Management of infected pancreatic necrosis: state of the art / Necrose pancreática com infecção: estado atual do tratamento

ABSTRACT Pancreatic necrosis occurs in 15% of acute pancreatitis. The presence of infection is the most important factor in the evolution of pancreatitis. The diagnosis of infection is still challenging. Mortality in infected necrosis is 20%; in the presence of organic dysfunction, mortality reaches 60%. In the last three decades, there has been a real revolution in the treatment of infected pancreatic necrosis. However, the challenges persist and there are many unsolved questions: antibiotic treatment alone, tomography-guided percutaneous drainage, endoscopic drainage, video-assisted extraperitoneal debridement, extraperitoneal access, open necrosectomy? A step up approach has been proposed, beginning with less invasive procedures and reserving the operative intervention for patients in which the previous procedure did not solve the problem definitively. Indication and timing of the intervention should be determined by the clinical course. Ideally, the intervention should be done only after the fourth week of evolution, when it is observed a better delimitation of necrosis. Treatment should be individualized. There is no procedure that should be the first and best option for all patients. The objective of this work is to critically review the current state of the art of the treatment of infected pancreatic necrosis.

RESUMO A necrose pancreática ocorre em 15% das pancreatites agudas. A presença de infecção é o fator mais importante na evolução da pancreatite. Confirmar o diagnóstico de infecção ainda é um desafio. A mortalidade na necrose infectada é de 30% e na vigência de disfunção orgânica, chega a 70%. Nas últimas décadas, ocorreu uma verdadeira revolução no tratamento da necrose pancreática infectada. Mesmo assim, persiste o desafio e há múltiplas questões ainda não resolvidas: tratamento exclusivo com antibiótico, drenagem percutânea guiada por tomografia, drenagem por via endoscópica, desbridamento extra-peritoneal vídeo-assistido, acesso extra-peritoneal, necrosectomia por via aberta? Foi proposto o tratamento por etapas, "step up approach", iniciando-se com as medidas menos invasivas e reservando-se a intervenção operatória para os casos em que o procedimento anterior não resolver definitivamente o problema. A indicação e o momento da intervenção devem ser determinados pela evolução clínica. O ideal é que a intervenção seja feita apenas depois da quarta semana de evolução, quando já existe melhor delimitação da necrose. O tratamento deve ser individualizado. Não existe um procedimento que deva ser o primeiro e a melhor opção para todos os doentes. O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer uma análise crítica do estado atual do tratamento da necrose pancreática infectada.

Tratamiento médico de la pancreatitis aguda / Medical treatment of acute pancreatitis

Se revisan los últimos avances en el manejo médico de la pancreatitis aguda. Estos se basan en los cambios que van desde el mayor conocimiento de la fisiopatología y la clínica y el desarrollo de técnicas para el manejo de las complicaciones. El reconocimiento del mal pronóstico dado por la falla persistente de órganos (mayor a 48 horas) y la evolución lenta pero sin severidad de los pacientes con complicaciones locales, ha hecho redefinir la clasificación de la pancreatitis, estratificándose al paciente con cuadros leves, moderados y severos. De los múltiples scores de severidad disponibles para predecir la severidad, APACHE II y BISAP son los que demuestran mayor valor en los trabajos realizados en el Perú. El uso de hidratación enérgica al inicio del cuadro, para evitar el daño a nivel de la microcirculación pancreática, la nutrición enteral precoz cuando se predice un cuadro severo o prolongado, además de la analgesia con narcóticos, son algunas de las medidas que se preconizan en la actualidad. Se discute además la evidencia de realimentar con sólidos en vez de dieta líquida desde el primer día de inicio de dieta a pacientes con pancreatitis leve. Por último se presenta la evidencia del uso de necrosectomía endoscópica como alternativa a la necrosectomía quirúrgica.

We review recent advances in medical management of acute pancreatitis. These are based on changes ranging from increased knowledge of the pathophysiology and clinical development of techniques for the management of complications. The recognition of poor prognosis given persistent organ failure (more than 48 hours) and the slow evolution without severity of patients with local complications, has redefined the classification of pancreatitis, stratifying the patient with mild, moderate and severe. Of the many available severity scores to predict severity, APACHE II and BISAP are demonstrating greater value on work done in Peru. Using vigorous hydration to avoid damage to the pancreatic microcirculation level, early enteral nutrition when it predicts a severe or prolonged disease in addition to narcotic analgesia, are some of the measures advocated in the present. I also discuss the evidence of refeeding with solid rather than liquid diet to patients with mild pancreatitis. Finally, evidence of safety and good outcomes of endoscopic necrosectomy is presented as an alternative to surgical necrosectomy.

Alternativas de manejo de colecciones en pancreatitis aguda / Alternatives in the treatment of collections in acute pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis is a disease that presents heterogeneously with varying severity depending on pancreatic parenchyma and peripancreatic fat. The aim of this publication is to present the nomenclature in use in the different collections that develop in the evolution of acute pancreatitis, and management options of these collections, focusing on the management of infected pancreatic necrosis; emphasizing the benefits, results and limitations of each technique and describing some techniques under development.

La pancreatitis aguda es una enfermedad que se presenta en forma heterogénea con distinta gravedad según el compromiso del parénquima pancreático y de la grasa peripancreática. El objetivo de esta publicación es dar a conocer la nomenclatura en uso en las distintas colecciones que se manifiestan en la evolución de la pancreatitis aguda y las opciones de manejo de estas colecciones, enfocándose en el manejo de la necrosis pancreática infectada; enfatizando las ventajas, resultados y limitaciones de cada técnica, además de describir algunas técnicas en desarrollo.

Pancreatitis aguda necrótica en la unidad de cuidados intensivos: Una comparación entre el tratamiento médico conservador y quirúrgico / Necrotic acute pancreatitis in the intensive care unit: A comparison between conservative and surgical medical treatment

OBJETIVO: Determinar el pronostico del tratamiento medico y quirúrgico de pacientes con pancreatitis aguda necrótica. INTRODUCCION: El tratamiento de pancreatitis aguda severa es multidisciplinario y requiere la evaluación de los pacientes día a día, esto permite observar los cambios y dar terapia oportuna. El tratamiento incluye: admisión en UCI, fluidos, nutrición y antibióticos, así como otros soportes de vida para paciente critico. Con esto, los pacientes pueden ser tratados conservadoramente o si fuese necesario, con intervención quirúrgica. METODOS: Un estudio retrospectivo de pacientes con pancreatitis aguda necrótica, que ingresaron a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, entre enero del 2004 a agosto del 2006. Los pacientes con pancreatitis aguda necrótica sin signos de sepsis fueron sometidos a tratamiento medico conservador. Se realizó una punción aspiración con aguja fina, a partir de la cuarta semana, a los pacientes con pancreatitis aguda necrótica y sepsis persistente. Previamente se descartó y erradicó todos los focos infecciosos no pancreáticos. Todos los pacientes con coloración Gram. ó cultivo positivo fueron sometidos a cirugía de inmediato. RESULTADOS: Setenta pacientes con pancreatitis aguda necrótica fueron incluidos, de los cuales 36 (51%) tuvieron pancreatitis aguda necrótica estéril con tratamiento medico conservador y 34 (49%) tuvieron pancreatitis aguda necrótica infectada con tratamiento quirúrgico. El promedio de edad fue 55.19 vs. 57.65 (p=0.57). El promedio de amilasas 1421.74 vs. 1402.45. (p=0.96). El índice de severidad tomográfica fue 8.47 vs. 8.79 (p=0.36). Apache II fue 8.22 vs. 9 (p=0.46). El promedio de órganos fallados 0.39 vs. 0.68. (p=0.19). La estancia en UCI fue de 10.75 vs. 26.5 días (p < 0.05). La estancia hospitalaria total fue 46.47 vs. 57.26 días (p < 0.05). La mortalidad (3/36) 8.3% vs. (9/34) 26.5% (p < 0.05) para el tratamiento medico...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prognosis of patients with necrotic acute pancreatitis receiving medical and surgical treatments. SUMMARY: The severe acute pancreatitis treatment is multidisciplinary and requires a daily evaluation of the patient that will allow to observe changes and apply therapy indue time. The treatment includes: Admission in the ICU, fluids, nutrition and antibiotics, as well as other life supports for high-risk patients. Thus, patients undergo conservative treatment or, if it is necessary, surgery. METHODS: A retrospective study of patients with necrotic acute pancreatitis admitted to the ICU between January 2004 and August 2006. The patients with necrotic acute pancreatitis without signs of sepsis underwent a conservative medical treatment, while fine needle punction-aspiration was performed in all patients who were suffering from necrotic acute pancreatitis and persistent sepsis four weeks after their admission and after discarding and eradicating every non-pancreatic focus of infection. All Gram stain or culture positive patients underwent surgery immediately. RESULTS: Seventy patients with necrotic acute pancreatitis were included in the study. Thirty-six patients (51%) suffered acute pancreatitis with sterile necrosis and underwent a conservative treatment, while 34 patients (49%) developed acute pancreatic with infectednecrosis and underwent surgery. The average age was 55.19 vs. 57.65 (p=0.57). The average amylase was 1421.74 vs. 1402.45. (p=0.96). The tomography severity index was 8.47 vs. 8.79 (p=0.36). The Apache II was 8.22 vs. 9 (p=0.46). The average number of failed organs was 0.39 vs. 0.68. (p=0.19). The ICU stay was 10.75 vs. 26.5 days (p < 0.05) while the total hospital stay was 46.47 vs. 57.26 days (p < 0.05). The mortality rate was (3/36) 8.3% vs. (9/34) 26.5% (p < 0.05) for conservative medical treatment vs. surgical treatment, respectively...

Pancreatite necro-hemorrágica: atualização e momento de operar / Necrotizing pancreatitis: update and when to operate

INTRODUÇÃO: A pancreatite necro-hemorrágica representa a variante mais grave do espectro de apresentações clínicas que podem compor o quadro da pancreatite aguda. Embora já conhecida há muitos séculos, inúmeras questões permanecem em aberto acerca dessa entidade e o número de trabalhos sobre o assunto publicados nos últimos anos tem sido muito expressivo. MÉTODO: Foi realizada ampla pesquisa na literatura, com especial atenção aos artigos publicados nos últimos três anos e indexados ao PubMed. Foram utilizados os seguintes descritores de forma cruzada: pancreatitis, surgical procedures; necrosis. A pesquisa inicial evidenciou cerca de 13.000 artigos, sendo avaliados os mais relevantes dos últimos três anos além de artigos mais antigos, considerados "clássicos" sobre o assunto e que, portanto, não poderiam deixar de ser citados. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento da pancreatite aguda envolve um grande número de questões, dentre as quais as mais importantes estão relacionadas ao manejo da antibioticoterapia, tipo de dieta empregada e as questões relacionadas ao manejo da necrose infectada. Em especial, mudanças radicais foram implementadas nos últimos anos sobre todos esses tópicos, e uma atualização constante deve ser obrigatoriamente buscada pelos profissionais envolvidos no tratamento dessa doença.

BACKGROUND: Necrotizing pancreatitis represents the most severe form of presentation from the clinical spectra of acute pancreatitis. Although known for many centuries, many questions remain open about this entity and a great number of articles were published about this matter in the last few years. METHOD: A throughout research in the literature, with special attention to the articles published in the last three years and indexed to the PubMed was performed. The following headings were used: pancreatitis, surgical procedures, necrosis. The initial research rendered about 13 000 articles, and the ones published in the last three years were evaluated. Some older, but remarkable articles were also included given their importance to this matter. CONCLUSION: The treatment of acute pancreatitis involves a great number of questions, among which the most important are the ones related to the use of antibiotics, type of diet employed and the questions related to the manangement of the infected necrosis. There were many radical changes instituted in the last years on all these topics and a constant updating must be necessarily done by the ones involved on the treatment of this disease.

Curso de atualização em emergências médicas: aula 15: pancreatite aguda: diagnóstico e terapêutica / Course of updating in medical emergencies: class 15: acute pancreatitis: diagnosis and therapeutics

A evolução clínica de um episódio de pancreatite aguda varia de um quadro autolimitado, benigno, restrito ao abdome, a uma doença sistêmica, grave, de evolução imprevisível e por vezes fatal. Embora a maioria se apresente de forma benigna (80 por cento a 90 por cento), também denominada pancreatite aguda leve, cerca de 10 por cento a 20 por cento mostram-se potencialmente graves e têm como marco principal a necrose pancreática e(ou) peripancreática. Apesar de inúmeras etiologias, 80 por cento a 90 por cento são decorrentes de colelitíase, em especial microlitíase, e alcoolismo. A mortalidade é desprezível na forma leve da doença, mas preocupante em sua forma grave, com índices variando de 20 por cento a 40 por cento. A falência múltipla de órgãos e a infecção sistêmica (sepse) são os grandes responsáveis por esta alta letalidade na PA necrosante. O melhor conhecimento das formas evolutivas, a aquisição de métodos de imagem diagnósticos e terapêuticos, o setor especializado de terapia intensiva e a maior experiência de equipes interdisciplinares têm promovido uma queda significativa na morbiletalidade.

The clinical evolution of an episode of acute pancreatitis vary from self-limited condition, benign, restrict to the abdomen to a systematic disease, severe, of an inexact and some time fatal evolution. Although most of them appear in a benign form (80 percent - 90 percent), about 10 percent - 20 percent of the also called mild acute pancreatitis is potentially severe and has its beginning as a pancreatic and(or) peripancreatic necrosis. Despite many etiologies, 80 percent - 90 percent are due to cholelithiasis, especially microlithiasis and alcoholism. Mortality is insignificant in the mild form of the disease, but worrisome when it comes to severe acute pancreatitis, when the indexes vary in 20 percent -40 percent. Multiple organ failure and systemic infection (sepsis) are the most responsible for the high mortality rate of the necrotizing PA. Knowing better the evolutionary forms aquisition of diagnostic and therapeutic image methods, specializes department in critical care and a more experienced and interdisciplinary staff have promoted a significant decrease in morbilethality.

Outcome of conservative management in acute pancreatitis

This study was done to evaluate the patients of acute pancreatitis managed conservatively and to review the findings of investigations. A descriptive study. This study was done in Combined Military and Military Hospital Rawalpindi from Nov 2004 to March 2005. This study was carried out from Nov 2004 to March 2005. All Patients presenting with acute abdominal pain and subsequently diagnosed as acute pancreatitis were included in this study. After history general physical and systemic examination was done. All relevant biochemical tests keeping in view Ranson's criteria were carried out. Patients were managed in surgical intensive therapy centre with broad-spectrum antibiotics, somatostatin analogues, intravenous crystalloid infusions, proton pump inhibitor and analgesics. All patients were monitored for complications if any. They were kept hospitalized till their serum amylase level was normal and they were asymptomatic on oral feeding. Ten [33%] of the patients were females and 20[67%] were males. Majority of the patients were between 31 years to 60 years of age. All of them presented with pain epigastrium, 23 [77%] had fever, 21 [70%] had vomiting. Twenty one [70%] had TLC above 16000/mm3. Serum amylase was raised four times in 30 [100%]. While on CT scan abdomen swelling of pancreas was seen in 17 [57%], peripancreatic fluid in 9 [30%] The treatment of acute pancreatitis is primarily conservative. Conservative management results in low rate of complications, mortality and cost, therefore conservative management should be the first option in treatment of acute pancreatitis

Regulation of omega-3 fish oil emulsion on the SIRS during the initial stage of severe acute pancreatitis / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

The aim of this study was to explore the effects of parenteral supplementation with omega-3 fish oil emulsion (Omegaven) on systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) during the initial stage of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). In a prospective, randomized and controlled trial, 60 patients with SAP were randomized either to treat with conventional therapy (Con group, n=30) or conventional therapy plus intravenous supplementation with omega-3 fish oil emulsion 0.2 g/kg every day (FO group, n=30). The effects were analyzed by the SIRS-related indexes. The results showed that APACHE-II scores in FO group were significantly lower, and the gap increased much farther after the 4th day than those in Con group (P<0.05). Fluid equilibrium time became shorter markedly in FO group than in Con group (5.1+/-2.2 days vs 8.4+/-2.3 days). In FO group, SIRS scores were markedly decreased and the SIRS state vanished after the 4th day; Plasma level of TNF-alpha was significantly reduced, while IL-10 decreased markedly, most prominently between the 4th and 7th day, and the ratio of IL-10/TNF-alpha raised as compared with Con group (P<0.05). During the initial stage of SAP, parenteral supplementation with omega-3 fish oil emulsion could efficiently lower the magnitude and persistence time of the SIRS, markedly retrieve the unbalance of the pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines, improve severe condition of illness and may provide a new way to regulate the SIRS.

Rompiendo paradigmas en la Pancreatitis Aguda Grave una nueva visión en el tratamiento de la enfermedad / Breaking paradigms in the acute severe pancreatitis: a new vision in the treatment of the disease

El tratamiento de la pancreatitis aguda grave esta cambiando muy rápido en los últimos tiempos por lo que la actualización constante de las últimas tendencias nos obliga a variar frecuentemente los protocolos de manejo de la enfermedad, ya que lo que hoy es una verdad mañana podría ser un error. En la unidad de pancreatitis aguda grave del Hospital Rebagliati creemos que existen cuatro paradigmas que pueden cambiar nuestra manera de tratar esta enfermedad. En la unidad creemos que la terapia con antibiótico profiláctico no es efectiva paradisminuir la incidencia de necrosis infectada ni la mortalidad en la pancreatitis aguda con necrosis, ya que los trabajos publicados durante los dos últimos años demuestran una clara tendencia a la inefectividad de esta terapia. En el protocolo de la unidad no existe ninguna indicación para intervenir quirúrgicamente a la necrosis estéril. Por lo que el tratamiento quirúrgico podría ser un factor que aumentela severidad del cuadro, produciendo mayores índices de mortalidad en los pacientes con necrosis pancreática estéril. La verdadera y única indicación absoluta de cirugía es la Punción por aguja fina (P.A.F.) positiva, descartando a la ôsepsis en ausencia de foco infeccioso extra pancreático como indicación quirúrgica y dejando a la presencia de gas en la tomografía como indicación relativa para realizar una cirugía. En la Unidad creemos que la necrosectomia pancreática se puede realizar en un solo acto siempre y cuando se pueda retardar el acto quirúrgico el mayor tiempo posible.

The treatment of the severe acute pancreatitis has changed too fast in the last years and the new tendencies and continuous updates are forcing us to constantly vary the disease management protocols taking into account that what is true for today may prove to be a mistake tomorrow. In the Severe Acute Pancreatitis Unit of Eduardo Rebagliati Martins Hospital we believe there are four paradigms that can change the way we treat the disease. In the Unit we believe that a prophylactic antibiotic therapy is not effective in diminishing the incidence of infected necrosis nor in decreasing the death rate among patients with acute pancreatitis with necrosis, since the works published in the last two years make evident the clear tendency to the inefficiency of this therapy. In the protocol of the Unit there is no indication for surgical intervention of sterile necrosis since the surgical treatment could become the factor increasing the severity of the case that would cause higher death rates among patients with sterile pancreatic necrosis. The only and true absolute indication for surgery is a positive fine needle punction whichdiscards ôsepsis in the absence of an extrapancreatic source of infection as surgical indication and allows the presence of gas in the tomography to be a relative indication for surgical intervention. In the Unit we consider that a pancreatic necrosectomy can beperformed in one surgery as long as this can be delayed as much as possible.

Perfil dos pacientes internados com pancreatite aguda nos serviços de gastroenterologia clínica e cirurgia geral do Hospital Santa Clara, do Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa, Porto Alegre/RS, no período de 2000 a 2004 / Profile of patients with acute pancreatitis in the Service of Clinical Gastroenterology and Surgery of Santa Clara Hospital, Santa Casa, Porto Alegre/RS, South Brazil, 2000-2004

A pancreatite aguda é uma doença inflamatória aguda do pâncreas, que pode acometer tecidos peripancreáticos, levar à necrose e até mesmo falência múltipla de órgãos. Sua fisiopatologia, ainda que não totalmente elucidada parece ser desencadeada por um fenômeno comum central, a ativação intrapancreática das enzimas digestivas que levam à autodigestão pancreática, com uma evolução imprevisível. É reconhecido apenas que a primeira fase da pancreatite aguda severa é a SIRS (Síndrome da Resposta Inflamatória Sistêmica). Por ser conhecida desde a antigüidade e ter altos níveis de morbimortalidade, decidiuse estudar a prevalência de pancreatite aguda nos pacientes atendidos no Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre/RS. Sessenta pacientes foram incluídos no estudo. Os dados foram coletados de prontuários médicos e preenchendo-se um protocolo que analisou fatores como sexo, idade, etiologia, morbidade, necessidade ou não de unidade de terapia intensiva, exames de imagem, exames de laboratório, uso de antimicrobianos, cirurgia e tempo de internação. Apesar das controvérsias ainda hoje existentes na literatura, todos os pacientes foram manejados e receberam alta, provavelmente porque na amostra trataram-se de pancreatites leves, mesmo que não se tenha usado nenhum critério de gravidade e/ou prognóstico para classificá-los...

Acute pancreatitis is a severe inflammation of the pancreas which may damage the peripancreatic tissues, cause necrosis or even multiple organ failure. Its physiopathology, still not totally explained, it seems to be started by a central commom phenomenon, the intrapancreatic activation of digestive enzymes which lead to pancreatic self-digestion with unpredictable evolution. ItÆs only known the first stage of severe pancreatitis, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS). For being known since ancientness and having high levels of morbi-mortality, it was decided to study the prevalence of severe ancreatitis in pacients attended at Santa Casa Hospital, in Porto Alegre, RS. Sixty pacients were included in this study, the data was collected from medical records and filling a protocol that analyzed factors like gender, age, aetiology, morbity, necessity or not of an intensive care unit, image exams, laboratory exams, use of antimicrobial, surgery and time of internment. In spite of controversies present today in the books, all pacients were treated and released, probably because the group case study showed acute pancreatitis, even though it was not used any criteria of seriousness and/or prognostic to classify them...

Pancreatitis aguda: experiencia en el Hospital Jesús Yerena: Lídice / Acute pancreatitis: Hospital Jesús Yerena experience: Lídice

Presentar la experiencia en el diagnóstico y manejo de la pancreatitis aguda en el servicio de cirugía del Hospital Jesús Yerena de Lídice, en Caracas, al igual que los aspectos epidemiológicos relacionados con esta enfermedad y comparar los resultados con la bibliografía mundial. Se realizó un estudio de tipo retrospectivo, revisándose 106 historias clínicas de pacientes que ingresaron a la emergencia del hospital por presentar un cuadro de pancreatitis aguda, en un período de 10 años, desde enero de 1993 hasta enero de 2003. De un total de 106 pacientes con pancreatitis aguda, 83 fueron de sexo masculino (78,30 por ciento) y 39 de sexo femenino (21,70 por ciento). El grupo etario más afectado fue el comprendido entre los 27 y 37 años de edad (49 por ciento). Las causas de la pancreatitis fueron: litiasis biliar en 42,45 por ciento de los casos, trauma abdominal en 23,58 por ciento e ingesta excesiva de alcohol en 18,86 por ciento de los pacientes. Los principales síntomas presentados por estos pacientes fueron: dolor abdominal, náuseas, vómitos, ictericia y en algunos casos rigidez abdominal. Del total de pacientes, 44 fueron sometidos a intervención quirúrgica, realizándose diferentes procedimientos como: desbridamento pancreático, colecistostomía y coledocostomía, lavado peritoneal, irrigación de la cavidad abdominal. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron las fístulas pancreáticas (22,72 por ciento), absceso intraabdominal (13,63 por ciento), diabetes (4,54 por ciento), y pseudoquistes pancreáticos (2,72 por ciento). En total fallecieron 9 pacientes (8,49 por ciento). Preocupa el considerable número de personas jóvenes afectas por esta patología, ya que se consideran una población en edad productiva o económicamente activa. Dentro de los antecedentes patológicos de importancia presentados por estos pacientes, no difieren de manera significativa, en comparación con los descritos en la bibliografía mundial, pero se destaca que una población importante.

Cronología y estado actual de las conductas terapéuticas en la pancreatitis aguda / Chronology and current status of the therapy in acute pancreatitis

Un análisis retrospectivo del intrincado curso de las pancreopatías agudas permite evidenciar cambios desde el punto de vista conceptual tanto en aspectos fisiopatológicos como en la historia natural de la enfermedad y en las conductas terapéuticas. Si bien la responsabilidad del factor biliar no se discute, el clásico mecanismo del reflujo bilio-pancreático por canal común es controvertido. En relación a la historia natural, apesar que aún presentan interrogantes algunos aspectos que deben ser redefinidos en el futuro, se acepta la evolución bifásica de la pancreatitis aguda grave, con un período inicial o de ataque y otro tardío en el curso de la 2a o 3a semana, cuando suelen surgir complicaciones sépticas o bien evolucionar hacia la resolución del proceso. .El concepto de respuesta a la injuria o reacción inflamatoria sistemática resulta fundamental para Interpretar las nefastas consecuencias de una conducta quirúrgica mal indicada en la etapa temprana de una pancreatitis grave. De manera esquemático se presentan las distintas conductas terapéuticas en el curso de los años desde la lejana y dogmática cirugía por principio, hasta el momento actual, en que el tratamiento conservador es aceptado por unanimidad en el período crítico inicial de la enfermedad, dejando lugar a la cirugía en la fase de complicaciones sépticas y reactivación o persistencia del síndrome de reacción inflamatoria.

This article realize a retrospective analysis of the course of acute pancreatitis and evidence changes of concepts upon physiopathogenesis aspects, the natural history of the disease and the therapeutic management. The responsability of the biliary factor its accepted but the classic mechanism of the biliopancreatic reflux by common chanel its on discussion. Relativeness to natural history of the acute pancreatitis, however of to remain un known sone aspects to ellucidate on the future, today its accepted the biphasic course of the severe pancreatitis, with one initial period and other tardif, to second or their week, with septic complications or evolution to resolution of process. The concept of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and failure of organ systems (renal insufficiency, pulmonary insufficiency) its essential for interpretation of the ominous consequences of one inopportune surgical approach on the early period, associated with high mortality. One schematic personnel square present the different therapeutics procedures along the years, from the distant and dogmatic surgery for principle, until the actual moment where the conservative attitude its of unanimous acquiescence on critic period of disease. The surgery its indicated on second phase, with developing of septic complications, reactivation or persistence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome with increasing severity of pancreatitis.

Experience in diagnosis and treatment of bleeding complications in severe acute pancreatitis by TAE / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

The experience in diagnosis and treatment of bleeding complications in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) by transcatheter arterial embolization was summarized. The clinical data of 19 SAP patients complicated with intra-abdominal bleeding in our hospital from Jan. 2000 to Jan. 2003 were analyzed retrospectively and the therapeutic outcome of TAE was evaluated statistically. The results showed that the short-term successful rate of hemostasis by TAE was 89.5% (17/19), the incidence of re-bleeding after TAE was 36.8% (7/19) and the successful rate of hemostatis by second TAE was 71.4% (5/7). It was concluded that the intra-abdominal bleeding in SAP was mainly caused by the rupture of erosive/infected pseudoaneurysm. Mostly, the broken vessels were splenic artery and gastroduodenal artery; In terms of emergence hemostatis, TAE is the most effective method. Surgical hemostasis is necessary if hemostasis by TAE is failed or re-bleeding occurs after TAE.

Pancreatitis aguda hemorrágica necrotizante (PAN) / Acute Pancreatitis hemorrágica necrotizante (PAN)

Presenta el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino de 38 años de edad que ingresa en la unidad de Cirugía del Hospital Regional y Docente Isidro Ayora de Loja por cuadros a repetición de dolor abdominal continuo intenso, malestar general.