Are women living with HIV prone to osteoporosis in postmenopause? A systematic review

SUMMARY BACKGROUND Some researchers have suggested that HIV infections can increase the cytokines, which might interfere with the bone metabolism and increase the risk of bone mass loss. However, this issue has yet to be consolidated in postmenopausal women. OBJECTIVE To analyze studies that evaluated the loss of bone mass through DEXA in women living with HIV. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guideline. The MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases were consulted from January 1987 to March 2017. Studies assessing bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women living with HIV were included. The secondary outcome was to evaluate the impact of antiretroviral on BMD. RESULTS Sixty percent of the manuscripts suggested that women living with HIV had more bone loss than women in the control group, mainly in the lumbar spine. Forty percent did not observe any difference between groups. One study reported the influence of antiretroviral drugs on bone mass but did not find any difference between groups. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that HIV infections may have a negative influence on bone mass loss in women. Further studies on the mechanism of this HIV consequence are necessary to clarify the connection as well as the impact of the antiretroviral action on BMD in postmenopausal women.

Association of Severity of Coronary Lesions with Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women / Associação entre Gravidade das Lesões Coronarianas e Densidade Mineral Óssea em Mulheres Pós-Menopausa

Abstract Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) and osteoporosis (OP) are common diseases in postmenopausal women. In both cross-sectional and longitudinal epidemiologic studies, low bone mass has been related to increased frequency of CAD. However, available data on the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and severity of coronary lesions is limited. Objective: To investigate association between the BMD and severity of coronary lesions assessed by Gensini score in postmenopausal women. Methods: This study included 122 postmenopausal women who were diagnosed with CAD. These patients were divided into two groups according to the severity of coronary lesions assessed by the Gensini score - patients with mild coronary lesions (Gensini score < 25) and patients with severe coronary lesions (Gensini score ≥ 25). Femoral neck mineral density was measured with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: The study included postmenopausal women aged 64.31 ± 4.71 years, 85 of whom (69.7%) exhibited severe coronary lesions. Participants with severe coronary lesions had a significantly higher T score than did those with mild coronary lesions at the femoral neck (p < 0.05). The mean T-score was −0.84 ± 1.01 in mild coronary lesions group, −1.42 ± 1.39 in severe coronary lesions group (p < 0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that osteopenia-osteoporosis at the Femoral neck (odds ratio 2.73; 95% confidence interval 1.06 to 6.13) was associated with an increased risk of developing severe coronary lesions. The multiple regression model showed that T-scores (b = −0.407, SE = 0.151, p=0.007) were the independent predictors of Gensini score. Conclusion: The relationship between severity of coronary lesions and BMD was significant in postmenopausal women. BMD, a low-cost technique involving minimal radiation exposure, widely used for osteoporosis screening, is a promising marker of severity of coronary lesions.

Resumo Fundamento: A doença arterial coronariana (DAC) e a osteoporose são doenças comuns em mulheres pós-menopausa. Tanto em estudos transversais como em estudos epidemiológicos longitudinais, a massa óssea diminuída foi relacionada à frequência aumentada de DAC. No entanto, dados disponíveis sobre a relação entre densidade mineral óssea (DMO) e gravidade das lesões coronarianas são limitados. Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre DMO e gravidade das lesões coronarianas avaliadas pelo escore de Gensini em mulheres pós-menopausa. Métodos: Este estudo incluiu 122 mulheres pós-menopausa diagnosticadas com DAC. As pacientes foram divididas em dois grupos de acordo com a gravidade das lesões coronarianas avaliada pelo escore de Gensini - pacientes com lesões coronarianas leves (escore de Gensini < 25) e pacientes com lesões coronarianas graves (escore de Gensini ≥ 25). A densidade mineral do colo femoral foi medida por absorção de raios-X de dupla energia (DXA). Resultados: O estudo incluiu mulheres pós-menopausa com idade de 64,31 ± 4,71 anos, 85 delas (69,7%) com lesões coronarianas graves. Pacientes com lesões coronarianas graves apresentaram um escore T mais elevado que aquelas com lesões coronarianas leves no colo femoral (p < 0,05). O escore T médio foi -0,84 ± 1,01 no grupo com lesões leves, e -1,42 ± 1,39 no grupo com lesões graves (p < 0,05). A análise de regressão logística multivariada mostrou que a osteopenia-osteoporose no colo femoral (odds ratio 2,73; intervalo de confiança de 95% 1,06 - 6,13) esteve associada com um risco aumentado de se desenvolver lesões coronarianas graves. O modelo de regressão múltipla mostrou que os escores T (b = -0,407; EP= 0,151; p = 0,007) foram preditores independentes do escore de Gensini. Conclusão: Encontrou-se uma relação significativa entre a gravidade das lesões coronarianas e a DMO em mulheres pós-menopausa. DMO, uma técnica de baixo custo que envolve mínima exposição à radiação, e amplamente utilizada no rastreamento de osteoporose, é um marcador promissor da gravidade de lesões coronarianas graves.

Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: a literature-based algorithm for use in the public health care system / Tratamento da osteoporose pós-menopáusica: um algoritmo baseado na literatura para uso no sistema público de saúde

ABSTRACT Bisphosphonates are considered first-line agents in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis based on extensive experience of use, safety, and proven efficacy in reducing vertebral, non-vertebral and femur fractures. However, post-marketing reports based on the treatment of millions of patients/year over lengthy periods of time have revealed the occurrence of initially unexpected adverse effects, such as osteonecrosis of the jaw and atypical femoral fracture, leading to the restriction of treatment duration with bisphosphonates by global regulatory agencies. However, despite the association between these effects and bisphosphonates, this risk should be analyzed in the context of osteoporosis treatment, alongside the benefit of preventing osteoporotic fractures and their clinical consequences. Therefore, we consider it plausible to discuss the restriction to the use of bisphosphonates, possible indications for prolonged treatment and alternative therapies following the suspension of this drug class for patients with persistent high risk of fracture after initial treatment, especially considering the problems of public health funding in Brazil and the shortage of drugs provided by the government. Thus, to standardize the treatment of osteoporosis in the public health care system, we aim to develop a proposal for a scientifically-based pharmacological treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis, establishing criteria for indication and allowing the rational use of each pharmacological agent. We discuss the duration of the initial bisphosphonate treatment, the therapeutic options for refractory patients and potential indications of other classes of drugs as first-choice treatment in the sphere of public health, in which assessing risk and cost effectiveness is a priority.

RESUMO Com base na vasta experiência de uso, segurança e eficácia comprovada na redução de fraturas vertebrais, não vertebrais e femorais, os bisfosfonatos são considerados agentes de primeira linha no tratamento da osteoporose pós-menopáusica. No entanto, os relatos pós-venda baseados no tratamento de milhões de pacientes/ano durante períodos prolongados de tempo revelaram a ocorrência de efeitos adversos inicialmente inesperados, como osteonecrose da mandíbula e fratura atípica do fêmur. Isso levou as agências reguladoras globais a restringirem a duração do tratamento com bisfosfonatos. No entanto, apesar da associação entre esses efeitos e os bisfosfonatos, esse risco deve ser analisado no contexto do tratamento da osteoporose, paralelamente ao benefício na prevenção de fraturas osteoporóticas e suas consequências clínicas. Portanto, considera-se plausível discutir a restrição ao uso dos bisfosfonatos, possíveis indicações para o tratamento prolongado e terapias opcionais após a suspensão dessa classe de fármaco para pacientes com alto risco persistente de fratura após o tratamento inicial, especialmente se considerarmos os problemas financeiros de saúde pública no Brasil e a escassez de fármacos fornecidos pelo governo. Assim, para padronizar o tratamento da osteoporose no sistema público de saúde pretende-se desenvolver uma proposta de tratamento farmacológico cientificamente fundamentada para a osteoporose pós-menopáusica, estabelecer critérios de indicação e permitir o uso racional de cada agente farmacológico. Discutem-se a duração do tratamento inicial com bisfosfonatos, as opções terapêuticas para pacientes refratários e potenciais indicações de outras classes de medicamentos como tratamento de primeira linha na esfera da saúde pública, em que a avaliação do risco e custo-efetividade é uma prioridade.

Utilização da tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico na obtenção dos índices radiomorfométricos em mulheres na pré e pós menopausa / Use of cone beam computed tomography in obtaining radiomorphometric index in women in pre and postmenopausal

O rastreio de osteoporose utilizando imagens de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) é um procedimento ainda discutível. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade óssea de mulheres de diversas faixas etárias (AG) através de índices de radiomorfométricos obtidos em TCFC. Setenta e cinco imagens de TCFC de mulheres (idades compreendidas entre 40 - 70 anos) foram avaliadas. Os pacientes foram agrupados de acordo com AG, em três maneiras diferentes, de acordo com a prevalência de osteoporose em mulheres brasileiras. Os índices avaliados foram: índice cortical mandibular (ICM), índice mentual (IM) e os índices de tomografia computadorizada superior e inferior (ITC). Dois examinadores calibrados avaliaram as imagens em três tempos: Abertura / reconstrução de imagens (1), repetindo este procedimento e salvando a reconstrução (2), e a avaliação das imagens reconstruídas (3). As reconstruções panorâmicas (variando as espessuras: 0,30, 10, e 20 mm) e imagens transaxiais foram avaliadas. A concordância intra e inter-examinador foram avaliadas por meio do teste Kappa e estatísticas de coeficiente de correlação intraclasse. A correlação de Pearson foi utilizada para verificar a relação entre os índices avaliados e AG. O teste de quiquadrado foi utilizado para comparar a prevalência de osteoporose de acordo com cada parâmetro e AG. Os índices avaliados não apresentaram correlação com AG. Alta concordância intra e inter-examinador foi encontrada para IM e ITC, mas não para ICM. A prevalência da osteoporose variou grandemente, de acordo com o índice avaliado e o valor de corte utilizado para definir a doença (com base na qualidade do osso). Os índices radiomorfométricos quantitativos obtidos na TCFC podem ser avaliados de uma forma reprodutível. Não houve correlação entre os índices e AG, o que sugere que as imagens de TCFC não devem ser utilizadas para o rastreio de osteoporose.

Screening for osteoporosis using cone beam CT images (CBCT) is a datable procedure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bone quality of women from diverse age groups (AG) using CBCT-based radiomorphometric indices. Seventy-five CBCT images of women (age range 40 - 70) years were evaluated. Patients were grouped according to AG, in three diverse manners, according to prevalence of osteoporosis in Brazilian women. The mandibular cortical (MCI), mental (MI), and the superior and inferior computed tomography (CTI) indices were assessed. Two calibrated examiners assessed the images in three instances: opening/reconstructing the images (1), repeating this procedure (2), and assessing the reconstructed images once again (3). Panoramic reconstructions (0.30, 10, and 20 mm thicknesses) and cross-sectional images were assessed. Intra and inter-examiner agreement were assessed by means of Kappa and intraclass correlation coefficient statistics. Pearson correlation was used to verify the relationship between the assessed indices and AG. Chi-square statistics was used to compare the prevalence of osteoporosis according to each index and AG. Assessed indices showed no correlation with AG. High intraand inter-examiner agreement was found for MI and CTI but not to MCI. The prevalence of osteoporosis varied widely, according to the assessed index and to the cutoff used to define the disease (based on bone quality). Quantitative CBCT-based radiomorphometric indices can be assessed in a reproducible manner. No correlation between AG and the assessed indices was found, suggesting that CBCT images should not be used for the screening of osteoporosis.

Vitamin D Repletion in Korean Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis

PURPOSE: Up to 71% of South Korean postmenopausal women have vitamin D deficiency {serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D] level <50 nmol/L}. Data on vitamin D supplementation was collected during the screening phase of an efficacy/safety study of denosumab in Korean postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. This report describes the effect of vitamin D supplementation on repletion to 25(OH)D levels ≥50 nmol/L in Korean postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Vitamin D levels of Korean postmenopausal women (60-90 years old) were measured by extracting 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3 from serum samples via protein precipitation and using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection. Calibration curves were constructed from the mass chromatograms to obtain total vitamin D levels. Subjects with serum 25(OH)D levels <50 nmol/L were supplemented with 1000 IU of vitamin D tablets during the 2.5-month-long screening period. Dose, frequency, and duration were determined by the investigator. If repletion was achieved (≥50 nmol/L) on retest, subjects were eligible to be rescreened for study entry. RESULTS: Of 371 subjects screened, 191 (52%) required vitamin D supplementation, and 88% (168 of 191) were successfully repleted. More than half of the subjects (58%) who were successfully repleted received doses of 2000 IU daily. The mean time to successful repletion was 31 days (standard deviation 8.4 days; range 11-48 days). CONCLUSION: Supplementation with daily median doses of 2000 IU vitamin D successfully repleted 88% of Korean postmenopausal women with osteoporosis within 48 days to a serum vitamin D level of 50 nmol/L.

Female aging / Envelhecimento feminino

SUMMARY Female aging is a process that involves hypoestrogenism time, the individual impact on each woman, and what we can do as experts to reduce morbidity and provide quality of life. This natural process in the female life cycle has been of concern to women after menopause. Changes in different biophysical and psychosocial aspects, and their individual experiences, have repercussions on the lives of patients seeking specialized and multidisciplinary support to reduce the harmful effects of prolonged hypoestrogenism. Overweight and obesity, inadequate living habits and the presence of multi-morbidities cause damage to the quality of life and impact the functional capacity. Behavioral prescription and hormone therapy are among the treatments given to ease symptoms and reduce morbidity. A better understanding of these factors can help identify groups that require more care after menopause.

RESUMO O envelhecimento feminino é um processo em que devemos correlacionar o tempo do hipoestrogenismo com o impacto individual em cada mulher e o que poderemos fazer, enquanto especialistas, para reduzir morbidades e proporcionar qualidade de vida. Esse processo natural no ciclo de vida da mulher tem sido motivo de preocupação das mulheres na pós-menopausa. As transformações nos diferentes aspectos biofísicos, psicossociais e em suas vivências individuais trazem repercussões na vida das pacientes, que buscam apoio especializado e multiprofissional para reduzir os efeitos deletérios do hipoestrogenismo prolongado. O sobrepeso e a obesidade, inadequados hábitos de vida e a presença de multimorbidades trazem prejuízos à qualidade de vida e impactam a capacidade funcional. A prescrição comportamental e a terapia hormonal são tratamentos indicados para amenizar os sintomas e reduzir morbidades. Assim, uma melhor compreensão desses fatores pode ajudar a identificar grupos propensos a cuidados na pós-menopausa.

Effect of bisphosphonates on the levels of RANKL and OPG in gingival crevicular fluid of patients with periodontal disease and post-menopausial osteoporosis

El sistema receptor activador del factor nuclear kappa-B ligando (RANKL)/RANK/Osteoprotegerina (OPG) ha sido propuestos como esencial para la biología osteoclástica, yaque ha sido identificado como participante clave en la regulación fisiológica y patológica del sistema óseo. El estudio del sistema RANKL-RANK-OPG ha facilitado la comprensiónde los mecanismos intervinientes en el proceso de remodelación ósea, especialmente en la osteoporosis post-menopáusica y la enfermedad periodontal. Los bisfosfonatos se han convertido en el pilar principal deltratamiento y prevención de la osteoporosis post-menopáusica.Ellos inhiben la formación y disolución de los cristales de fosfato de calcio en el hueso y también inhiben a lososteoclastos reduciendo el recambio óseo. Actualmente, varios trabajos de investigación asocian la osteoporosis con el inicio y la progresión de la enfermedad periodontal. Aunque la etiología de ambas es diferente, lapérdida de masa ósea comparte varias características y la terapéutica utilizada para la osteoporosis puede serconsidera de valor para el tratamiento de la enfermedad periodontal. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del consumo de bifosfonatos en fluido crevicular (FC) sobre los niveles de RANKL, OPG y la relación RANKL/OPG en pacientes post-menopáusicas con enfermedad periodontal y osteoporosis/ osteopenia.Se estudiaron 66 sitios periodontalmente activos obtenidos depacientes mujeres post-menopáusicas con edades entre 45-70 años de edad con enfermedad periodontal y osteoporosis/ osteopenia. La toma del FC se realizó mediante tiras de papel de filtro estériles. Para determinar la concentración de RANKL y OPG se utilizó el ensayo de ELISA comercial siguiendo las instrucciones delfabricante. Los valores obtenidos de las citoquinas y su relación fueron comparados con el Test U de Mann-Whitney...

Trabecular bone score: perspectives of an imaging technology coming of age / Escore de osso trabecular: perspectivas de um método de imagem em aprimoramento

The trabecular bone score (TBS) is a new method to describe skeletal microarchitecture from the dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) image of the lumbar spine. While TBS is not a direct physical measurement of trabecular microarchitecture, it correlates with micro-computed tomography (µCT) measures of bone volume fraction, connectivity density, trabecular number, and trabecular separation, and with vertebral mechanical behavior in ex vivo studies. In human subjects, TBS has been shown to be associated with trabecular microarchitecture and bone strength by high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HRpQCT). Cross-sectional and prospective studies, involving a large number of subjects, have both shown that TBS is associated with vertebral, femoral neck, and other types of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. Data in men, while much less extensive, show similar findings. TBS is also associated with fragility fractures in subjects with secondary causes of osteoporosis, and preliminary data suggest that TBS might improve fracture prediction when incorporated in the fracture risk assessment system known as FRAX. In this article, we review recent advances that have helped to establish this new imaging technology.

TBS (do inglês, “trabecular bone score”) é um novo método que estima a microarquitetura óssea a partir de uma imagem de densitometria óssea (DXA) da coluna lombar. Apesar de o TBS não ser uma medida física direta da microarquitetura trabecular, ele correlaciona-se com o volume ósseo, densidade da conectividade trabecular, número de trabéculas e separação trabecular medidos por microtomografia computadorizada (µCT), e com medidas mecânicas da resistência óssea vertebral em estudos ex vivo. Estudos em humanos confirmaram que o TBS associa-se a microarquitetura trabecular e resistência óssea medidas por tomografia computadorizada quantitativa periférica de alta resolução (HRpQCT). Estudos transversais e prospectivos, envolvendo um grande número de indivíduos, mostraram que o TBS é associado com fratura vertebral, de colo de fêmur e com outros tipos de fraturas osteoporóticas em mulheres na pós-menopausa. Dados em homens, apesar de escassos, mostram resultados semelhantes. Além disso, o TBS foi associado a fraturas por fragilidade em indivíduos com diversas causas secundárias de osteoporose e, dados preliminares, sugerem que o uso do TBS pode melhorar a previsão de fratura quando incorporado ao sistema de avaliação de risco de fratura (FRAX). Este artigo faz uma revisão de avanços recentes que têm ajudado a estabelecer esse novo método de imagem.

Costos de fracturas en mujeres con osteoporosis en Colombia / Costs of fractures in women with osteoporosis in Colombia

Resumen Introducción: la osteoporosis posmenopáusica (OPM) es una enfermedad que reduce la densidad yla calidad de los huesos, aumentando el riesgo de sufrir fracturas. En Colombia no existe información documentada sobre los costos, ni las frecuencias de uso de recursos para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la OPM y las fracturas asociadas. Material y métodos: se realizó un consenso con 11 expertos, mediante una metodología Delphi modificada, se aplicaron los costos utilizando el manual tarifario ISS 2001, finalmente, se estimó para 2015 qué impacto económico tendría para el país el tratamiento de las fracturas de cadera, vertebrales y de radio distal. Resultados: el costo de diagnosticar y seguir adecuadamente a una paciente con OPM por un año, es de aproximadamente $622.588,15; el costo en el momento de presentarse una fractura de cadera que requiera manejo quirúrgico, es $8.687.829,21, el costo de manejar quirúrgicamente una fractura vertebral y de radio distal es $11.348.379,90 y $2.319.111,67 respectivamente. Los pacientes con fractura vertebral que no requieren manejo quirúrgico pueden costar $5.034.055,60 en un año de seguimiento. Para el 2015 el impacto económico de tratar las fracturas de cadera en el país sería de $205.602.914.414, para las vertebrales con manejo quirúrgico sería de $1.370.947.862, y con manejo no quirúrgico sería de $11.653.771.426 y para las fracturas de radio distal sería de $122.858.360.231. Conclusiones: Se hace evidente la necesidad de priorizar la enfermedad, gestionar los riesgos asociados a sus complicaciones y darle el manejo de una patología de alto impacto en la salud pública. (Acta Med Colomb 2014; 39: 46-56).

Abstract Introduction: postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) is a disease that reduces the density and quality of bones, increasing the risk of fractures. In Colombia there is no documented information on the costs and frequency of use of resources for the diagnosis and treatment of OPM and associated fractures. Materials and methods: a consensus with 11 experts was conducted using a Delphi modified methodology. Costs were applied using the tariff handbook ISS 2001 and in the end was estimated what economic impact would have in 2015 for the country the treatment of hip vertebral and distal radius fractures. Results: the cost to diagnose and properly follow a patient with PMO for one year is approximately $622,588.15. The cost at the time of a hip fracture that requires surgical management is $8,687,829.21. The cost of surgical management of a spinal fracture and distal radius is $11,348,379.90 and $2,319,111.67 respectively. Patients with spinal fractures that do not require surgical management can cost $5,034,055.60 in a one year follow up. By 2015, the economic impact of treating hip fractures in the country would be $205,602,914,414, for vertebral fractures with surgical management would be $1,370,947,862, and non-surgical management would be $11,653,771,426 and for distal radius fractures it would be $122,858,360,231. Conclusions: the need to prioritize the disease, manage the risks associated with its complications and offer the management of a pathology of high impact on public health, is evident. (Acta Med Colomb 2014; 39: 46-56).

Caracterización de la asociación aterosclerosis-osteoporosis en hombres y mujeres: estudio en fallecidos / Characterization of the association between atherosclerosis and osteoporosis in men and women: study of deceased subjects

Objetivos: caracterizar la asociación entre las lesiones ateroscleróticas de las arterias coronarias con la osteoporosis de la columna lumbar y de fémur proximal en hombres y mujeres. Métodos: se estudiaron 79 necropsias, realizando densitometría postmorten de columna lumbar y fémur proximal, clasificando los niveles de densidad mineral ósea (DMO) según T score en: normal, osteopenia y osteoporosis; seguido del examen patomorfológico y morfométrico de las tres coronarias epicárdicas principales aplicando el sistema aterométrico, clasificando las lesiones ateroscleróticas como: estría adiposa, placa fibrosa y placa grave. Resultados: la asociación aterosclerosis-osteoporosis mostró características especiales para cada sexo, con predominio significativo de osteoporosis en hombres y de osteopenia en mujeres. Tras remover el efecto del tabaquismo, las diferencias entre los géneros se modificaron, observándose que los fumadores, de ambos sexos, presentaron una DMO y una asociación aterosclerosis-osteoporosis similares. Conclusiones: la interferencia ejercida por sexo sobre la asociación aterosclerosis-osteoporosis resultó despreciable

Objectives: characterize the association between atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary arteries and osteoporosis of the lumbar spine and the proximal femur in men and women. Methods: a study was conducted of 79 necropsies by postmortem densitometry of the lumbar spine and proximal femur. Bone mineral density (BMD) levels were classified according to T score into normal, osteopenia and osteoporosis; followed by pathomorphological and morphometric examination of the three major epicardial coronary arteries, applying the atherometric system and classifying the atherosclerotic lesions into adipose stria, fibrous plate and grave plate. Results: the association between atherosclerosis and osteoporosis exhibited specific features for each sex, with a significant predominance of osteoporosis in men and osteopenia in women. After removing the effect of cigarette smoking, there was a change in the differences between the sexes, with smokers of both sexes presenting a similar BMD and a similar association between atherosclerosis and osteoporosis. Conclusions: the influence of sex upon the association between atherosclerosis and osteoporosis was negligible

Caracterización de la asociación aterosclerosis-osteoporosis en hombres y mujeres: estudio en fallecidos / Caracterization of the aterosclerosis-osteoporosis asociation in men and women: patient death study

Objetivos: Caracterizar la asociación entre las lesiones ateroscleróticas de las arterias coronarias con la osteoporosis de la columna lumbar y de fémur proximal en hombres y mujeres. Métodos: Se estudiaron 79 necropsias, realizando densitometría postmorten de columna lumbar y fémur proximal, clasificando los niveles de densidad mineral ósea (DMO) según T score en: normal, osteopenia y osteoporosis; seguido del examen patomorfológico y morfométrico de las tres coronarias epicárdicas principales aplicando el sistema aterométrico, clasificando las lesiones ateroscleróticas como: estría adiposa, placa fibrosa y placa grave. Resultados: La asociación aterosclerosis-osteoporosis mostró características especiales para cada sexo, con predominio significativo de osteoporosis en hombres y de osteopenia en mujeres. Tras remover el efecto del tabaquismo, las diferencias entre los géneros se modificaron, observándose que los fumadores, de ambos sexos, presentaron una DMO y una asociación aterosclerosis-osteoporosis similares. Conclusiones: La interferencia ejercida por sexo sobre la asociación aterosclerosis-osteoporosis resultó despreciable

Objective: characterize the association between coronary atherosclerotic lesions and osteoporosis of lumbar spine and hip in men and women. Methods: We study 79 necropsies, doing lumbar spine and hip bone densitometry, classifying bone mineral density (BMD) by T score in: normal, osteopenia and osteoporosis. Then we carry out morphological and morphometric characterization of the three principal coronary arteries using the atherometric system, classifying atherosclerotic lesions like: fatty streak, fibrous plaques and severe plaques. Results: The atherosclerosis-osteoporosis association show special characteristics for each sex, with significantly predominance of osteoporosis in men and osteopenia in women. After smoking adjustment, the differences between sexes were modified, finding similar BMD and atherosclerosis-osteoporosis association between smoker patients of both sexes. Conclusions: The sex interference about atherosclerosis-osteoporosis association resulting contemptible

Bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with and without breast cancer / Densidade mineral óssea em mulheres na pós-menopausa com e sem câncer de mama

OBJECTIVE: The values of bone mineral density (BMD) were compared in postmenopausal women with and without breast cancer. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted, including 51 breast cancer survivors (BCS) and 71 women without breast cancer, who were non-users of hormone therapy, tamoxifen, or aromatase inhibitors. BMD T-scores and measurements in grams per centimeter squared (g/cm²) were obtained at the femoral neck, trochanter, Ward's triangle, and lumbar spine. Osteopenia and osteoporosis were grouped and categorized as abnormal BMD. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratios (OR) of abnormal BMD values as measures of association, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for age, years since menopause, parity, and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: The mean age of the women with and without breast cancer was 54.7 ± 5.8 years and 58.2 ± 4.8 years (p < 0.01), respectively. After adjusting for age, parity and BMI, abnormal BMD at the femoral neck (adjusted OR: 4.8; 95% CI: 1.5-15.4), trochanter (adjusted OR: 4.6; 95% CI: 1.4-15.5), and Ward's triangle (adjusted OR: 4.5; 95% CI: 1.5-12.9) were significantly more frequent in postmenopausal BCS than in women without breast cancer. Postmenopausal BCS had a significantly lower mean BMD at the trochanter (0.719 vs. 0.809 g/cm², p < 0.01) and at the Ward's triangle (0.751 vs. 0.805 g/cm², p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of abnormal BMD was higher in postmenopausal BCS than in postmenopausal women without breast cancer. Bone health requires special vigilance and the adoption of interventions should be instituted early to minimize bone loss in BCS.

OBJETIVO: Comparar a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) de mulheres na pós-menopausa com e sem câncer de mama. MÉTODOS: Conduziu-se estudo de corte transversal, incluindo 51 mulheres com câncer de mama e 71 mulheres sem câncer de mama, não usuárias de terapia hormonal, tamoxifeno ou de inibidores da aromatase. Avaliou-se a DMO, em T-score e em gramas por centímetro quadrado (g/cm²), no colo do fêmur, trocânter, triângulo de Wards e na coluna lombar. Osteopenia e osteoporose foram agrupadas e categorizadas como DMO alterada. Utilizou-se a análise de regressão logística não condicional para estimar o odds ratios (OR) de DMO alterada como medida de associação, com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC 95%), ajustando-se por idade, anos de menopausa, paridade e índice de massa corpórea (IMC). RESULTADOS: A média de idade de mulheres com e sem câncer de mama foi 54,7 ± 5,8 anos e 58,2 ± 4,8 anos (p < 0,01), respectivamente. Após ajustar por idade, paridade e IMC, DMO alterada no colo do fêmur (OR ajustado: 4,8; IC 95%: 1,5-15,4), trocânter (OR ajustado: 4,6; IC 95%: 1,4-15,5) e no triângulo de Wards (OR ajustado: 4,5; IC 95%: 1,5-12,9) foi mais frequente em mulheres com câncer de mama. Mulheres com câncer de mama apresentaram significativamente menor média de DMO no trocânter (0,719 vs. 0,809 g/cm², p < 0,01) e no triângulo de Wards (0,751 vs. 0,805 g/cm², p = 0,03). CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de DMO alterada foi maior em mulheres na pós-menopausa com câncer de mama. A saúde óssea requer vigilância especial e a adoção precoce de intervenções para minimizar a perda óssea de mulheres com câncer de mama.

A ultrassonometria óssea e o risco de fraturas em idosas / Quantitative ultrasound and risk of fractures in elderly women

OBJETIVO: Verificar a prevalência de risco de fratura estimada pela ultrassonometria óssea de calcâneo (UOC) em uma população de idosas e sua associação com fatores de risco. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com amostra selecionada aleatoriamente e submetida a questionário estruturado sobre fatores de risco para fratura e UOC. RESULTADOS: Foram estudadas 168 mulheres brancas, menopausadas, com média de idade de 69,56 ± 6,27 anos; 81 por cento da população de estudo tinha exame alterado, sendo 41 por cento consideradas de maior risco. As mulheres com exames alterados tinham menor peso, altura e IMC, e tinham menores valores de SOS, BUA, BQI e T-score. Após ajuste, o IMC manteve significância para UOC alterada (OR = 3,37, IC 1,19-9,56, p = 0,02) e a história prévia de fraturas para UOC da faixa de maior risco (OR = 4,44, IC 1,16-16,96, p = 0,03). CONCLUSÃO: Observamos alta prevalência de risco para fraturas determinado pela UOC, superior ao de outros estudos brasileiros, e sua associação com IMC e história prévia de fraturas.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the prevalence of women with risk of fractures estimated by ultrasonometry of the calcaneus (UOC) in a population of elderly women and its association with clinical risk factors. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of which sample was randomly selected and submitted to a structured questionnaire about risk factors for fractures. All women underwent UOC. RESULTS: We studied 168 Caucasian postmenopausal women, with a mean age of 69.56 ± 6.27 years; 81 percent of these women had abnormal test results and 41 percent of the abnormal results were considered higher risk. Women with abnormal test results had lower weight, height and BMI, and had lower values of SOS, BUA, BQI and T-score. After adjustment, BMI remained significant for abnormal UOC (OR = 3.37, 95 percent CI: 1.19 9.56, p = 0.02), and history of previous fractures for UOC of the higher risk range (OR = 4.44, 95 percent CI: 1.16-16.96, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: We observed a high prevalence of risk of fractures determined by the UOC. Our prevalence was higher than those in other Brazilian studies. There was an association between UOC and BMI and previous history of fractures.

Utilidad de la osteosonometría del calcáneo en el diagnóstico imagenológico del riesgo de fractura / Usefulness of the calcaneus osteosonometry imaging in the diagnosis of fracture risk

El aumento de la esperanza de vida en países desarrollados ha favorecido el incremento de la incidencia de afecciones crónicas como la osteoporosis, que actualmente constituye un problema de salud pública de magnitud creciente. Su consecuencia principal es la producción de fracturas. Predomina el sexo femenino, después de la menopausia; su prevalencia asciende al aumentar la edad, alcanzando el 52% en mayores de 70 años. Cerca de 200 millones de personas sufren de osteoporosis en el mundo. Cuba con población cada vez más envejecida no escapa de esta situación...

Prevalência de fraturas vertebrais e fatores de risco em mulheres com mais de 60 anos de idade na cidade de Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brasil / Prevalence of vertebral fractures and risk factors in women over 60 years of age in Chapecó, Santa Catarina State, Brazil

Fraturas são o principal agravo relacionado à fragilidade óssea na pós-menopausa, representando aumento de risco de novas fraturas, mortalidade e custos. Nosso objetivo foi verificar a ocorrência de fratura vertebral por fragilidade e relacioná-la com fatores demográficos, comportamentais e clínicos em uma população brasileira. Foi feito um estudo transversal com seleção por amostragem aleatória estratificada de mulheres idosas residentes em Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brasil. A amostra foi constituída por 186 mulheres brancas com idade acima de 60 anos. Destas, 48,9 por cento tinham fraturas vertebrais assintomáticas, com maiores prevalências em T11-12 e L4-5. Na análise ajustada, observa-se que existe gradiente entre idade e fratura vertebral, chegando a ser 2,3 vezes maior a prevalência de fraturas entre as mulheres com idade superior a 80 anos. As sedentárias apresentaram prevalência de fratura 1,44 vez maior do que as não sedentárias. Devido à alta prevalência de fraturas vertebrais encontrada, sugerimos a realização de radiografia de coluna para mulheres idosas para rastreamento e prevenção de agravos.

Fractures are the main problems related to bone fragility in postmenopausal women and account for the increase in the risk of new fractures, mortality, and costs. This study's objective was to verify the occurrence of vertebral fragility fracture and correlate it with demographic, behavioral, and clinical factors in a Brazilian population. The cross-sectional study was based on a random sample of elderly women living in Chapecó, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. The sample consisted of 186 white women over 60 years of age. Of these, 48.9 percent had asymptomatic vertebral fractures, with higher prevalence in T11-12 and L4-5. Adjusted analysis showed a gradient between age and vertebral fracture, while fracture prevalence was 2.3 times higher in women over 80 years. Fracture prevalence was 1.44 times higher in sedentary as compared to non-sedentary women. Due to the high prevalence of asymptomatic vertebral fractures, the authors suggest the use of spinal x-rays in elderly women for fracture screening and prevention.

Determination of an Applicable FRAX Model in Korean Women

We investigated which of the three FRAX fracture risk assessment tool models is most applicable to Korean women. For 306 postmenopausal women (mean age, 77 yr) with a hip fracture, fracture probabilities were calculated using FRAX models from Japan, Turkey and China. Data on bone mineral density (BMD) at the femoral neck were available for 103 patients. Significant differences existed among the models, independent of the inclusion of BMD in the calculation of fracture probabilities. The probabilities of both major osteoporotic fractures and hip fractures were significantly higher in the Japanese model than in the Turkish or Chinese models. In all of the models, the probabilities of a major osteoporotic fracture, but not of a hip fracture, decreased significantly if calculated without BMD values. By applying the Japanese model, the ten-year probabilities for major osteoporotic and hip fractures increased significantly with age. Our results suggest that the Japanese FRAX model might be the most appropriate for Korean women.

Prevalence of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women visiting police and services hospital, Peshawar, NWFP

To determine the age of menopause and to find out the prevalence and risk estimation of osteoporosis in outpatient setting. Two hundred and forty postmenopausal women were recruited in a descriptive study. Postmenopausal women visiting outpatient department in Police and Services Hospital Peshawar, N.W.F.P. as patients or their relatives were interviewed on the pattern of preset questionnaire. The study period was from 1st Oct 2006 to 30th March 2007. The proforma covering demographic variables, social history, past medical history, drug history, age of menarche, age at menopause, reproductive history, family history of osteoporosis, was set up. The bone mineral density of heel was measured by bone densitometer Osteoporosis was defined on basis of WHO criteria. The mean age of menopause observed was 49.1 +/- 5.8 years. Early and late onset of menopause was associated with development of osteoporosis, while normal onset of menopause was found to be linked with osteopenia or bone mineral density remained normal. Only 14.48% women had normal bone mineral density. Approximate forty four percent postmenopausal women were suffering from osteopenia and 24.5% were having T-score in osteoporotic range. There is intense need to make women aware of osteoporosis, and its complications in form of fractures and lack of mobility. Osteoporotic bones can never be restored, so there should be early screening of menopausal women

FRAX TM: construindo uma ideia para o Brasil / FRAX TM: building an idea to Brazil

Diferenças genéticas, raciais e antropométricas, bem como da composição corporal, densidade óssea, dieta, atividade física e outros hábitos de vida, contribuem para explicar as divergências na incidência e prevalência de baixa densidade óssea e fraturas em diversos países do mundo. Recentemente, foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta, denominada FRAX TM, para aglutinar os fatores clínicos de risco (genéticos e ambientais) e a densidade óssea, a fim de quantificar a probabilidade de fratura osteoporótica nos próximos dez anos. Em breve, ela será utilizada para indicação de tratamento em pacientes de risco. No entanto, atualmente, está disponível somente para uso em algumas populações que possuem banco de dados prospectivos e consistentes - o que não inclui o Brasil. Este estudo teve o objetivo de fazer uma revisão dos estudos epidemiológicos nacionais e internacionais para melhor compreender peculiaridades e diferenças de fatores clínicos de risco, densidade óssea e probabilidade de fratura entre essas populações. Os autores concluíram que se faz necessária a obtenção de mais dados epidemiológicos representativos da população brasileira para utilização da ferramenta FRAX TM. Para isso, os estudos brasileiros deverão possuir características adequadas, como o delineamento prospectivo, avaliação da qualidade de vida, mortalidade e incapacidade física após as fraturas, levando em consideração a expectativa de vida da população brasileira e a análise de custos diretos e indiretos relacionados às fraturas por osteoporose. À luz do conhecimento atual, a utilização de qualquer um dos bancos de dados das populações, disponibilizadas pelo FRAX TM, não é recomendada no Brasil.

Genetic and racial background, body composition, bone mineral density (BMD), diet, physical activity and life style help to explain the wide difference observed in the world prevalence and incidence of osteoporosis. Recently, a fracture assessment tool, named FRAX TM, was developed to integrate clinical risk factors (genetic and environmental conditions) and BMD, in order to quantify the ten-year probability of an osteoporotic fracture. Shortly, it will be used to indicate treatment for high risk patients. However, this tool is now available only to those populations with known reliable and prospective epidemiologic data of the osteoporotic fractures - fact that does not include the Brazilian population. The aim of this paper was to review the main national and international epidemiologic studies to better understand the differences between the clinical risk factors, BMD and fracture probability of these populations. The authors concluded that, to use the FRAX TM tool, it is necessary more epidemiological data that could characterize the Brazilian population. The future studies should be prospective, evaluate the quality of life, mortality and morbidity after a fracture, as well the life expectancy of the population and the cost-effectiveness and utility related to the osteoporotic fracture. In fact, it is not recommended to use any of the populations available in the FRAX TM tool, as a substitute for the Brazilian population.

CT-Guided Percutaneous Vertebroplasty in the Treatment of an Upper Thoracic Compression Fracture

Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) has been used to relieve pain and to prevent further collapse of the vertebral body in patients with an osteoporotic compression fracture. The most commonly affected site for the use of PVP is the thoracolumbar junction. There are few reports that have described on the usefulness of PVP in the treatment of a high thoracic compression fracture. We report a case of an upper thoracic compression fracture that was treated with computed tomography (CT)-guided PVP. It was possible to obtain easy access to the narrow thoracic pedicle and it was also possible to monitor continuously the proper volume of polymethylmethacrylate employed, under CT guidance.

Densidade mineral óssea sistêmica vs situação clínica periodontal: estudo transversal em mulheres na pós-menopausa / Systemic bone mineral density versus clinical periodontal condition: cross-sectional study in postmenopausal women

OBJETIVO: Analisar a densidade mineral óssea sistêmica (DMO) e a situação periodontal em mulheres na pós-menopausa, visando compreender o papel da osteoporose como um fator de risco à doença periodontal. MÉTODOS: A amostra da pesquisa foi constituída por 47 mulheres na pós-menopausa, que foram divididas em três grupos: 14 com osso normal (G1), 17 no grupo com osteopenia (G2) e 16 pacientes com osteoporose (G3), através da avaliação da densidade mineral óssea (DMO), aferida pela absormetria de dupla emissão com raios-X na área lombar (L1-L4). A condição periodontal foi avaliada pelo índice gengival (IG), índice da placa (IP) e o nível de inserção clínica (NIC). Os resultados tabulados foram analisados e submetidos ao tratamento estatístico, através do teste ANOVA a um critério (α=0,05) e o teste de correlação de Pearson (α=0,01). RESULTADOS: Verificou-se não haver diferenças significativas na situação periodontal em mulheres na pós-menopausa, através das variáveis IG, IP e NIC. Observou-se correlação significativa entre os parâmetros periodontais IG, IP e NIC entre si (p<0,001), contudo não foi detectada correlação significativa entre os parâmetros periodontais (IG, IP, NIC) e a condição sistêmica do osso das mulheres na pós-menopausa, avaliada através da DMO (p>0,01). CONCLUSÃO: A situação periodontal em mulheres na pós-menopausa não depende da massa óssea sistêmica, não havendo correlação significativa entre DMO e os parâmetros periodontais, sendo necessárias pesquisas longitudinais para considerar a osteoporose como um fator de risco à doença periodontal.

OBJECITVE: To assess the systemic bone mineral density (BMD) and the periodontal situation in postmenopausal women, to understand the possible role of osteoporosis as a risk factor for periodontal disease. METHODS: The sample was comprised of 47 postmenopausal women, divided into 3 groups: 14 patients with normal bones (G1), 17 with osteopenia (G2) and 16 patients with osteoporosis (G3). Data was obtained using bone mineral density (BMD), obtained by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in the lumbar area (L1-L4). Periodontal condition was evaluated by Gingival Index (GI), Plaque Index (PI) and Clinical Attachment Level (CAL). Results were analyzed and submitted to statistical treatment, through the One Way ANOVA: (α=0.05) test and the Pearson's Correlation test (α=0.01). RESULTS: GI, PI and CAL variables did not disclose a significant difference in the periodontal situation of postmenopausal women A significant correlation between periodontal parameters GI, PI and CAL (p<0,001) was observed, however no significant correlation was detected between periodontal parameters (GI, PI and CAL) and systemic bone condition of postmenopausal women, evaluated by BMD (p>0.01). CONCLUSION: The periodontal situation of postmenopausal women does not depend on the systemic bone mass and there is no significant correlation between BMD and periodontal parameters. However, further longitudinal surveys are required to understand osteoporosis as a risk factor of periodontal disease.