Apical ectodermal ridge regulates three principal axes of the developing limb / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Understanding limb development not only gives insights into the outgrowth and differentiation of the limb, but also has clinical relevance. Limb development begins with two paired limb buds (forelimb and hindlimb buds), which are initially undifferentiated mesenchymal cells tipped with a thickening of the ectoderm, termed the apical ectodermal ridge (AER). As a transitional embryonic structure, the AER undergoes four stages and contributes to multiple axes of limb development through the coordination of signalling centres, feedback loops, and other cell activities by secretory signalling and the activation of gene expression. Within the scope of proximodistal patterning, it is understood that while fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) function sequentially over time as primary components of the AER signalling process, there is still no consensus on models that would explain proximodistal patterning itself. In anteroposterior patterning, the AER has a dual-direction regulation by which it promotes the sonic hedgehog (Shh) gene expression in the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) for proliferation, and inhibits Shh expression in the anterior mesenchyme. In dorsoventral patterning, the AER activates Engrailed-1 (En1) expression, and thus represses Wnt family member 7a (Wnt7a) expression in the ventral ectoderm by the expression of Fgfs, Sp6/8, and bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) genes. The AER also plays a vital role in shaping the individual digits, since levels of Fgf4/8 and Bmps expressed in the AER affect digit patterning by controlling apoptosis. In summary, the knowledge of crosstalk within AER among the three main axes is essential to understand limb growth and pattern formation, as the development of its areas proceeds simultaneously.

El ideal de cuerpo delgado y la formación del sujeto neoliberal: un estudio de caso / O ideal do corpo magro e a formação do sujeito neoliberal: um estudo de caso / The thin body ideal and the constitution of the neoliberal subject: a case study

El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar mediante un estudio de caso único, cómo la discrepancia entre la imagen corporal del ideal delgado y la real puede estimular los procesos de formación del sujeto neoliberal. El instrumento de recogida de información fue la entrevista cualitativa, abierta y semiestructurada. Los resultados muestran cómo la imagen corporal del ideal delgado puede funcionar como una tecnología de poder, al exhibir un cuerpo normalizado y homogéneo que estimula los procesos reflexivos críticos sobre uno mismo, procesos que pueden abocar en prácticas de transformación del propio cuerpo, contribuyendo a la construcción de sujetos sensibles al impulso neoliberal. Finalmente, aportamos algunas implicaciones pedagógicas para el desarrollo de tecnologías del yo liberadoras orientadas al autoconocimiento y al aumento de la consciencia crítica.

O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar, através de um único estudo de caso, como a discrepância entre a imagem corporal do magro ideal e o real pode estimular os processos de formação do sujeito neoliberal. O instrumento de coleta de informações foi a entrevista qualitativa, aberta e semi-estruturada. Os resultados mostram como a imagem corporal do ideal magro pode funcionar como uma tecnologia de potência, exibindo um corpo ideal normalizado e homogêneo que estimula processos reflexivos críticos sobre si mesmo, processos que podem levar a práticas de transformação do próprio corpo, contribuindo para a construção do corpo, contribuído para a construção de sujeitos sensíveis ao impulso neoliberal. Por fim, fornecemos algumas implicações pedagógicas para o desenvolvimento de tecnologias libertadoras de si voltadas para o autoconhecimento e o aumento da consciência crítica.

As a single case study, this paper shows how the discrepancy between the thin-ideal body image and the real body can drive processes that form the neoliberal subject. Data were collected through qualitative, open and semi-structured interviews. The results show how the thin-ideal body image can function as a power technology by exhibiting a normalized and homogeneous ideal body that stimulates critical reflective processes about oneself, which can lead to practices of transformation of the body itself, contributing to form subjects that are receptive to the neoliberal impulse. Finally, we point out some pedagogical implications for the development of liberating technologies of the self, aimed at self-knowledge and increasing critical awareness.

Bone morphogenetic proteins and inner ear development / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are the largest subfamily of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, and they play important roles in the development of numerous organs, including the inner ear. The inner ear is a relatively small organ but has a highly complex structure and is involved in both hearing and balance. Here, we discuss BMPs and BMP signaling pathways and then focus on the role of BMP signal pathway regulation in the development of the inner ear and the implications this has for the treatment of human hearing loss and balance dysfunction.

Bilateral Segmental Neurofibromatosis with Lentiginosis Showing a Checkerboard Pattern / 대한피부과학회지

Segmental neurofibromatosis, a subtype of neurofibromatosis type 1, is characterized by neurofibromas and/or café-au-lait spots limited to an area or segment of the body. Checkerboard pattern is a rare type of cutaneous mosaic manifestation, characterized by squares or broad ribbons of affected skin with sharp demarcation at the midline. Herein, we report the case of a patient with bilateral segmental neurofibromatosis with lentiginosis showing a checkerboard pattern. Our patient had multiple hyperpigmented macules on her entire body in a checkerboard pattern since birth. Several café-au-lait patches were observed on the left buttock and right axilla. A neurofibroma was incidentally found beneath the café-au-lait patch by histological examination, which showed ill-defined spindle cells with elongated nuclei at the deep dermis that stained positive for S-100. Based on the clinical presentation and histopathologic results, the patient was diagnosed with bilateral segmental neurofibromatosis with lentiginosis showing a checkerboard pattern.

Experiências pedagógicas a partir de histórias em quadrinhos de super-heróis: educação para o lazer / Pedagogical experiences from super heroes graphic novels: education for leisure

Este trabalho teve como objetivos analisar e comparar duas experiências pedagógicas realizadas a partir de histórias em quadrinhos (HQs) de super-heróis em escolas públicas de Ensino Fundamental nas cidades de Piracicaba-SP e de Cosmópolis-SP. Foi realizada revisão de literatura e pesquisa de campo, caracterizando esta investigação como qualitativa. A participação da mulher nas HQs, os valores sociais, a presença da tecnologia nas HQs e os padrões corporais de beleza foram os aspectos identificados pelos alunos durante as experiências pedagógicas. Os resultados mostraram que houve maior reconhecimento da presença da mídia como influenciadora de padrões corporais de beleza por parte dos alunos na escola de Cosmópolis-SP.

This study aimed to analyze and compare two pedagogical experiences using super heroes graphic novels in Elementary and Junior High public schools in the cities of Piracicaba-SP and Cosmópolis-SP. A review of literature and field research was carried out, characterizing this research as qualitative. Women's participation in graphic novels, social values, the presence of technology in comic books, and body patterns of beauty were the aspects identified by the students during the pedagogical experiences. The results showed that there was greater recognition of the presence of the media as an influence of the body's beauty patterns on the part of the students in the Cosmópolis-SP school.

Realocação vertical da cicatriz umbilical em abdominoplastias do grupo IV de bozola e psillakis - padronização tática / Vertical relocation of the umbilical scar in abdominoplasty of Bozola and Psillakis Group IV cases ­ standardization of procedures

Introdução: O umbigo é a única cicatriz natural visível do corpo. É parte essencial da estética abdominal, fato que torna a umbilicoplastia fundamental no sucesso da abdominoplastia. A posição e a naturalidade de contorno são os dois fatores mais relevantes na avaliação do resultado estético da cicatriz umbilical. Classificações e padronizações têm sido ferramentas importantes para aprimoramento do diagnóstico e refinamentos no tratamento dos distúrbios estéticos do abdome. Além disso, têm facilitado a reprodutibilidade dos procedimentos e servido de base para estudos comparativos. Objetivos: Apresentar a experiência do autor com uma padronização tática para o reposicionamento e reimplante da cicatriz umbilical em casos de abdominoplastias do grupo IV. Demonstrar a tática de realocação vertical do umbigo com detalhamento da nova posição, avaliar a qualidade do resultado obtido e o grau de satisfação das pacientes. Métodos: Vinte pacientes, todas do sexo feminino, foram submetidas ao procedimento entre maio de 2010 e maio de 2012. O período mínimo de acompanhamento foi de trinta dias e o máximo, de dois anos. Resultados: A maioria dos resultados foi considerada excelente, atingindo alto nível de satisfação das pacientes, sem apresentar grandes complicações. Não foram necessárias reintervenções. A técnica mostrou-se segura, simples e de fácil execução. Conclusão: A marcação e o planejamento cirúrgico, com a proposta de um limite caudal máximo para o reposicionamento da cicatriz umbilical, podem ser de grande valia tanto no auxílio aos diagnósticos mais complexos dos tipos de defeitos estéticos do abdome quanto nas indicações das técnicas de abdominoplastias mais adequadas ao tratamento.

Introduction: The navel is the only natural visible scar on the body. It is an essential part of abdominal aesthetics, making umbilicoplasty critical for the success of abdominoplasty. The position and natural contour are the two important factors that are most relevant in evaluating the aesthetic result of the umbilical scar. Classifications and standards are important tools to improve the diagnosis and refine the treatment of abdomen aesthetic disorders. Furthermore, it has facilitated appropriate reproduction of the procedure and served as a basis for comparative studies. Objectives: This study presents the author's experience with procedure standardization for repositioning and re-implantation of the umbilical scar in abdominoplasty group IV cases. The study demonstrates the navel vertical relocation technique, along with details of the new position, and assesses the quality of results obtained and the degree of patient satisfaction. Case studies and methods: Twenty female patients underwent the procedure between May 2010 and May 2012. The minimum follow-up period was thirty days and the maximum follow-up period was two years. Results: Most results were considered excellent, with a high level of patient satisfaction and no major complications. There was no need for re-intervention. The technique was shown to be safe, simple and easy to perform. Conclusion: The marking and surgical planning, with a proposed maximum end limit for repositioning of the umbilical scar, can be valuable both in aiding the most complex diagnoses of aesthetic abdomen defect types and evaluating the technical aspects of abdominoplasty that are most appropriate for treatment.

Acido folico y su relación con malformaciones por defectos de cierre tubo neural / Folic Acid and its relationship to malformations due to neural tube closure defects

En la presente revisión bibliográfica se hace referencia del ácido fólico, vitamina perteneciente al complejo B,cuya ingestión en etapa preconcepcional contribuye a la prevención de defectos congénitos y otros problemas relacionados con la salud del ser humano. El Ácido Fólico (AF) es necesario para la formación de proteínas estructurales y hemoglobina. La deficiencia de AF es la condición en que cuerpo carece de reservas adecuadas de vitamina B9. Durante toda la gestación se debe ingerir AF, debido al continuo proceso de crecimiento y desarrollo del embrión y feto, donde el AF participa en la metilación del ADN, proceso imprescindible para la constante división y crecimiento celular. El cierre de neuroporos del tubo neural ocurre antes que finalice el primer mes de embarazo. Cuando la mujer se da cuenta que está embarazada, las consecuencias de una dieta deficiente en AF ya habrán mostrado sus consecuencias, provocando varias deformaciones congénitas denominadas malformaciones por Defectos de cierre del Tubo Neural (DTN). La ingesta de AF debe recomendarse en toda la vida reproductiva de la mujer (pubertad-antes de menopausia), esto evita el aumento de la homocisteína; productor importante de DTN...

Sexual Dimorphism and deviation en the proportion of sexes in preimplantory embryos / Dimorfismo sexual y desviación en la proporción de los sexos en embriones preimplantatorios / Dimorfismo sexual e desvio na proporção dos sexos em embriõespré-implantatorios

Sexual differences in size and morphology are common in the animal kingdom and they have been mainly explained by sexual selection. According to classic theory of sexual determination and differentiation, the morphologic differences between the same specie individuals both different sex starts to show up soon after and as a consequence of the gonads formation and development. However, increasing evidence coincide in signaling that differences between males and females star to be evident long before of gonads formation, from preimplantatory stadium [week 1] or even from zygotic stadium [day 1]. Differences in kinetics of development and in energetic preimplantatory metabolism have been explained by genetic and epigenetic differences which underlie it and, in the case of get persistent, they can take them until disrupting the normal sex ratio. In this review about sexual dimorphism in preimplantatory embryos hypothesis, accumulated evidences and scenarios [in vivo e in vitro] are explored, as well as the last findings and possible changes that will have to be faced by the embryology.

Las diferencias sexuales en tamaño y morfología son comunes en el reino animal y se han explicado principalmente por la selección sexual. De acuerdo con la teoría clásica de la determinación y diferenciación sexual, las diferencias morfológicas entre individuos de la misma especie pero de diferente sexo se empiezan a manifestar poco después ycomo consecuencia de la formación y desarrollo de las gónadas. No obstante, evidencia creciente coincide en señalarque las diferencias entre machos y hembras se comienzan a manifestar mucho antes de la formación de las gónadas, desde el estado preimplantatorio [semana 1] e inclusive desde el estado cigótico [día 1]. Diferencias en la cinética dedesarrollo y en el metabolismo energético preimplantatorio han sido explicadas por diferencias genéticas y epigenéticas que les subyacen y que de persistir pueden llegar hasta afectar la normal proporción de los sexos. En la presente revisión sobre el dimorfismo sexual de embriones preimplantatorios se exploran las hipótesis, las evidencias acumuladas, los escenarios [in vivo e in vitro] y, a la luz de los últimos hallazgos, los posibles cambios que deberá enfrentar la embriología.

As diferenças sexuais no tamanho e morfologia são comuns no reino animal e foi explicado principalmente pelaseleção sexual. De acordo com a teoria clássica da determinação e diferencia sexual, as diferencias morfológicasentre indivíduos da mesma espécie, porém de diferente sexo começam a manifestar pouco depois e comoconsequência da formação e desenvolvimento das gônadas. Contudo, evidencia crescente coincide em assinalar que as diferenças entre machos e fêmeas começam a se manifestar muito antes da formação das gônadas, desde o estadopreimplantatorio [semana 1] e inclusive desde o estado cigótico [dia 1]. Diferenças na cinética de desenvolvimento e no metabolismo energético preimplantatorio foram explicadas por diferenças genéticas e epigenêticas que lhes segueme que de persistir podem chegar até em afetar a normal proporção dos sexos. Na presente revisão sobre o dimorfismosexual de embriões preimplantatorios são exploradas as seguintes hipóteses, as evidencias acumuladas, os cenários[in vivo e in vitro] e, à luz dos últimos descobrimentos, as possíveis mudanças que deverá enfrentar a embriologia.

Lipoabdominoplastia com descolamento seletivo: técnica de Saldanha: padronização e avaliação de resultados / Lipoabdominoplasty with selective detachment: technique of Saldanha: standardization and evaluation of results

Introdução: A abdominoplastia é uma cirurgia considerada de fácil execução, tanto quemédicos de outras especialidades se aventuram em executá-la. Por outro lado, essa cirurgiasempre esteve associada a grandes complicações, mesmo em mãos hábeis. Com adventoda lipoaspiração e sua associação à abdominoplastia, essa cirurgia ganhou novos rumose possibilidades, exigindo dos especialistas uma formação ainda mais ampla. Objetivo:Demonstrar um método desenvolvido ao longo de quatro anos e avaliar resultados e complicaçõesda lipoabdominoplastia com descolamento seletivo, técnica descrita por Saldanha em2001, aplicada em todos os casos de indicação de abdominoplastia clássica em associaçãoou não com outras cirurgias. Método: Foram estudados retrospectivamente 157 casos delipoabdominoplastia, excetuando apenas os casos de grandes aventais abdominais em quenão foram obedecidos todos os critérios descritos, como a preservação da fáscia de Scarpa.Resultados: No grupo estudado houve significativa redução de complicações como, porexemplo, necrose de retalho, seroma e hematoma. Conclusão: A lipoabdominoplastia é umprocedimento seguro, de fácil execução e com índice de complicação muito baixo; desdeque se respeitem os critérios de segurança da técnica.

Introduction: The abdominoplasty is a considered surgery of easy execution, as much thatdoctors of other specialties if venture in executing it. On the other hand, this surgery alwayswas associated the great complications, exactly in skillful hands. With advent of the lipoplastyand its association the abdominoplasty, this surgery gained new routes and possibilities,demanding of the specialists a still more ample formation. Objective: To demonstratea method developed throughout four years and to evaluate resulted and complications of thelipoabdominoplasty with selective to ungle described for Saldanha in 2001, applied in allthe cases of indication of classic abdominoplasty in association or not with other surgeries.Methods: 157 cases of lipoabdominoplasty had been studied retrospectively, excepting onlythe cases of great abdominal aprons where the described criteria had not been obeyed to all,as the preservation of the fascia of Scarpa. Results: In the studied group it had significantreduction of complications as, for example, necrosis of remnant, seroma and hematoma.Conclusion: The lipoabdominoplasty is a safe procedure, of easy execution and with verylow index of complications, since that the criteria of security of the technique are respected.

Cuerpo y representación: la imagen del hombre en la eugenesia latina / Body and representation: the image of man in Latin eugenics

Trata del cuestión relativas la cuerpo y representación.

Pattern of Wnt ligand expression during chick eye development

The dorsoventral axis of the eye is determined prior to optic cup invagination. A variety of signaling pathways have been implicated in the maintenance of the optic dorsoventral axis, including, but not limited to, bone morphogenetic protein 4, Sonic Hedgehog and retinoic acid. Here, we investigated the possible contribution of Wnt ligands to the establishment or maintenance of the optic axis by analyzing their expression pattern during early chick optic development. We performed in situ hybridization of Wnt-1, Wnt-3a, Wnt-4, and Wnt-5a during the optic vesicle, early optic cup and established optic cup stages and focused our analysis on the optic region. Our data showed that Wnt-5a, but none of the others, is expressed in the dorsal region of the eye starting from the Hamburger and Hamilton stage 14 (HH14). These results are supported by cryosections of the labeled optic region, which further reveal that Wnt-5a is expressed only in the dorsal retinal pigmented epithelium. Thus, we propose that Wnt-5a is a marker for dorsal retinal pigmented epithelium in chick embryos from HH14 to HH19.

Complex genetic interactions govern the temporal effects of Antennapedia on antenna-to-leg transformations in Drosophila melanogaster.

The putative regulatory relationships between Antennapedia (Antp), spalt major (salm) and homothorax (hth) are tested with regard to the sensitive period of antenna-to-leg transformations. Although Antp expression repressed hth as predicted, contrary to expectations, hth did not show increased repression at higher Antp doses, whereas salm, a gene downstream of hth, did show such a dose response. Loss of hth allowed antenna-to-leg transformations but the relative timing of proximal-distal transformations was reversed, relative to transformations induced by ectopic Antp. Finally, overexpression of Hth was only partially able to rescue transformations induced by ectopic Antp. These results indicate that there may be additional molecules involved in antenna/leg identity and that spatial, temporal and dosage relationships are more subtle than suspected and must be part of a robust understanding of molecular network behaviour involved in determining appendage identity in Drosophila melanogaster.

Contenido proteico en los diferentes estadios embrionarios de Talorchestia margaritae (Amphipoda: Talitridae) durante su desarrollo intra-marsupial / Proteic content in the embryonic stages of Talorchestia margaritae (Amphipoda: Talitridae) during its intramarsupial development

The amphipod Talorchestia margaritae Stephesen, 1948, is a semi-terrestrial species that inhabits decaying organic material along estuarine shores of the Tuy river, Miranda state, Venezuela. We studied the embryonic development of T. margaritae and used biochemical quantitative methods to determine the protein content of embryos in stages of intra-marsupial development, as well as the consumption pattern of these proteins by the embryos. The smallest reproductive females measured 4.6 mm in body length. A low correlation (R2 = 0.2157; p<0.01) was found between female size and number of eggs in the marsupium. The number of eggs and embryos in the marsupium varied between 3 and 12 egg or embryos/female for all female sizes, regardless of stage. Five developmental stages were observed: the uncleaved egg, three embryonic stages and the juvenile stage. Mean embryo size increased significantly during embryo development: from 536.4+or -28.4 ìm at stage I up to 798.1+ or -18.44 ìm at the juvenile stage (stage V). The protein content decreased from an initial mean value of 4.14+ or -0.78 ìg proteins/egg to a final value of 2.02+ or -0.46 ìg protein/juvenile. Most of this decrease occurred between stages I and IV, a pattern which could reflect an initial higher consumption of the proteins as a source of energy and tissue formation. At the final stages (between IV and V), there were no significant differences between the protein content of the embryos.

El anfipodo Talorchestia margaritae Stephesen, 1948, es una especie semi-terrestre, que habita bajo material organico en descomposicion, en la desembocadura del rio Tuy, estado Miranda, Venezuela. Estudiamos el desarrollo embrionario de T. margaritae y determinamos con metodos bioquimicos cuantitativos el contenido de proteinas en los embriones, durante los estadios del desarrollo intramarsupial, asi como su patron de consumo de proteinas. La talla minima de hembras ovadas fue de 4.6 mm de longitud corporal. Se encontro una correlacion baja (R2 igual 0.2157; p menor 0.01) entre la talla de la hembra y el numero de huevos en el marsupio. El numero de huevos y embriones en el marsupio vario entre 3 y 12 huevos o embriones/hembra, para todas las tallas de hembra independientemente del estadio. Se observaron cinco estadios de desarrollo: el huevo no dividido, tres estadios de embriones intramarsupiales y el juvenil. A medida que avanza el desarrollo, hay un incremento significativo de la talla de los embriones, desde un promedio para el estadio I (huevo no dividido) de 536.4 (+ o -28.4) ìm, hasta un promedio de 798.1 (+ o - 18.44) ìm en el estadio V (juvenil). El contenido de proteinas disminuyo desde un promedio inicial de 4.14 (+ o - 0.78) ìg proteinas/huevo, hasta un promedio final de 2.02 (+ o - 0.46) ìg proteina/juvenil. La disminucion es mayor entre los estadios I y IV, pudiendo este patron reflejar una mayor utilizacion inicial de las proteinas como fuente de energia y formacion de tejidos, mientras que en estadios finales, no hay diferencias significativas entre el contenido de proteinas de los estadios IV y V.

The CK1 gene family: expression patterning in zebrafish development

Protein kinase CK1 is a ser/thr protein kinase family which has been identified in the cytosol cell fraction, associated with membranes as well as in the nucleus. Several isoforms of this gene family have been described in various organisms: CK1 , CK1á, CK1δ, CK1å and CK1γ. Over the last decade, several members of this family have been involved in development processes related to wnt and sonic hedgehog signalling pathways. However, there is no detailed temporal information on the CK1 family in embryonic stages, even though orthologous genes have been described in several different vertebrate species. In this study, we describe for the first time the cloning and detailed expression pattern of five CK1 zebrafish genes. Sequence analysis revealed that zebrafish CK1 proteins are highly homologous to other vertebrate orthologues. Zebrafish CK1 genes are expressed throughout development in common and different territories. All the genes studied in development show maternal and zygotic expression with the exception of CK1å. This last gene presents only a zygotic component of expression. In early stages of development CK1 genes are ubiquitously expressed with the exception of CK1å. In later stages the five CK1 genes are expressed in the brain but not in the same way. This observation probably implicates the CK1 family genes in different and also in redundant functions. This is the first time that a detailed comparison of the expression of CK1 family genes is directly assessed in a vertebrate system throughout development.

Controle da natalidade na mulher cardiopata / Contraception in cardiac women

A atenção à mulher portadora de cardiopatia tem permitido, a esse grupo de pacientes de alto risco engravidar, levar a termo sua gravidez, dar à luz a recém-nascidos normais, bem como ter uma vida sexual normal com um adequado planejamento familiar. A quantificação dos riscos deve ser analisada na fase pré-gestacional, nos diferentes trimestres da gravidez e ainda quando houver necessidade de procedimentos invasivos como cirurgia cardíaca, valvotomia valvar percutânea, angioplastia e implante de marca-passo. Os riscos e os aspectos éticos em relação à málformação fetal intra-uterina devem ser discutidos e analisados com a paciente por uma equipe multiprofissional composta por médicos, obstetras, cardiologistas, pediatras, anestesistas e enfermeiras. Assim a cardiopata pode opinar sobre o desejo de engravidar e também sobre a evolução de sua gravidez.

gp130 is important for the normal morphogenesis of Meckel's cartilage and subsequent mandibular development

gp130-mediated signaling is involved in both chondrogenesis and osteogenesis, but its direct role in the formation of embryonic Meckel's cartilage and associated mandibular development has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we examined the influence of gp130 ablation on the developing mandibular Meckel's cartilage by evaluating the morphological and histological changes as well as the gene expression patterns in developing embryonic gp130-/- mice. The ablation of the gp130 gene showed no change in region-specific collagen mRNA expression except for a slight delay in its expression but caused shortened embryonic Meckel's cartilage, delayed hypertrophic chondrocyte maturation and subsequent bony replacement with characteristic bending of the intramandibular Meckel's cartilage. The bending of Meckel's cartilage led to a narrow mandibular arch at the rostral area with poor cortical plate formation. These findings indicate that gp130-mediated signaling is important for the normal morphogenesis of Meckel's cartilage and subsequent mandibular development.

Análise qualitativa da postura estática por meio do método da observação de pontos anatômicos / Qualitative analysis of the static position by means of the method of the comment of anatomical points

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar, qualitativamente, alterações na postura estática dos borracheiros de João Pessoa - PB, decorrentes de suas atividades de trabalho. A amostra constou de 9 sujeitos, do sexo masculino, com 30,5 ± 12,6 anos de idade, 10 ± 9,18 anos de trabalho, 73,2 ± 10,9kg de massa corporal, e 1,66 ± 0,07m de estatura. Eles se posicionaram sobre um estrado, alinhados a um simetrógrafo, e fotografados em posterior e perfil. A análise e classificação das modificações do alinhamento corporal foram feitas por meio do New York Posture Rating Test, em diversas estruturas anatômicas (pés, joelhos, pelve, abdome, tronco, ombros e cabeça), de 13 pontos do corpo. Os sujeitos 1, 2, 3, 7 e 8 (55,5%) foram classificados como portadores de alterações severas (49 a 51 pontos), e os sujeitos 4, 5, 6 e 9 (44,5%) de alterações moderadas (53 a 59 pontos). A dor esteve presente em 55% dos sujeitos (1, 4, 7, 8 e 9). Os resultados sugerem que o método de avaliação se mostrou adequado, e que as posturas assumidas nas tarefas podem causar deformidades, desconforto, dores e incapacidades funcionais temporárias, alertando para a necessidade da elaboração de uma cartilha sobre orientação postural, e da aplicação de programas de fisioterapia preventiva.

The aim of this study was to analyze, qualitatively, static postural alterations in tire repairmen from João Pessoa - PB, due to their work activities. A sample of 9 male subjects, in average age 30,5 ± 12,6 years, 10 ± 9,18 years of work, 73,2 ± 10,9 kg of body weight, and 1,66 ± 0,07m of height, was chosen. They were positioned on a frame, aligned with a squared wall, and photographed in sagittal and posterior planes. The analysis and classification of the postural alterations were made through the punctuation of the New York Posture Rating Test, in several anatomical structures (feet, knees, hip, abdomen, trunk, shoulders, and had), of 13 body points. The subjects 1, 2, 3, 7 and 8 (55,5%) were classified as porters of severe postural alterations, and the subjects 4, 5, 6 and 9 (44,5%), of moderate. The pain was present in 55% of the subjects (1, 4, 7, 8 and 9). The results suggest that the evaluation methods should adequate and that postures adopted in task can cause deformities, discomfort, pains and temporary functional incapacities, alerting to the need for the elaboration of one book about postural orientation, and for the application of preventive physical therapy programs.

Estudo do padrão postural de jogadores de futebol da categoria infantil / Study of postural pattern in infantile category of soccer players

Levantar um referencial teórico sobre cadeias musculares e analisar o padrão postural, segundo as cadeias musculares, de jogadores de futebol da categoria infantil, relacionando-os aos movimentos repetitivos inerentes a prática dessa atividade, foram os objetivos desse trabalho. Foram estudados 22 jogadores com idade de 15 anos, pertencentes ao quadro do Sport Club Internacional, Porto Alegre, RS. As posturas foram analisadas através de fotografias e comparadas aos padrões ideais de postura. Os movimentos repetitivos foram observados através do acompanhamento dos treinos habituais realizados pela equipe, relacionando-os com a musculatura mais utilizada, sob a ótica das cadeias musculares. As variáveis idade, peso, posição em que joga, presença de lesões no joelho e prática de outra atividade física também foram consideradas, e seus valores foram obtidos através de entrevista não estruturada com os indivíduos estudados. Observou-se que existe uma alteração do padrão postural nos joelhos dos jogadores em flexo e varo, devido a maior utilização das cadeias de abertura e flexão pela sobreprogramação dessas cadeias nos movimentos repetitivos de chute durante os treinos. Outras alterações posturais na região do quadril, pés, coluna vertebral e ombros também analisados não revelaram um padrão consistente. Essas alterações posturais variaram de jogador para jogador, não se observando uma sobreprogramação das cadeias nessas outras articulações. As variáveis altura, peso, idade e prática de outras atividades desportivas não influenciaram o padrão postural dos jogadores observados.

The aim of this study was to raise theoretical reference about muscular chains and to analyses the postural pattern, according to the muscular chain, of the soccer players of the infantile category; to bring into relation with repetitive movements inherent to the practice of this activity. Twenty-two players were studied, with the age of 15, belonging to Sport Club Internacional, Porto Alegre, RS. The postures were analyzed through pictures and they were compared to the ideal model pattern of posture. The repetitive movements were observed through accompanying the habitual training accomplished by the team, relating them with the more utilized musculature, under muscular chain optic. The variables age, weight, soccer position, presence of the knee lesions and practice of another physical activity were also considered, and their values were obtained through the no structured interview with the group studied. It was observed that there is modification of the postural pattern on the knee in flex and varo, due to a higher utilization of the opening and flexion chain by the over programming of these chains during the repetitive movements of the kick in the practice of the soccer. Another postural modification on the hip, foot, vertebral column and shoulders also analyzed did not revealed a consistent pattern. These postural modifications diversified from player to player, not observing an overprogramming of the chains on those joints. The variables, height, weight, age and practice of another sport activity did not influence the postural pattern observed on the players.

Expression of dorsal-ventral genes during early development of Rhynchosciara americana embryos

The establishment of dorsal-ventral polarity in Drosophila is a complex process which involves the action of maternal and zygotically expressed genes. Interspecific differences in the expression pattern of some of these genes have been described in other species. Here we present the expression of dorsal-ventral genes during early embryogenesis in the lower dipteran Rhynchosciara americana. The expression of four genes, the ventralizing genes snail (sna) and twist (twi) and the dorsalizing genes decapentaplegic (dpp) and zerknüllt (zen), was investigated by whole-mount in situ hybridization. Sense and antisense mRNA were transcribed in vitro using UTP-digoxigenin and hybridized at 55°C with dechorionated fixed embryos. Staining was obtained with anti-digoxigenin alkaline phosphatase-conjugated antibody revealed with NBT-BCIP solution. The results showed that, in general, the spatial-temporal expression of R. americana dorsal-ventral genes is similar to that observed in Drosophila, where twi and sna are restricted to the ventral region, while dpp and zen are expressed in the dorsal side. The differences encountered were subtle and probably represent a particular aspect of dorsal-ventral axis determination in R. americana. In this lower dipteran sna is expressed slightly later than twi and dpp expression is expanded over the lateral ectoderm during cellular blastoderm stage. These data suggest that the establishment of dorsal-ventral polarity in R. americana embryos follows a program similar to that observed in Drosophila melanogaster.

The maternal JAK/STAT pathway of Drosophila regulates embryonic dorsal-ventral patterning

Activation of NFkappaB plays a pivotal role in many cellular processes such as inflammation, proliferation and apoptosis. In Drosophila, nuclear translocation of the NFkappaB-related transcription factor Dorsal is spatially regulated in order to subdivide the embryo into three primary dorsal-ventral (DV) domains: the ventral presumptive mesoderm, the lateral neuroectoderm and the dorsal ectoderm. Ventral activation of the Toll receptor induces degradation of the IkappaB-related inhibitor Cactus, liberating Dorsal for nuclear translocation. In addition, other pathways have been suggested to regulate Dorsal. Signaling through the maternal BMP member Decapentaplegic (Dpp) inhibits Dorsal translocation along a pathway parallel to and independent of Toll. In the present study, we show for the first time that the maternal JAK/STAT pathway also regulates embryonic DV patterning. Null alleles of loci coding for elements of the JAK/STAT pathway, hopscotch (hop), marelle (mrl) and zimp (zimp), modify zygotic expression along the DV axis. Genetic analysis suggests that the JAK kinase Hop, most similar to vertebrate JAK2, may modify signals downstream of Dpp. In addition, an activated form of Hop results in increased levels of Cactus and Dorsal proteins, modifying the Dorsal/Cactus ratio and consequently DV patterning. These results indicate that different maternal signals mediated by the Toll, BMP and JAK/STAT pathways may converge to regulate NFkappaB activity in Drosophila.