Vocal Fold Polyps: Literature Review

Abstract Introduction Vocal fold polyps are one of themost frequent benign laryngeal lesions, impacting the quality of life of those affected by them, primarily the vocal production. Despite being a well-established therapy in conjunction with surgery, speech therapy alone may also be effective in treating these lesions. As such, otolaryngologists and speech therapists need updated bibliographic knowledge on the issue. Objective To describe the literature findings on vocal fold polyps that discuss prevalence, etiology, histology, physiopathology, vocal characteristics or treatment. Data Synthesis The present study is a review article based on a bibliographic search using platforms, databases and search engines, with no restrictions on means of publication, methodological quality or language. All the articles on vocal fold polyps pertaining to the object of study published in the past 15 years were included. Among the characteristics investigated, the most discussed were prevalence of men, smoking as an etiological cofactor, the possibility of histological differentiation from vocal nodules, the relationship with cover minor structural alterations, and the indication and effectiveness of different treatment options. Conclusion Despite the discrepancies found in the present literature review on vocal fold polyps, there has been a notable scientific progress in the otolaryngologic techniques and in the effectiveness of speech therapy as initial treatment, with direct and indirect techniques, corroborating the need for scientific investigation of the issue.

Fibro-epithelial Polyp - Report of Two Cases with Literature Review.

Irritation fibroma or traumatic fibroma is a common sub-mucosal response to trauma from teeth or dental prosthesis presenting as a painless, sessile or occasionally pedunculated swelling that can be firm and resilient or soft and spongy in consistency. It rarely occurs before the fourth decade and shows no preference for either sex. Its occurrence corresponds with intraoral areas that are prone to trauma such as the tongue, buccal mucosa and labial mucosa. As the lesion occurs due to continuous trauma and irritation, it important to remove the source of the irritation and then treat it by conservative surgical excision otherwise it will recur.

Gastric polyposis associated with portal hypertension

No abstract available.

Report of the first case of myxoid liposarcoma in Colombia: a rare tumor / Informe del primer caso de liposarcoma mixoide en Colombia: un tumor raro

Introduction: Primary esophageal myxoid liposarcoma is exceedingly rare. Sarcomas make up 1% of esophageal malignant tumors. There are only five (5) cases reported with this histological variant (myxoid) in previous literature. In Colombia, this is the first case reported and the sixth in the world. Objective: To report the first case in Colombia of myxoid liposarcoma of the esophagus with clinical, radiographic images, histology, surgical and to describe difficulties in the diagnosis. Methodology: We reviewed the clinical history of a 28-year old male patient. He was admitted to Hospital Universitario del Valle in Cali, Colombia with a clinical history of dysphagia, weight loss, and excessive salivation. The initial examination (esophagogram, cervical CAT scan and endoscopy) demonstrated a mass that was reported as a fibrovascular polyp. The finding of the pathological diagnosis was myxoid liposarcoma. Conclusions: The rarity of this condition recommends report of its detailed description. The myxoid liposarcoma of the esophagus can be diagnosed if a patient has a history of a slow-growing esophageal mass with a low tumor density in computed tomography in combination with surgical resection and histological examination.

Introducción: El liposarcoma mixoide es una neoplasia maligna del mesénquima con una presentación muy rara en esófago. Los sarcomas representan 1% de los tumores esofágicos malignos, y este tipo histológico es el menos frecuente. En la actualidad, se encuentran informes en la literatura de cinco (5) casos de esta variante histológica en el esófago. En Colombia, es el primer caso encontrado y el sexto (6º) a nivel mundial. Objetivo: Presentar el primer caso en Colombia de un liposarcoma mixoide en el esófago, sus características clínicas, imagenológicas, histología, manejo quirúrgico y las dificultades en su diagnóstico. Metodología: Se revisó la historia clínica de un paciente masculino de 28 años que ingresa por urgencias al Hospital Universitario del Valle en Cali, Colombia, con historia de disfagia, pérdida de peso y sialorrea. Los estudios imagenológicos como esofagograma, escanografía cervical y endoscopia de vías digestivas altas son consistentes con un pólipo esofágico y el manejo quirúrgico consistió en la resección parcial y luego la resección completa de la lesión. El informe histopatológico de la resección parcial comunicó un pólipo fibrovascular y el informe de la resección completa fue de liposarcoma mixoide. Las dificultades diagnósticas que surgieron en este caso se relacionan con otras encontradas en la literatura. Conclusiones: El liposarcoma mixoide del esófago es una entidad que presenta dificultades en su diagnóstico debido a que la presentación clínica no es específica. Aunque en estos casos las biopsias iniciales pueden suponer lesiones benignas, sólo hasta el procesamiento histológico de todo el espécimen, es posible realizar el diagnóstico de la entidad.

Incidência de alterações estruturais das pregas vocais associadas ao pólipo de prega vocal / Incidence of structural vocal fold abnormalities associated with vocal fold polyps

A etiologia mais aceita para pólipos de pregas vocais é o fonotrauma. Imaginamos que possa existir alguma alteração anatômica prévia nas pregas vocais que predisponha indivíduos a apresentarem lesões fonotraumáticas. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo retrospectivo procura encontrar correlação entre os pólipos de prega vocal e alterações estruturais da prega vocais. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foi realizado trabalho retrospectivo a partir da descrição cirúrgica de 33 pacientes submetidos a exérese de pólipo de prega vocal no período de três anos em hospital universitário. RESULTADOS: Trinta e um pacientes apresentaram pólipos unilaterais e 2 bilaterais. Foram encontradas 27 lesões associadas: 10 lesões reacionais, 12 sulcos, 3 cistos e 2 ectasia capilars. Foram 14 lesões contralaterais e 13 ipsilaterais. DISCUSSÃO E CONCLUSÕES: Encontrou-se uma forte correlação entre a presença de uma lesão de base influindo como co-fator de fragilização da prega vocal ao fonotrauma, pois das 27 lesões encontradas 17 foram consideradas pré-existentes (63 por cento). As lesões poderiam interferir na coaptação das pregas vocais, gerando uma onda mucosa irregular durante a fonação, expondo o espaço de Reinke a uma agressão estrutural. Apesar do caráter preliminar do trabalho os achados sugerem íntima correlação entre o pólipo e lesões estruturais mínimas das pregas vocais.

Phonotrauma is considered the main cause of vocal fold polyps (VFP). However, the authors believe that an underlying anatomical deviation could render the vocal folds more susceptible to such trauma. AIM: To prove this hypothesis a retrospective chart review was carried out to correlate the surgical findings of patients with VFP. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The charts of thirty-three patients who underwent surgery for excision of VFP were reviewed: 21 had right VFP, 10 had left VFP and 2 had bilateral lesions. RESULTS: Associated lesions were reported in 27 patients (14 lesions on the opposite VF and 13 on the ipsilateral VF): 10 opposite nodules, 12 sulcus vocalis, 3 cysts, and 2 capillary engorgement. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The high incidence of associated anatomical lesions to the VF (63 percent) suggests that patients with these minor underlying anatomical deviations are more vulnerable to vocal abuse, probably because they present abnormal glottic closure and an irregular vibratory margin.

Prevalência de lesões endometriais em mulheres obesas assintomáticas / Prevalence of endometrial injury in asymptomatic obese women

OBJETIVOS: A obesidade representa importante fator de risco para alterações endometriais. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a prevalência de lesões endometriais, como pólipos, hiperplasia e câncer de endométrio em mulheres obesas assintomáticas, assim como reconhecer os fatores de risco associados. MÉTODOS: Entre dezembro de 2004 e fevereiro de 2006, em estudo transversal foram avaliadas 94 mulheres obesas (índice de massa corpóreo >30Kg/m²), divididas em dois grupos com 47 participantes cada: em idade reprodutiva e após a menopausa. Foram analisados: história clínica, exame físico (antropométrico/ginecológico), determinações bioquímicas e avaliação do endométrio por ultra-sonografia endovaginal, biópsia e histeroscopia (para confirmar patologia endometrial). RESULTADOS: Nas mulheres em idade reprodutiva foram encontrados 12,8 por cento de casos de patologia endometrial, que se associaram significativamente com as elevações da idade, hipertensão arterial (HAS), colesterol e LDL-c. Após a menopausa, foram identificadas 40,4 por cento de lesões endometriais que se associaram significativamente com pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) > 140mmHg, elevação do LDL-c e da estrona. Dois casos de câncer de endométrio foram constatados, sendo um em cada grupo. CONCLUSÃO: O aumento de incidência da obesidade nos últimos anos tem elevado os fatores de risco para o câncer de endométrio. Na idade reprodutiva tivemos um pequeno tamanho amostral de alterações endometriais; com isso, poderíamos apenas sugerir, uma maior atenção àquelas com idade superior a 40 anos, que apresentem HAS e/ou elevação do LDL-c. O status menopausal eleva o risco de lesão endometrial; associado com elevações da PAS, LDL-c e/ou estrona, elas se tornarão candidatas à biópsia de endométrio, visando o diagnóstico precoce do câncer, decisivo para o prognóstico favorável da mulher.

OBJECTIVE: Obesity represents the most important risk factor for endometrial pathology. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of endometrial injuries, such as polyps, hyperplasia and endometrial cancer in asymptomatic obese women, as well as to recognize the associated risk factors . METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2004 and February 2006. Ninety-four obese (body mass index > 30 kg/m²) women were evaluated, divided in two groups of 47 participants each: pre-menopausal and postmenopausal women. Clinical characteristics, physical exams (anthropometric and gynecological), blood count and endometrial assessment by vaginal ultrasonography, biopsy, and hysteroscopy (only for confirmed endometrial pathology), were the variables appraised. RESULTS: In pre-menopausal women, 12.8 percent of cases had endometrial pathology statistically associated to age, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and LDL-c increase. In the post-menopausal women, 40.4 percent of cases had a pathology identified as statistically associated with hypertension, LDL-c and estrone increase. Two cases of endometrial cancer were identified, one in each group. CONCLUSIONS: The increased incidence of obesity over recent years has increased risk factors of endometrial cancer. In pre-menopausal women only a small number of cases with endometrial alterations was observed. Therefore, it is suggested that greater attention be given to those over 40 years of age, associated with hypertension and/or higher LDL-c . The menopausal status increases risk of endometrial injury, and when associated with hypertension, LDL-c and/or estrone increase, women become candidates to biopsy aiming for an early diagnosis of cancer, a decisive factor for a favorable prognosis.

relationship between hysteroscopy, Endometrial biopsy and the results of transvaginal sonography in assessing endometrial polyps

Transvaginal Sonography [TVS] is being used in the investigation of postmenopausal bleeding [PMB]. The bleeding could be the result of a number of factors; endometrial polyps are one of the common findings in these patients. The aim was to compare the findings of TVS and hysteroscopy to determine the sensitivity of each method in detecting endometrial polyps. This was a retrospective study, designed to investigate the sensitivity and specificity of transvaginal sonography in the detection of endometrial polyps. This study was conducted from July 1992 to July 1999 and identified from the record 37 patients with PMB referred for transvaginal sonography, hysteroscopy and biopsy investigations. Thirty-seven patients with PMB were scanned using TVS and hysteroscopy. The result was not specific or sensitive when using TVS alone. TVS showed 13.52% sensitivity, hysteroscopy/biopsy showed 100% sensitivity. TVS p>0.06 was not significant. Using TVS alone to diagnose polyps in PMB patients is not sensitive, especially when the polyps are smaller than 6 mm. If it is combined with hysterscopy, the reliability and s sensitivity are significantly improved

Tratamento endoscópico das varizes esofágicas utilizando alças pré-atadas confeccionadas com fio de poliamida / Endoscopic treatment of esophageal varices, using pretied loop made with polyamide thread

BACKGROUD: The elastic band ligation is the method of choice for treatment of esophageal varices. The action mechanism is a mechanical varices compression with thromboses. Based on this concept we developed a ligature method using pretied loop made with polyamide thread for the treatment of esophageal varices. OBJECTIVE: The present study describes and evaluates the feasibility of the treatment of esophageal varices by the ligature method using pretied loop made with polyamide thread and analyzes the local changes of the ligations and the results, concerning safety, efficiency and complications of this procedure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between March, 1998 and May, 2000, 58 patients with esophageal varices were treated with pretied loop, made with polyamide thread (26 patients with schistosomiasis, 11 with alcoholic cirrhosis, 9 with hepatitis C, 5 with hepatitis B, 4 of unknown etiology, 2 with hepatitis B and C, and one with Budd-Chiari syndrome/ 42 men and 16 women/ average age of 47,67 ± 13,12 years, range 16-74). A plastic tube was attached to the endoscope tip featured as an accessory working channel, allowing the pretied loop made with polyamide thread to be conducted to the esophagus facilitated by a flexible metallic tube, to perform the esophageal varices ligature. A total of 506 ligatures were done, distributed in 223 sections (average of 2,26 ± 1,08 ligature, varying from 1 to 6 per section). The sessions were perform with the interval of 15 days, until the complete eradication of the esophageal varices. The ecoendoscopy was used as a complementary method to evaluate the varices eradication RESULTS: The esophageal varices were treated successfully in all patients. The complete eradication of varices was achieved in 47 (81,03%) patients. In 37 (63,79%) patients the ligatures resulted in pseudopolyps. It was not identified systemic complications or obits. The ecoendoscopy showed thrombosis in the pseudopolyps...

RACIONAL: A ligadura com bandas elásticas tem se tornado o tratamento de escolha das varizes esofágicas, devido aos bons resultados e as menores taxas de complicações quando comparada à esclerose. Seu mecanismo de ação baseia-se na compressão mecânica do cordão varicoso com interrupção do fluxo sangüíneo e posterior trombose. Tendo como base este mecanismo de ação, desenvolveu-se um método alternativo no qual o cordão varicoso é ligado com uma alça confeccionada com fio de poliamida OBJETIVO: Avaliar a viabilidade do tratamento das varizes esofágicas por método de ligaduras com alças pré-atadas confeccionadas com fio de poliamida, analisando as alterações locais, a segurança, a eficácia e as complicações deste método de tratamento. CASUíSTICA E MÉTODOS: Entre março de 1998 e maio de 2000, 58 pacientes com varizes de esôfago foram tratados com ligaduras com alças pré-atadas, confeccionadas com fio de poliamida (26 esquistossomóticos, 11 com cirrose alcoólica, 9 com hepatite C, 5 com hepatite B, 4 de causa não esclarecida, 2 com hepatite B e C e 1 com síndrome de Budd-Chiari; 42 pacientes eram do sexo masculino e 16 do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 47,67 ± 13,12 anos). Confeccionou-se artesanalmente um canal acessório que acoplado à extremidade do endoscópio, permitia que alças pré-atadas feitas com fio de poliamida fossem conduzidas ao esôfago com auxílio de tubo metálico flexível para se proceder às ligaduras das varizes esofágicas. No total, 506 ligaduras foram realizadas, distribuídas por 223 sessões (média 2,26 ± 1,08 ligaduras por sessão). As sessões foram realizadas com intervalos de 15 dias até a completa erradicação das varizes esofágicas. A ecoendoscopia foi utilizada como método complementar para avaliar a erradicação das varizes em 10 doentes RESULTADOS: O procedimento foi realizado com sucesso em todos os pacientes. A completa erradicação das varizes foi obtida em 47 (81,03%) doentes. Em 37 (63,79%) as...

Colecistectomía Laparoscópica: resultados de seis años en el Hospital "Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz", Mérida / Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: results of six years in the Hospital \"Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz\", Mérida

Informar los resultados de un estudio de 262 pacientes de colecistectomía por video-laparoscópica. El presente trabajo expone los resultados de la experiencia de la colecistectomía laparoscópica durante siete años. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de las historias médicas de todos aquellos pacientes sometidos a colecistectomía laparoscópica a partir del 1 de Mayo de 1996 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2002. Se realizó un total de 262 colecistectomías, con un predominio de pacientes del sexo femenino con un (80.92 por ciento), la edad promedio fue de 42 años. Las indicaciones quirurgicas fueron: colecistitis crónica litiásica (93.13 por ciento), colecistitis aguda (3.44 por ciento), colecistopatía alitiásica sintomática (0.76 por ciento) y pólipos vesiculares (2.67 por ciento). Hubo 33 casos de conversión a cirugía abierta para un (12.59 por ciento) y 2 casos de lesión de vía biliar extrahepática para un (0.76 por ciento). Las principales causas de conversión fueron: dificultad en la disección, anomalías anatómicas, sangrado transoperatorio y lesión de vía biliar. Se presentaron 33 complicaciones (12.59 por ciento), de las cuales 18 son transoperatorias y 15 postoperatorias. El promedio de estancia hospitalaria fue 58.78 por ciento, con menos de 48 horas siguientes al procedimiento quirúrgico. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue de 75 minutos. Hospital Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz en Mérida-Venezuela. La colecistectomía laparoscópica es un procedimiento seguro, confiable en manos experimentadas, que puede realizarse con seguridad en colecistopatía litiásica, sin embargo, dicho procedimiento no está exento de complicaciones, lo cual requiera convertir el procedimiento a cirugía abierta. Es importante que el cirujano este capacitado para resolver estas complicaciones, e igualmente en el momento oportuno decidir a conversión. Colecistectomía laparoscópica, litiasis vasicular, complicaciones quirúrgicas.

Lesiones anorrectales en pacientes HIV positivo y con SIDA: 12 años de experiencia clínica / Anorectal injuries in VIH seropositive and AIDS patients: 12 years of clinical experience

Se presenta grupo de 45 pacientes seropositivos al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, portadores anorrectal, que fueron separados en dos grupos: los HIV + (42,2 por ciento) y los con SIDA clínico (57,8 por ciento). Todos fueron de sexo masculino, jóvenes (edad promedio 32,2 años), siendo los factores de riesgo más frecuentes la homosexualidad (66,6 por ciento) y bisexualidad (22,2 por ciento). En los HIV+ la lesión más frecuente fue la considerada dentro de la de tipo común (47,3 por ciento), mientras que en los pacientes con SIDA clínico fue la ocasionada por inmunosupresión (50 por ciento). La patología común más frecuente en ambos grupos fue la enfermedad hemorroidaria. La enfermedad de transmisión sexual, también en ambos grupos, más frecuente fueron los condilomas. La respuesta al tratamiento en el grupo HIV+ fue óptima y/o buena en todos los casos. En los pacientes con SIDA clínico se observó evolución regular y mala, cuestión que resultó más frecuente en los sometidos a manejo quirúrgico (60 por ciento) que en los manejo médico (10 por ciento)

Significance of rectosigmoid polyp as a predictor of proximal colonic polyp

The association between rectosigmoid polyps and polyps in the more proximal colon is still a matter of debate, and the need for colonoscopy in patients with rectosigmoid polyps that are detected by flexible sigmoidoscopy is controversial. The aim of this study was to determine whether or not certain characteristics of rectosigmoid polyps are associated with the presence and characteristics of proximal colonic polyps. Seven hundred and twenty-eight patients who underwent total colonoscopy between October 1995 and June 1998 and who had colorectal polyps were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases, familial adenomatous polyposis, or any advanced cancer were excluded. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of prevalence of proximal colonic polyps according to the patients age and sex, as well as the characteristics of rectosigmoid polyps, were calculated. Advanced adenoma was defined as an adenoma larger than 10 mm or an adenoma of any size with villous component, high-grade dysplasia or invasive carcinoma. Among 728 patients with colorectal polyps, 356 patients (48.9%) had polyps only in the rectosigmoid region, 193 patients (26.5%) had polyps only in the proximal colon, and 179 patients (24.6%) had polyps in both the rectosigmoid and proximal colon. In 535 patients with rectosigmoid polyps, the prevalence of proximal colonic polyps, neoplastic polyps and advanced adenomas were 33.4%, 27.3% and 2.9%, respectively. The prevalence of proximal colonic polyps in patients with rectosigmoid polyps was found to be significantly related to the male gender and elderly patients, in addition to the neoplastic histology of the rectosigmoid polyps. However, the prevalence of the proximal colonic polyps was not related to the size, number and shape of rectosigmoid polyps. In 179 patients with both rectosigmoid and proximal colonic polyps, the characteristics of proximal colonic polyps such as size, number and shape were similar to those of rectosigmoid polyps. We recommend total colonoscopic examination in all patients with rectosigmoid adenomas, regardless of the size, number, and shape, especially in elderly males.

Rhinosporidiosis presenting as urethral polyp.

Rhinosporidiosis is a very common disease endemic in India, Ceylon, East Africa and part of America. Extremely rare in Europe. Nose, naso-pharynx, nasal sinuses, larynx are the common sites of affection, but urethral lesion is very rare. Reports from India so far as our knowledge goes are not available. Symmers may be the only case report available so far. For the rarity of site of affection, the case is reported.

Mast cells in polyps of the vocal folds [Vocal cords]: a clinicopathological study

This study was carried out on 30 surgically excised polyps of the vocal folds. Sections from each polyp were stained with hematoxylin and eosin as well as toluidine blue pH 4. The same stains, were applied to sections from 5 control specimens. In 22 polyps, the mean number of mast cells/high power field was 0-4. Similar to control specimens, but in 8 polyps [26.7%] the mean count of mast cells/high power field was high. Eosinophils were detected in 25% of the polyps with high counts of mast cells and marked oedema was observed in 50% of these polyps. The results of the present study suggested that hypersensitivity reactions may play a role in the pathogenesis of at least some of the vocal fold polyps. A trial of medication with antiallergic drugs suggested before surgery is decided