Osteonecrosis mandibular: hallazgos clínicos e imagenológicos en un paciente tratado con denosumab / Mandibular osteonecrosis: clinical and imaging findings in a patient treated with denosumab

Introducción: La administración de bifosfonatos y medicamentos antiangiogénicos en pacientes con cáncer es un esquema terapéutico usual en oncología. Existen reportes de osteonecrosis de los maxilares en pacientes sometidos a este esquema de tratamiento, luego de realizar un procedimiento dental invasivo. Objetivo: A partir de las características clínicas e imagenológicas de la patología, ilustrar al odontólogo sobre los medicamentos para el tratamiento del cáncer, susceptibles de generar osteonecrosis de los maxilares. Presentación de caso: Paciente masculino de 89 años, con cáncer de próstata tratado con denosumab, que desarrolló osteonecrosis del maxilar inferior posterior a una extracción dental. Es de vital importancia que el odontólogo identifique los medicamentos, factores de riesgo y las medidas para minimizar el riesgo de osteonecrosis de los maxilares en pacientes susceptibles(AU)

Introduction: The administration of bisphosphonates and antiangiogenic drugs in cancer patients is a usual therapeutic scheme in oncology. There are reports of osteonecrosis of the jaws in patients undergoing this treatment scheme, after performing an invasive dental procedure. Objective: Show the dentist from the clinical and imaging characteristics of the pathology on the drugs for the treatment of cancer sensitivity to generate osteonecrosis of the jaws. Case presentation: An 89-year-old male patient with prostate cancer treated with denosumab developed osteonecrosis of the lower jaw after tooth extraction. It is vitally important that the dentist identifies medications, risk factors and measures to minimize the risk of osteonecrosis of the jaws in sensitivy patients(AU)

Chronic osteo-articular changes in patients with sickle cell disease

Abstract Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease in which a mutation occurs in the β-globin chain gene, resulting in abnormal hemoglobin levels. In an environment with reduced oxygen concentration, red blood cells change their conformation, resulting in chronic hemolysis and consequent anemia and vaso-occlusive crises with injuries to several organs, with a significant impairment of the osteoarticular system. This study aimed to verify the chronic osteoarticular alterations and their association with clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with SCD with a more severe phenotype (SS and Sβ0), on a steady-state fasis. Methods: Fifty-five patients were referred to a medical consultation with a specialized assessment of the locomotor system, followed by laboratory tests and radiographic examinations. Results: In total, 74.5% patients had hemoglobinopathy SS; 67.3% were female; and 78.2% were non-whites. The mean patient age was 30.5 years. Most patients (61.8%) reported up to three crises per year, with a predominance of high-intensity pain (65.5%). Radiographic alterations were present in 80% patients. A total of 140 lesions were identified, most which were located in the spine, femur, and shoulders. Most lesions were osteonecrosis and osteoarthritis and were statistically associated with the non-use of hydroxyurea. Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of chronic osteoarticular alterations, which was statistically associated only with the non-regular use of hydroxyurea.(AU)

Osteonecrosis disbárica de cabeza humeral en buzo pesquero tratado con artroplastia de superficie / Dysbaric osteonecrosis of humeral head in a diver treated with resurfacing arthroplasty

Describir osteonecrosis disbárica (ODB) en buzo pesquero y exponer la experiencia inédita de tratamiento con artroplastia de superficie (AS). Introducción ODB, forma de necrosis avascular secundaria a enfermedad por descompresión (EDC), cuyo tratamiento gold standard para estadios avanzados continúa siendo la artroplastia total (AT). Presentación de caso: Paciente de 49 años, buzo pesquero, antecedentes de EDC tratada el 2008 en cámara hiperbárica, con diagnóstico compatible con ODB de cabeza humeral derecha de 6 años de evolución; Constant score=29. Se realiza AS del hombro derecho, y luego de 18 meses de seguimiento se reporta una adecuada evolución clínica con remisión de la sintomatología; Constant score a 18 meses=72. Discusión: El uso de AT en el paciente joven es limitado, por lo que surge la necesidad de implementar nuevas técnicas quirúrgicas en este grupo de pacientes. Conclusión: La AS constituye una alternativa terapéutica en adultos jóvenes y activos con ODB...

Introduce and describe Dysbaric Osteonecrosis (DON) in a fishing diver patient, emphasising clinical features, use of imaging methods, and present a new experience of treatment with Resurfacing Arthroplasty (RA). Introduction: DON, a form of avascular necrosis secondary to Decompression Sickness (DCS). Total Arthroplasty (AT) remains the reference treatment for advanced stages. Case report: Male, 49 years old, fishing diver, with a history of DCS treated in a hyperbaric chamber (2008). Right humeral head DON Compatible with 6 years of onset. Constant Score=29. RA performed on right shoulder. Clinical remission of symptoms was observed after 18 months of follow-up. Constant Score at 18 months=72. Discussion: TA use in young patients is limited, so there is a need to implement new surgical techniques in this group of patients. Conclusion: RA is a therapeutic alternative in young and active subjects with DON...

Fracturas de húmero proximal: valoración clínica y resultado funcional en pacientes con osteonecrosis de la cabeza humeral / Proximal humerus fractures: clinical assessment and functional outcome in patients with osteonecrosis of the humeral head

Introducción: Las fracturas de húmero proximal de tres o más fragmentos presentan riesgo elevado de necrosis, siendo éste el segundo sitio más frecuente sólo después del fémur, presentándose causas traumáticas y no traumáticas, siendo las traumáticas las más comunes, presentando una incidencia de 13 a 34% en fracturas de más de cuatro fragmentos. El propósito de este estudio es valorar el resultado funcional de pacientes con antecedente de fractura humeral proximal y osteonecrosis con manejo conservador. Material y métodos: Se presenta un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, observacional con seguimiento de 6 a 12 meses de pacientes mayores de 60 años con diagnóstico de fractura de húmero proximal con manejo conservador, en el período comprendido de Enero de 2004 a Noviembre de 2009, se seleccionaron 122 pacientes que cumplían los criterios de inclusión, perdiendo el seguimiento de 12 de ellos, con edad promedio de 71.02 años con rango de 60 a 92 años, 41 hombres y 69 mujeres, realizándose escalas de DASH y CONSTANT. Resultados: Posterior a la realización de las escalas de valoración funcional se realiza la validación de dichos resultados obteniendo un coeficiente de correlación de 0.80 siendo estadísticamente significativo. Conclusión: El tratamiento conservador debe ser reservado sólo en pacientes que cumplan con las características necesarias. Dependiendo del tipo de fractura y las características del individuo, el tratamiento siempre está enfocado a la estabilización y a la movilización temprana y en la obtención de la recuperación funcional precoz. Encontrando en este estudio que las fracturas tratadas de forma conservadora, desarrollan algún estadio de osteonecrosis de la cabeza pero con adecuada función casi similar a la extremidad sana.

Introduction: Fractures of the proximal humerus resulting in three or more fragments represent a high risk of necrosis. The former is the second most frequent site of necrosis, only after the femur, due to either traumatic or nontraumatic causes. The former are the most common, with an incidence rate of necrosis of 13-34% in fractures with more than four fragments. The purpose of this study is to assess the functional outcome of patients with a history of fracture of the proximal humerus and osteonecrosis treated conservatively. Material and methods: This is a descriptive, retrospective, observational study with a 6-12 month follow-up of patients older than 60 years of age with a diagnosis of fracture of the proximal humerus managed conservatively between January 2004 and November 2009. One hundred and twenty-two patients met the inclusion criteria and 12 were lost to follow-up. Mean age was 71.02 years with a range between 60 and 92 years; 41 males and 69 females. The DASH and CONSTANT scales were applied. Results: After applying the functional assessment scales and validating the results, the correlation coefficient obtained was 0.80, and it was statistically significant. Conclusion: Conservative treatment should be used only in patients who meet the necessary criteria. Depending on the type of fracture and the patient's characteristics, treatment should always be aimed at stabilization, early mobilization, and early functional recovery. This study found that fractures treated conservatively eventually develop some degree of osteonecrosis of the head, but they have proper function, similar to that of a healthy limb.

Dental complications of herpes zoster: Two case reports and review of literature.

Herpes zoster (HZ) (shingles) results due to reactivation of varicella‑zoster virus. Unusual dental complications like osteonecrosis, exfoliation of teeth, periodontitis, and calcified and devitalized pulps, periapical lesions, and resorption of roots as well as developmental anomalies such as irregular short roots and missing teeth may arise secondary to involvement of 2nd or 3rd division of trigeminal nerve by HZ. Such cases pose both a diagnostic as well as a therapeutic challenge. We report two such rare dental complications of HZ‑spontaneous tooth exfoliation and osteonecrosis of the maxilla in a 70‑year‑old female patient; and multiple periapical pathoses affecting right half of the mandibular teeth in a 45‑year‑old female patient. Both the patients did not have any associated systemic illness. The aim of this paper was to compare the present cases with all the 46 cases of osteonecrosis and 6 cases of multiple periapical pathoses secondary to trigeminal zoster reported in literature till date The article also throws light that the occurrence of such dental complications of HZ is not entirely dependent on the immune status of the host.

Deposição óssea por fluoreto de alumínio: intoxicação ocupacional? / Bone deposition of aluminum fluoride: occupational poisoning?

Contexto: Paciente de 38 anos foi encaminhado por ordem judicial para ambulatório de saúde ocupacional de hospital público terciário com queixa de dor difusa em membros inferiores, superiores, coluna e bacia, além de dificuldade na deambulação. Trazia imagens de ressonância magnética e tomografia com sinais de osteosclerose/osteonecrose em diferentes ossos (tíbia, fêmur, úmero, osso da bacia). Havia sido atendido pela equipe de clínica médica do mesmo hospital e realizado biópsia de crista ilíaca, que evidenciou infarto ósseo e grande quantidade de alumínio ósseo. Tem histórico laboral de atividade na produção de alumínio durante quatro anos, em mineradora do estado do Maranhão. Objetivos: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo revisão na literatura de possíveis causas ocupacionais em distúrbios ósseos, e identificar elementos técnico-científicos que permitam relacionar a deposição óssea de alumínio com as alterações clínico-radiológicas do caso em questão. Métodos: Foi realizada revisão de literatura baseada em publicações nas principais bases de pesquisa (PubMed, SciELO, Lilacs), além de avaliação de etapas de beneficiamento do alumínio na indústria mineradora. Resultados: Por meio da constatação da exposição do trabalhador a subprodutos químicos do beneficiamento do alumínio metálico, que, sabidamente podem causar fluorose óssea, e a associação desta doença com os achados de exame radiológico, bem como sintomatologia apresentada por este trabalhador, é possível estabelecer nexo ocupacional. Conclusão: A sintomatologia apresentada pelo trabalhador, bem como suas alterações de exame de imagem e anatomopatológico, permitem inferência de causalidade entre a exposição a compostos de fluoreto e criólita e seu distúrbio ósseo.

Context: A 38 year old patient was referred by court order for occupational health medical service of tertiary public hospital complaining of diffuse pain in lower and upper limbs, spine and pelvis, and walking difficulty. Magnetic resonance imaging and tomography signs of osteosclerosis/osteonecrosis in different bones (tibia, femur, humerus, hip bone). He was seen by the medical clinic of the same hospital and some procedures have been performed, such as iliac crest biopsy, which revealed bone infarction and a large amount of aluminum bone. This patient has worked for four years in aluminum production, in Maranhão, Brazil. Objectives: This paper aims to review the literature of possible occupational causes for bone disorders and identify technical and scientific elements that may allow to relate the bone aluminum deposition with clinical and radiological changes of the case. Methods: For this purpose, we performed a literature review based on publications in major research bases (PubMed, SciELO, Lilacs), and evaluation stages of processing of aluminum in the mining industry. Results: Through the observation of the worker exposure to chemical byproducts from the processing of aluminum metal, which is known to cause skeletal fluorosis, and the association of this disease with radiological findings and symptoms presented by this paper, it is possible establish relationship between his occupational activity and the diasease. Conclusion: The symptoms presented by the worker, as well as their changes of imaging and pathologic examination, allow inference of causality between exposure to fluoride and cryolite compounds and their bone disorder.

Ingesta de bifosfonatos y cirugía oral: ¿es viable? / Biphosphonates intake and oral surgery: is it feasible?

Es sabida la acción terapéutica favorable que los bifosfonatos ocasionan en el tejido óseo en aquellos pacientes que presentan como causa etiológica la osteoporosis. El presente artículo pretende relacionar tratamientocrónico con bifosfonatos nitrogenados y la cirugía oral, para lo cual la AAOMS define el concepto de Osteonecrosis Maxilar (ONM) asociada a tratamientocrónico con bifosfonatos como: Área ósea necrótica expuesta al medio bucal con más de ocho semanas de permanencia, en presencia de tratamiento crónico con bifosfonatos en ausencia de radioterapia en cabeza ycuello

It is known the correct therapeutic actions that Bisphosphonates involved in bone tissue when patientsare affected with a pathologic cause: Osteoporosis.This article is supposed to communicate the interaction between nitrogen bisphosphonates and oral surgery, for that reason AAOMS describes Osteonecrosisof the Jaw (ONJ) as: “Exposed, necrotic bone in the maxillofacial region that has persisted for more than eight weeks with current or pervious treatment with bisphosphonates and had no history of radiation to thejaw”.

Terapéutica osteoporótica y bifosfonatos: ¿existe relación alguna? / Osteoporotic therapeutics and biphosphonates: is there any relationship?

Los bifosfonatos presentan una acción terapéutica favorable en el tejido óseo de aquellos pacientes que presentan como causa etiológica la osteoporosis. El presente artículo pretende relacionar tratamiento crónico con bifosfonatos nitrogenados y osteoporosis, para lo cual la AAOMS define el concepto de osteonecrosis maxilar (ONM) asociada a tratamiento crónico con bifosfonatos como: área ósea necrótica expuesta al medio bucal con más de ocho semanas de permanencia, en presencia de tratamiento crónico con bifosfonatos, en ausencia de radioterapia en cabeza y cuello

Early dental implant failure in patient associated with oral bisphosphonates.

Oral bisphosphonates are routinely prescribed to post menopausal women. These have shown to increase the risk of osteonecrosis. However, this action may be augmented by local factors. A case report is presented showing an early implant failure in a patient taking oral bisphosphonates. Two implants were placed in left maxillary incisor area. Central incisor was associated with a previous endodontic failure and extraction. Lateral incisor was avulsed 3 years back. After 4 weeks of an implant placement, necrotic bone was evident along with the failing implant in central incisor area. This case report emphasizes on the incidence and an increased risk of implant failure in patients taking oral bisphosphonates.

Osteonecrosis maxilar postextracción dentaria en pacientes bajo tratamiento con bifosfonatos: presentación de 2 casos clínicos / Postextraction jaw osteonecrosis in patients undergoing biphosphonate treatment: report of 2 clinical cases

Los bisfosfonatos son usados en el tratamiento de pacientes donde es necesario disminuir la reabsorción ósea, principalmente osteoporosis, mieloma múltiple y en metástasis óseas de tumores sólidos, como cáncer de pulmón, mama y próstata. Pero con el advenimiento de los de alto poder, como el zoledronato, pamidronato, administrados por vía endovenosa, aparecen las complicaciones secundarias. En el año 2003 se publicó el primer caso de osteonecrosis de los huesos maxilares (ONM). Desde entonces, se reportaron numerosos casos de pacientes con ONM, que habían recibido tratamientos con bifosfonatos. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar dos casos clínicos de pacientes medicados con BF que presentaron ONM posterior a una extracción dental.

Bifosfonates are used in the patients’s treatment where it is necessary to diminish the bony reabsorption, mainly osteoporosis, multiple myeloma and in bone metastasis of solid tumors as lung, breast and prostate cancer. However secondary complications appear withthe incoming of zoledronate and pamidronate, of high power, administered by intravenous way. In 2003 it was published the first case of osteonecrosis of maxillary bones (ONM). Since then there were reported numerous cases of patients with ONM that had received treatments with bifosfonates. The aim of this work was to present two clinical cases of patients treated with BF that showed ONM posterior to a dental extraction.

Osteonecrose dos maxilares induzida por bisfosfonatos: relato de caso clínico / Bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw: case report

A osteonecrose dos maxilares induzida por bisfosfonatos é a primeira complicação tardia da terapia com bisfosfonatos descrita na literatura científica. Essa é definida como o desenvolvimento de osso necrótico na cavidade oral de um paciente que esteja recebendo tratamento com bisfosfonatos e não tenha recebido radioterapia em região de cabeça e pescoço. Clinicamente, as lesões se caracterizam como ulcerações da mucosa oral, frequentemente muito dolorosas, que expõem o osso subjacente. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso clínico de osteonecrose induzida por bisfosfonatos de surgimento espontâneo, com difícil resposta a tratamento conservador, alcançando a cura com cirurgia.

Osteonecrosis del semilunar o enfermedad de Kienbõck / Semilunar osteonecrosis or Kienbõck disease

El hecho de decidirnos por hacer esta revisión de la Osteonecrosis del semilunar o enfermedad de Kienbõck es debido a poder definir todos los factores que inciden en esta patología, que aunque no es una entidad muy frecuente, refleja una seria problemática en la vida de los trabajadores, condicionando problemas laborales, sociales e incluso médico-legales. Revisamos la anatomía y la vascularización del semilunar, así como su fisiopatología. Revisamos también aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e imagenológicos...

We have decided to make this review on semilunar osteonecrosis or Kienbõck's disease because that way we could define all the factors, concurring in this pathology; although it is not a very frequent entity, reflects a serious problem in the worker's life, being a condition of working, social and even medico-legal problems. We reviewed the semilunar anatomy and vascularization, and also its physiopathology. We also reviewed epidemiologic, clinical and imagenologic aspects.

Prevention of avascular necrosis in displaced talar neck fractures by hyperbaric oxygenation therapy: a dual case report.

Talar neck fractures are a rare injury that account for less then 2% of all foot fractures. Displaced fractures are associated with an exceedingly high rate of avascular necrosis (AVN). The incidence of AVN following Hawkins Type 3 fractures of the talar neck may approach 100%, particularly if diagnosis and reduction are delayed. Severe cases may present as pain and disability of the ankle and the subtalar joints due to a talar dome collapse, resulting in degenerative changes that usually require hind foot arthrodesis. We present two cases of traumatic displaced talar neck fractures which were treated surgically more than 2 weeks following injury due to a delay in diagnosis. Both patients underwent hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) after the operation and neither resulted in AVN of the talus in a three-year follow-up. We suggest that this favorable result may be due to the beneficial effects of HBOT.

Humeral head osteonecrosis in sickle cell disease

Sickle cell disease is the commonest cause of humeral head osteonecrosis worldwide. 144 shoulders in 72 patients with sickle cell disease were assessed clinically and radiographically. Our null hypothesis is that there is no correlation between the shoulder symptoms and the radiographic extent of osteonecrosis in such patients. The symptoms of each shoulder were scored using the UCLA shoulder scoring system. All shoulder x-rays were staged for humeral head osteonecrosis according to the modified Ficat and Arlet staging system. The Wilcoxin ranked sum test was used to correlate the data of the UCLA score with the data of the modified Ficat and Arlet stage. This gave a coefficient of 0.189. It is concluded that there is most likely no correlation between the shoulder symptoms and the radiographic stage of humeral head osteonecrosis in patients with sickle cell disease

Osteonecrosis avascular maxilar: guías de prevención para pacientes tratados con bifosfonatos / Avascular necrosis of the jaw: prevention guidelines for patients with biphosphonates treatment

Los bifosfonatos conforman un grupo de medicamentos que se utilizan desde hace unos 30 años para resolver diferentes condiciones que afectan la calidad del hueso de soporte. El uso actual es masivo, por tiempos prolongados y los esquemas de dosis grandes e intermitentes, de productos de alta potencia anti-resortiva ósea se asocian con la aparición de nuevos eventos adversos como la osteonecrosis de mandíbula (ONM). La ONM es sin embargo poco frecuente, se ha visto en el 0,8 por ciento de los pacientes con cáncer y factores de riesgo, tratados con productos intravenosos, dosis altas por tiempos de 3 o más años. Este evento es casi anecdótico con los esquemas orales intermitentes, en pacientes con osteoporosis, e inexistente cuando se utilizan diariamente productos de potencia anti-resortiva ósea moderada, por la vía oral y períodos de hasta un año. Aquí se resumen algunas recomendaciones elementales para que el odontólogo identifique los casos con riesgo y prevenga la aparición eventual de ONM.

Análise microscópica do efeito da radioterapia fracionada por cobalto-60 em mandíbula de rato / Microscopical analysis of fractionated cobalt-60 radiotherapy effects on mandibles of rats

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito imediato e tardio da teleterapia fracionada por cobalto-60 sobre o percentual médio de osteoplastos em mandíbula de ratos. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Os animais (n = 45) foram divididos em três grupos: grupo 1 (n = 15) - submetidos a teleterapia fracionada e sacrificados terminada a última dose de irradiação; grupo 2 - idêntico ao grupo 1, porém mortos 30 dias após a conclusão da teleterapia; grupo 3 (n = 15) - não-irradiado, servindo como grupo-controle. O protocolo radioterápico consistiu de 30 sessões de teleterapia, fracionadas em doses de 2 Gy/dia, totalizando 60 Gy. Após a perfusão dos animais com paraformaldeído a 4 por cento, a hemimandíbula esquerda foi processada histologicamente. Secções seriadas (5 æm) foram coradas com hematoxilina-eosina. Selecionaram-se duas áreas próximas às raízes dos primeiros e segundos molares. O percentual médio de osteoplastos foi calculado nessa região, em duplicata, valendo-se do programa Image Tool. RESULTADOS: A análise de variância, complementada pelo teste de comparações múltiplas de Tukey, evidenciou que os grupos irradiados 1 e 2 não diferiram entre si, apresentando maiores percentuais de osteoplastos (p = 0,005) quando comparados com o grupo-controle. CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que a teleterapia fracionada por cobalto-60, na dose estabelecida, provoca um aumento do número de osteoplastos em tecido ósseo mandibular de ratos.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to evaluate both immediate and late effects of fractionated cobalt-60 teletherapy over the mean percentage of empty osteocyte lacunae in rats mandibles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The animals sampling (n = 45) was divided into three groups with 15 specimens each: group 1 - submitted to fractionated teletherapy (60 Gy) and sacrificed following the last irradiation dose; group 2 - the specimens were submitted to the same procedure as group 1, however were sacrificed 30 days after finishing radiotherapy; group 3 - non-irradiated specimens, control group. The radiotherapy protocol consisted of a course of 30 radiotherapy sessions, fractionated in 2 Gy/day-doses, totalling 60 Gy. After specimens perfusion with 4 percent paraformaldehyde, the left hemimandibles were histologically processed and 5 mm serial sections were hematoxylin-eosin stained. Duplicate calculation of the mean percentage of empty osteocyte lacunae was performed in the areas adjacent to the first and second molar roots with the Image Tool software. RESULTS: The analysis of variance supplemented with the Turkey's multiple comparison test indicated that irradiated groups 1 and 2 showed no difference, presenting higher rates of empty osteocyte lacunae (p = 0.005) in comparison with the control group. CONCLUSION: Fractionated cobalt-60 teletherapy causes an increase in the number of osteoplasts in bone tissues of rats' mandibles.

Results of meniscectomy for treatment of isolated meniscal injuries: Correlation between results and etiology of injury

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados do tratamento de pacientes com lesão meniscal isolada de diversas etiologias. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: 435 pacientes de ambos os sexos, de diferentes faixas etárias, foram submetidos a meniscectomia depois que a lesão meniscal isolada foi diagnosticada clinicamente e confirmada por ressonância nuclear magnética. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos pacientes obteve bom resultado, retornando às atividades que exerciam antes da cirurgia, sem limitações relevantes. CONCLUSÕES: No tratamento da lesão meniscal traumática, a meniscectomia dá melhores resultados do que no tratamento da lesão meniscal degenerativa. No tratamento da lesão meniscal por fadiga, a meniscectomia dá resultados semelhantes aos obtidos no tratamento da lesão meniscal traumática, apesar de haver maior risco de ocorrência de osteonecrose.