Lean mass as a determinant of bone mineral density of proximal femur in postmenopausal women

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify which component of body composition (BC) has greater influence on postmenopausal women bone mineral density (BMD). Subjects and methods: Four hundred and thirty women undergoing treatment for osteoporosis and 513 untreated women, except for calcium and vitamin D. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed in order to correlated BMD at lumbar spine (LS), total femur (FT), femoral neck (FN) with body mass (BM), total lean mass (LM) and total fat mass (FM), all determined by DXA. Results: BM significantly correlated with all bone sites in untreated and treated women (r = 0.420 vs 0.277 at LS; r = 0.490 vs 0.418 at FN, r = 0.496 vs 0.414 at FT, respectively). In untreated women, the LM correlated better than FM with all sites, explaining 179% of LS; 32.3% of FN and 30.2% of FT; whereas FM explained 13.2% of LS; 277% of FN, 23.4% of FT In treated women, correlations with BC were less relevant, with the LM explaining 6.7% of BMD at LS; 15.2% of FN, 16% of FT, whereas the FM explained 8.1% of LS; 179% of FN and 176% of FT. Conclusion: LM in untreated women was better predictor of BMD than FM, especialy for distal femur, where it explained more than 30% of the BMD, suggesting that maintaining a healthy muscle mass may contribute to decrease osteoporosis risk. Treatment with anti-osteoporotic drugs seems to mask these relationships. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2018;62(4):431-7

Mandibular Iinferior cortex erosion on dental panoramic radiograph as a sign of low bone mineral density in postmenopausal women / Erosão do córtex mandibular inferior em radiografias maxilares panorâmicas como sinal de osteoporose em mulheres na pós-menopausa

Abstract Objective To examine the role of the panoramic mandibular radiograph in the diagnosis of low bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women. Methods A cross-sectional study including volunteer women aged over 40 years in amenorrhea due to ovarian failure for at least 12 months, who were cared for at the climacteric outpatient clinic of a university hospital in the city of Cuiabá, in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The panoramic radiographs were evaluated using a specific software. Two aspects were analyzed in the mandibular panoramic radiograph: a qualitative aspect regarding the shape of the mandibular cortical bone, and a quantitative aspect regarding thewidth of themandibular cortical bone. Themorphology of themandibular cortical bone in the digital panoramic radiograph was determined bilaterally by the observation of the bone structure between the mental foramen and the base of the jaw. The mandibular cortical bonewas categorized into three groups. Themental index (MI)was used to evaluate the thickness of themandibular cortical bone through a perpendicular line drawn fromthe base of the mandible at the height of the center of the mental foramen, with another line drawn tangent to the inferior border of the mandible, and a third line parallel to the line at the superior border of themandible. The MI data are expressed in millimeters, with a normal value of 3.0 mm. The densities of the lumbar spine and femur, expressed in g/cm2, were categorized as normal, osteopenia or osteoporosis. Results The agreement index between the MI and the BMD of the lumbar spine was good (Kappa = 0.718), but the same index between the MI and the BMD of the femoral neck was poor (Kappa = 0.443). An excellent agreement occurred when the mandibular cortical index (MCI) was compared with the BMD of the lumbar spine (Kappa = 0.912). The agreement between MCI and the BMD in the femur was moderated (Kappa = 0.579). Conclusion The radiomorphometric indices evaluated in the mandibular panoramic radiograph are capable of identifying postmenopausal women with low mineral density in the mandible, and the results can be used to refer these women to appropriate medical investigation and/or treatment.

Resumo Objetivo Verificar o papel das radiografias maxilares panorâmicas no diagnóstico de osteoporose em mulheres na pós-menopausa. Métodos Estudo de corte transversal, incluindo mulheres voluntárias com idade acima de 40 anos e amenorreia por falência ovariana havia pelo menos 12 meses, atendidas no ambulatório de climatério de um hospital universitário de Cuiabá-MT entre 2014 e 2015. As radiografias panorâmicas foram avaliadas por um programa de mensuração específico. Dois aspectos foram analisados na radiografia panorâmica mandibular: um qualitativo, referente à forma da cortical óssea mandibular, e outro quantitativo, referente à largura da cortical óssea mandibular. A morfologia da cortical óssea mandibular na radiografia panorâmica digital foi determinada pela observação das estruturas ósseas da região entre o forame mentoniano e a cortical óssea mandibular, bilateralmente, sendo categorizada em três grupos. O índice mentoniano (IM) foi utilizado para avaliar a espessura do córtex mandibular por meio de uma linha perpendicular à base da mandíbula na altura do centro do forame mentoniano; uma segunda linha é tangente à borda inferior damandíbula, e uma terceira linha é tangente à superior da mandíbula. Os dados são expressos em milímetros, com um valor normal de 3,0 mm. A densitometria da coluna lombar e do fêmur, expressa em g/cm2, foi categorizada em normal, osteopenia ou osteoporose. Resultados Observou-se boa concordância entre os resultados dos testes realizados. Quando comparado o índice mentoniano (IM) com a densitometria mineral óssea (DMO) da região lombar da coluna, o Kappa foi de 0,718, e quando o mesmo índice foi comparado com a DMO da região do colo do fêmur, ele foi de 0,443, demostrando boa concordância entre os dois testes. Um melhor grau concordância ocorreu quando comparados o índice da cortical óssea mandibular (ICM) com a DMO da região lombar da coluna (0,912) e quando comparados o ICM e a DMO da região do fêmur 0,579. Conclusão Os índices radiomorfométricos avaliados nas radiografias panorâmicas mandibulares mostraram ser capazes de identificar precocemente mulheres pósmenopáusicas combaixa DMO, e podem ser usados para que elas sejam encaminhadas para o tratamento/exame médico adequado.

Effect of multiparity on bone mineral density, evaluated with bone turnover markers / Efeito da multiparidade sobre a densidade mineral óssea, avaliada por marcadores de remodelação óssea

Abstract Objective: Our aim was to investigate the effect of parity on osteoporosis by evaluating bone mineral density, markers of bone turn-over and other factors that are effective in osteoporosis in multiparous (five deliveries or more) and nulliparous women in the post-menopausal period. Methods: A total of 91 multiparous (five deliveries or more) and 31 nulliparous postmenopausal women were included in this study. All patients were interviewed on sociodemographic characteristics, gynecologic history, personal habits, levels of physical activity, and life-long intake of calcium. Bone mineral density was measured at lumbar (L1-4) and femoral neck regions with Dexa. Results: The mean age of multiparous women was 58.79 ± 7.85 years, and the mean age of nulliparous women was 55.84 ± 7.51. The femoral BMD was 0.94 ± 0.16 and lumbar BMD 1.01 ± 0.16 in multiparous women, femoral BMD was 0.99 ± 0.16 and lumbar BMD 1.07 ± 0.14 in nulliparous women. There were no statistical differences between the femoral and lumbar T scores and BMD values of the two groups. Lumbar T scores and lumbar BMD showed a decrease with increasing total duration of breast-feeding in multiparous women. The independent risk factors for osteoporosis in the regression analysis of multiparous women were found to be the duration of menopause and body weight of 65 kg and less. Conclusion: There is no difference between the bone mineral densities of multiparous and nulliparous women. Females with lower body-weight and longer duration of menopause should be followed-up more carefully for development of osteoporosis.

Resumo Objetivo: Investigar o efeito da paridade sobre a osteoporose por meio da avaliação da densidade mineral óssea, marcadores de remodelação óssea e outros fatores eficazes na avaliação da osteoporose em multíparas (cinco partos ou mais) e nulíparas no período pós-menopausa. Métodos: Foram incluídas neste estudo 91 multíparas (cinco partos ou mais) e 31 nulíparas, todas na pós-menopausa. As pacientes foram entrevistadas para a determinação das características sociodemográficas, história ginecológica, hábitos pessoais, níveis de atividade física e ingestão de cálcio ao longo da vida. A densidade mineral óssea foi medida na região lombar (L1-4) e do colo femoral com a Dexa. Resultados: A média de idade das multíparas e nulíparas foi de 58,79 ± 7,85 anos e 55,84 ± 7,51, respectivamente. Nas multíparas, a DMO femoral e lombar foi de 0,94 ± 0,16 e 1,01 ± 0,16, respectivamente; nas nulíparas, a DMO femoral e lombar foi de 0,99 ± 0,16 e 1,07 ± 0,14, respectivamente. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os T-escores femoral e lombar e os valores de DMO dos dois grupos. O T-escore e a DMO lombar mostraram uma diminuição em caso de aumento na duração total da lactação materna em multíparas. Encontrou-se que os fatores de risco independentes para a osteoporose na análise de regressão das multíparas são a duração da menopausa e o peso corporal menor ou igual a 65 kg. Conclusão: Não há diferença entre a densidade mineral óssea de multíparas e nulíparas. As mulheres com menor peso corporal e maior duração da menopausa devem ser acompanhadas com mais atenção para determinar se há desenvolvimento de osteoporose.

Osteoporose: identificando o risco de fratura / Osteoporosis: targeting the risk of fracture

A osteoporose é a doença do metabolismo ósseo mais comum, afetando cerca de 200 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo. As fraturas por fragilidade, sua consequência mais temida, são a maior causa da diminuição da qualidade de vida, morbidade e mortalidade feminina na pós-menopausa. Entretanto, identificar as mulheres com risco de fratura e que beneficia -se-ão do tratamento farmacológico é desafiado . Metodologias de seleção são falhas, sendo intenso o debate atual sobre o tratamento excessivo versus deficien e. A definição da probabilidade de fratura em termos absolutos, utilizando fatores de risco clínicos e avaliação da densidade óssea, com auxílio de ferramentas clínicas, é a forma utilizada atualmente na seleção de indivíduos para tratamento. O ginecologista precisa conhecer e dominar esta abordagem para realizar uma boa assistência a mulheres com osteoporose.

Osteoporosis is the most common disease of bone metabolism, affecting approximately 200 million people worldwide. The fragility fractures, his most feared consequence, are a major cause of decreased quality of life, morbidity and mortality in postmenopausal women. However, identifying women with high risk of fracture which will benefit from pharmacological treatment is challenging. Screening methodologies are not accurate leading to an intense debate about over versus sub treatment. Acquiring probability of fracture, using clinical risk factors and bone mass, with clinical tools assistance, is the best way to select individuals for treatment. The gynecologist must know and master this approach to make a good assistance to women with osteoporosis.

Validation of cone-beam computed tomography as a predictor of osteoporosis using the Klemetti classification

Abstract This study aimed at evaluating the validity of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) for assessing mandibular bone quality using the Klemetti classification. The morphology of the endosteal mandibular cortex of 30 (60 hemi-mandibles) postmenopausal women between the ages of 45 and 80 years was evaluated based on the Klemetti classification in panoramic radiographs used as reference images. Afterwards, panoramic reconstruction and cross-sectional slices of CBCT examinations of these patients were analyzed and categorized according to the same classification. All the images were assessed by two oral radiologists. The McNemar-Bowker test compared the agreement between the CBCT images and the reference images. No differences were found between the diagnostic results based on panoramic radiography and panoramic reconstruction. However, the mean scores for the cross-sectional evaluation were higher, and the results, statistically different from the others. Based on the disagreement found between the panoramic radiographs and the CBCT cross-sectional slices, the Klemetti classification is not an adequate means of assessing bone quality with CBCT. On the other hand, the higher values found for the cross-sectional slices could be associated with better visibility on the CBCT images.

Relationship among panoramic radiogaphy findings, biochemical markers of bone turnover and hip BMD in the diagnosis of postmenopausal osteoporosis

Recent investigations have shown that panoramic radiography might be a useful tool in the early diagnosis of osteoporosis. In addition, bone turnover biochemical markers might be valuable in predicting osteoporosis and fracture risks in the elderly, especially in post-menopausal women. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship among the radiomorphometric indices of the mandible, biochemical markers of the bone turnover and hip BMD in a group of post-menopausal women. Evaluation of mandibular cortical width [MCW], mandibular cortical index [CI], panoramic index [PMI] and alveolar crest resorption ratio [M/M ratio] were carried out on panoramic radiographs of 140 post-menopausal women with an age range of 44-82 years. Hip BMD was measured by DEXA method. BMD values were divided into three groups of normal [T score >-1.0], osteopenic [T score, -2.5 to -1.0]and osteoporotic [T score<-2.5]. Serum alkaline phosphatase and 25 [OH] D3 were measured. A decrease in MCW by 1mm increase the likelihood of osteopenia or osteoporosis up to 40%, having taken into consideration the effect of menopause duration. A 1 mm decrease in MCW increased the likelihood of moderate or severe erosion of the lower cortex of the mandible up to 28% by taking age into consideration. The results did not demonstrate a statistically significant relationship between bone turnover markers and mandibular radiomorphometric indices. Panoramic radiography gives sufficient information to make an early diagnosis regarding osteoporosis in post-menopausal women. Panoramic radiographs may be valuable in the prevention of osteoporotic fractures in elderly women

Influência dos níveis de densitometria mineral óssea na perda óssea alveolar e parâmetros clínicos periodontais em mulheres na pós-menopausa / Influence of the bone mineral densitometry's levels in the alveolar bone loss and periodontal clinical parameters in the post menopausal women

Objetivo: Verificar a relação da influência do nível de densitometria mineral óssea (DOM) na perda óssea alveolar e parâmetros clínicos periodontais em mulheres na pósmenopausa. Métodos: Em um estudo seccional, foram avaliadas 23 mulheres na menopausa, com idade variando de 44-61 anos de idade. Densitometria óssea mineral da coluna lombar e do fêmur foram obtidas pela técnica DEXA. Foram incluídos exame clínico (profundidade a sondagem, perda de inserção, profundidade a sondagem e o número de ausência dental) e radiográfico para determinar a gravidade da doença periodontal. Os dados foram comparados pelo teste t Student e correlacionados pelo teste de Pearson (r). Resultados: Das 23 mulheres, duas eram osteoporóticas, 14 osteopênicas e 7 em condi- ção de normalidade. Para as comparações dos parâmetros clínicos periodontais com o perfil da DOM não foram encontradas diferenças significativas em nenhuma das análises. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson foi fraco e negativo quando comparada a DOM com os parâmetros periodontais. Conclusão: No presente estudo não foi encontrada uma associação entre as modificações estruturais ósseas com os parâmetros periodontais (AU)

Objective: To correlate levels of bone mineral densitometry (BMD) and periodontal clinical parameters, including radiographic alveolar bone loss in postmenopausal women. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 23 postmenopausal women. Their ages ranged from 44 to 61 years-old. BMD of the lumbar vertebra and femur were obtained through the DEXA technique. Periodontal clinical examination (probing depth, clinical attachment level and number of missing teeth) and periapical radiographs were obtained to determine the severity of periodontal disease. The data obtained was analyzed using both student t test and Pearson correlation. Results: BMD revealed that 2 participants were osteoporotic, 14 were osteopenic, and 7 were healthy. Comparisons between periodontal clinical and radiographic parameters and BMD profile, among the distinct groups, showed no statistically significant differences. The coefficient for Pearson correlation was weak and negative when comparing BMD with all periodontal parameters. Conclusion: This study showed no association between bone structural modifications and clinical and radiographic periodontal parameters (AU)