in their quality of life, after receiving the interventions. SETTING: Krabi province of Thailand. STUDY POPULATION: 593 survivors of the Tsunami on 26 December 2004. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The instrument to assess empowerment was modified from Miller, while the instrument to assess quality of life was WHO-BREF. RESULTS: After the intervention, the overall mean of empowerment was at the maximum level, and revealed an increased percentage of the quality of life at a good level in all four domains. The level of the psychological domain was the highest. CONCLUSION: The sample showed a significant increase in both empowerment and quality of life (p < 0.001). The findings support the hypotheses.

A reappraisal of secondary bilateral synchrony

A reappraisal was made with respect to a classical observation of the mode of instrumental phase reversals on inter-ictal EEG of seemingly bilateral synchronous spike-wave discharges in patients with either idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGE) or symptomatic localization-related frontal lobe epilepsies (FLE). It was pointed out in the original observation by Tukel and Jasper that one phase reversal at midline or near the midline on the side of the parasagittal epileptogenic lesion designated as secondary bilateral synchrony (SBS) was found in patients with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE), whereas a double phase reversal was found over the homologous frontal electrodes (F3 and F4) designated as primary bilateral synchrony (PBS) in patients with IGE. Twenty-three patients (IGE: 15, and FLE: 8) revealing bursts of seemingly bisynchronous spike-wave discharges in interictal EEGs were retrospectively studied. Discharge patterns were defined as stable phase reversal pattern if the site of phase-reversal was consistent, and as unstable pattern if the site of phase-reversal was not consistent but shifting in the same patient. Stable one phase-reversal pattern was found more frequently in FLE (50%) than in IGE patients (26.7%), and stable double phase-reversal pattern more frequently in the IGE (33.3%) than in the FLE group (12.5%). Notably, unstable pattern was found almost equally in both IGE and FLE patients (40% and 37.5%, respectively). Recognition of SBS or PBS in accordance with original observation was found not to clearly differentiate FLE from IGE in patients showing seemingly bisynchronous spike-wave complexes. The variability of instrumental phase-reversals can be accounted for by the fact that the localization of maxima of negative spike of the spike-and-wave complexes varies considerably.