Intercultural childbirth: impact on the maternal health of the ecuadorian kichwa and mestizo people of the otavalo region / Parto intercultural: impacto na saúde materna dos equatorianos kichwa e mestiços da região de otavalo

Abstract Objective Considering the increased frequency of maternal deaths reported from 2001 to 2005 for Indigenous andmestizo women from the Ecuadorian rural area ofOtavalo,where the Kichwa people has lived for centuries, the objective of the present article is to describehow the efforts of the local health community and hospital workers together with a propitious political environment facilitated the implementation of intercultural childbirth,which is a strategy that respects the Andean childbirth worldview. Methods We evaluated a 3-year follow-up (2014-16) of the maternal mortality and the childbirth features (4,213 deliveries). Results Although the Western-style (lying down position) childbirth was adopted by 80.6% of the pregnant women, 19.4% of bothmestizo and Indigenous women adopted the intercultural delivery (squatting and kneeling positions). Both intercultural (42.2%) and Western-style (57.8%) childbirths were similarly adopted by Kichwa women, whereas Western-style childbirth predominated among mestizo women (94.0%). After the implementation of the intercultural strategy in 2008, a dramatic decrease of maternal deaths has been observed until now in both rural and urban Otavalo regions. Conclusion This scenario reveals that the intermingling of cultures and respect for childbirth traditions have decreased maternal mortality in this World Health Organization- awarded program.

Resumo Objetivo Considerandoa crescente frequência demortesmaternas notificadas de 2001 a 2005 entre mulheres indígenas e mestiças da área rural equatoriana de Otavalo, onde o povo Kichwa vive há séculos, o objetivo deste artigo é descrever como os esforços da comunidade local de saúde e dos trabalhadores hospitalares, juntamente com um ambiente político propício, facilitaram a implementação do parto intercultural, que é uma estratégia que respeita a visão de mundo do parto andino. Métodos Foram avaliadas as características da mortalidade materna e do parto (4.213 partos) por um período de 3 anos (2014-16) Resultados Embora o parto no estilo ocidental (posição deitada) tenha sido adotado por 80,6% das gestantes, 19,4% das mestiças e indígenas adotaram o parto intercultural (posições de agachamento e ajoelhamento). Os partos interculturais (42,2%) e ocidentais (57,8%) foram adotados de maneira semelhante pelas mulheres Kichwa, enquanto o parto ocidental predominou entre as mestiças (94,0%). Após a implementação da estratégia intercultural em 2008, foi observada uma redução drástica de mortes maternas nas regiões rurais e urbanas de Otavalo. Conclusão Esse cenário revela que a mistura de culturas e o respeito às tradições do parto diminuíram a mortalidade materna neste programa premiado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde.

Mortes de mulheres internadas para parto e por aborto e de seus conceptos em maternidades públicas / Deaths of women hospitalized for childbirth and abortion, and of their concept, in maternity wards of Brazilian public hospitals

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar mortes de mulheres internadas para parto e por aborto, e de seus conceptos - fetais e neonatais - em maternidades públicas nas cidades de São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Niterói (RJ), em 2011. Estudo seccional de base hospitalar. Participaram 7.845 mulheres resultando em um óbito materno, 498 abortos, 65 óbitos fetais, 44 óbitos neonatais e 7.291 sobreviventes infantis. Dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevista, consulta ao prontuário, cartão da gestante e no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Foi descrita a população de estudo e estimados a concordância da causa básica (SIM e certificada pela pesquisa) e os indicadores de mortalidade. A mortalidade materna foi 13,6 por cem mil nascidos vivos (NV), fetal 8,8‰ nascimentos e neonatal 6,0‰ NV. Misoprostol foi o medicamento mais utilizado no aborto provocado. Transtornos respiratórios e fatores maternos foram as principais causas entre óbitos fetais e neonatais. Sífilis congênita, diabetes e causas de morte fetal não especificada foram subdeclaradas no SIM. Os coeficientes kappa por capítulo foram 0,70 (neonatais) e 0,54 (natimortos). A assistência de boa qualidade no planejamento reprodutivo, pré-natal, durante o parto e nascimento resultará na prevenção das mortes.

Abstract The aim of this cross-sectional hospital-based study of 7,845 pregnancies was to analyze deaths of women hospitalized for childbirth and abortion, and fetal and neonatal deaths, in public hospitals in the cities of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Niteroi (RJ), Brazil, in 2011. Outcomes of the pregnancies were: one maternal death, 498 abortions, 65 fetal deaths, 44 neonatal deaths and 7,291 infant survivors. Data were collected through interviews, medical records and the women's pregnancy records, and from the Mortality Information System (SIM). The study population was described and kappa coefficients of causes of death (from the SIM, and certified by research) and mortality health indicators were estimated. The maternal mortality ratio was 13.6 per 100,000 live births (LB), the fetal death rate was 8.8‰ births and the neonatal mortality rate was 6.0‰ LB. The drug most used to induce abortion was Misoprostol. The main causes of fetal and neonatal deaths were respiratory disorders and maternal factors. Congenital syphilis, diabetes and fetal death of unspecified cause were under-reported in the SIM. Kappa coefficients by chapter were 0.70 (neonatal deaths) and 0.54 (stillbirths). Good quality care in reproductive planning, prenatal care, during labor and at birth will result in prevention of deaths.

Epidemiological profile of maternal mortality / Perfil epidemiológico de mortalidad materna / Perfil epidemiológico de mortalidade materna

ABSTRACT Objective: To know the epidemiological profile of maternal mortality in Juiz de Fora, a city in the state of Minas Gerais. Data collection was carried out from April to December 2016. Method: Summary of a confidential investigation of maternal mortality on deaths occurred from January 1st, 2005 to December 31, 2015. Results: Eighty-five deaths of women residing in Juiz de Fora were identified and analyzed. The age group was between 20 and 36 years. The women carried out prenatal care (74.1%) with less than six visits (34.0%). Cesarean section was conducted in 38.8% of the childbirths and the obstetric treatment was considered appropriate (32.9%). The first cause of maternal death was hypovolemic shock 12 (14.10%), followed by uterine hypotony 6 (7.0%). Conclusion: Cesarean section rates are high and prenatal adherence is lower than that expected, which could justify the number of deaths in the period studied.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Conocer el perfil epidemiológico de la mortalidad materna en Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. Datos recolectados de abril a diciembre de 2016. Método: Resumen de la investigación confidencia de muerte materna, de óbitos ocurridos entre el 1 de enero de 2005 y el 31 de diciembre de 2015. Resultados: Fueron identificadas y analizadas las 85 muertes de mujeres residentes en Juiz de Fora. Su faja etaria correspondía al segmento de 20 a 36 años. Las mujeres hicieron consultas prenatales (74,1%) de menos de seis visitas (34,0%). Se realizó cesárea en 38,8% de los partos, y el tratamiento obstétrico fue considerado correcto (32,9%). La primera causa de muerte materna fue el shock hipovolémico, 12 (14,10%), seguido de hipotonía uterina, 6 (7,0%). Conclusión: La tasa de cesáreas es alta, y la adherencia prenatal es menor a la esperada, lo cual podría justificar el número de óbitos en el período estudiado.

RESUMO Objetivo: Conhecer o perfil epidemiológico da mortalidade materna em Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. A coleta de dados foi realizada de abril a dezembro de 2016. Método: Resumo da investigação confidencial de morte materna, de óbitos ocorridos entre 1º de janeiro de 2005 e 31 de dezembro de 2015. Resultados: Foram identificadas e analisadas as 85 mortes de mulheres residentes em Juiz de Fora. A faixa etária foi compreendida entre 20 e 36 anos. As mulheres tiveram pré-natal (74,1%), com menos de seis visitas (34,0%). A cesariana foi realizada em 38,8% dos partos, e o tratamento obstétrico foi considerado correto (32,9%). A primeira causa de morte materna foi o choque hipovolêmico 12 (14,10%), seguido de hipotonia uterina 6 (7,0%). Conclusão: A taxa de cesariana é alta e a aderência pré-natal é menor do que a esperada, o que poderia justificar o número de óbitos no período estudado.

Multi-stakeholder perspectives on access, availability and utilization of emergency obstetric care services in Lagos, Nigeria: A mixed-methods study

Globally, Nigeria is the second most unsafe country to be pregnant, with Lagos, its economic nerve center having disproportionately higher maternal deaths than the national average. Emergency obstetric care (EmOC) is effective in reducing pregnancy related morbidities and mortalities. This mixed-methods study quantitatively assessed women's satisfaction with EmOC received and qualitatively engaged multiple key stakeholders to better understand issues around EmOC access, availability and utilization in Lagos. Qualitative interviews revealed that regarding access, while government opined that EmOC facilities have been strategically built across Lagos, women flagged issues with difficulty in access, compounded by perceived high EmOC cost. For availability, though health workers were judged competent, they appeared insufficient, overworked and felt poorly remunerated. Infrastructure was considered inadequate and paucity of blood and blood products remained commonplace. Although pregnant women positively rated the clinical aspects of care, as confirmed by the survey, satisfaction gaps remained in the areas of service delivery, care organization and responsiveness. These areas of discordance offer insight to opportunities for improvements, which would ensure that every woman can access and use quality EmOC that is sufficiently available

Intervenciones de enfermería para la atención del parto de bajo riesgo de la mujer en el primer nivel de atención / Nursing interventions for low-risk delivery of women at the first level of care

Intervenciones de enfermería para la atención del parto de bajo riesgo de la mujer en el primer nivel de atención.Introducción. Diariamente mueren 1500 mujeres por complicaciones en el embarazo y el parto. Por tanto, la mejora de la salud materna es considerada como uno de los ocho objetivos del Milenio adoptados en la Cumbre del Mileno de las Naciones Unidas en el año 2000.Métodos. Con “Delivery, Obstetric” como descriptor y el planteamiento de preguntas clínicas, se realizó la búsqueda sistemática en: PUBMED, BvS, Trip Database y Scielo para la revisión de meta análisis, revisiones sistemáticas, guías clínicas y ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, cuyas evidencias y recomendaciones con mayor gradación y fuerza respectivamente, dieran respuesta en la detección de factores de riesgo, atención del parto y prevención de complicaciones. Se incluyeron documentos en inglés, portugués y español publicados entre 2011-2015.Resultados. Se analizaron 213 documentos, de los cuales 15 fueron utilizados en esta guía. La evidencia científica enfatiza la valoración oportuna de riesgos como: hipertensión arterial, infecciones de vías urinarias recurrentes, sangrado durante el embarazo, multiparidad, edad mayor a 35 años y nivel socioeconómico bajo, considerados como causas obstétricas de mortalidad materna y la prevención de posibles complicaciones derivadas de la atención del parto. Además, vigilar la evolución del parto, uso y reacción adversa de uterotónicos, constantes vitales de la mujer y la actividad cardíaca fetal así como cuidados que faciliten la atención humanizada. Conclusiones. Las intervenciones de enfermería basadas en evidencia científica influyen en la calidad de la atención del parto con el menor riesgo de morbilidad y mortalidad materna. Palabras clave. Parto obstétrico, factores de riesgo, enfermería, complicaciones.

Introduction. Every day 1500 women die from complications in pregnancy and childbirth. Therefore, improving maternal health it is regarded as one of the eight Millennium Development Goals adopted at the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000.Methods. With ""Delivery, Obstetric"" as descriptor and approach to clinical questions, the systematic search was conducted: PUBMED, BvS, Trip Database and Scielo for review of meta-analyzes, systematic reviews, clinical guidelines and randomized clinical trials, whose evidence and recommendations more gradation and strength respectively, would respond in detecting risk factors, delivery care and prevention of complications. documents in English, Portuguese and Spanish published between 2011-2015 were included.Results. 213 documents were analyzed, of which 15 were used in this guide. Scientific evidence emphasizes the timely assessment of risks such as low blood pressure, infections recurrent urinary tract infections, bleeding during pregnancy, multiparity, older than 35 years, and socioeconomic status considered obstetric causes of maternal mortality and the prevention of possible complications of care delivery. In addition, monitoring the progress of labor, use and adverse reaction of uterotonics, vitals of women and fetal heart activity and facilitate care humanized care.Conclusions. Nursing interventions based on scientific evidence influence the quality of care delivery with lower risk of maternal morbidity and mortality.Keywords. obstetrical delivery, risk factors, nursing, complications.

As intervenções de enfermagem para prestação de cuidados de mulheres de baixo risco no primeiro nível de atenção.Introdução. Todos os dias 1500 mulheres morrem de complicações na gravidez e no parto. Portanto, melhorar a saúde materna é considerado como um dos oito Objectivos de Desenvolvimento do Milénio adoptados na Cimeira do Milénio das Nações Unidas em 2000.Métodos. Com ""Parto Obstétrico"" como descritor e abordagem de questões clínicas, a busca sistemática foi conduzida: PubMed, BvS, Banco de Dados de viagem e Scielo para revisão de meta-análises, revisões sistemáticas, diretrizes clínicas e estudos clínicos randomizados, cujas provas e recomendações mais gradação e força, respectivamente, iria responder na detecção de fatores de risco, assistência ao parto e prevenção de complicações. documentos em Inglês, Português e Espanhol, publicados entre 2011-2015 foram incluídos.Resultados. 213 documentos foram analisadas, dos quais 15 foram usadas neste guia. A evidência científica enfatiza a avaliação atempada dos riscos, tais como pressão arterial baixa, infecções do trato urinário infecções recorrentes, sangramento durante a gravidez, multiparidade, mais de 35 anos e nível socioeconômico considerado causas obstétricas de mortalidade materna ea prevenção de possíveis complicações da prestação de cuidados. Além disso, o monitoramento do progresso do trabalho de parto, uso e de reacções adversas de uterotônicos, sinais vitais de mulheres e atividade cardíaca fetal e facilitar o atendimento cuidado humanizado.Conclusões. As intervenções de enfermagem baseadas em evidências científicas influenciar a qualidade da prestação de cuidados a um menor risco de morbidade e mortalidade materna. entrega obstétrica, fatores de risco, enfermagem, complicações.

Manual "Código Rojo" para el manejo de la hemorragia obstétrica / Manual "Red Code" for the management of obstetric hemorrhage

El manual, corresponde a una estrategia para reducir la tasa de mortalidad materna en relación a la hemorragia obstétrica y como indica el documento: "El comportamiento de la morbi-mortalidad materna en los últimos diez años, ha situado a la hemorragia obstétrica en el primer lugar del país. Por lo anterior se priorizan las acciones que impacten en la reducción de la muerte materna implementando la estrategia de "Código Rojo", la cual estandariza los lineamientos técnicos, normativos y clínicos para la prevención y manejo de la hemorragia obstétrica y choque hipovolémico, respondiendo así al derecho reproductivo que establece que ninguna mujer debe morir por causas relacionadas al embarazo, parto y post parto." Código rojo

Características dos nascidos vivos, das mães e mortalidade neonatal precoce na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil / Maternal and neonatal characteristics and early neonatal mortality in Greater Metropolitan São Paulo, Brazil

O objetivo foi descrever as características do recém-nascido, da mãe e da mortalidade neonatal precoce, segundo local de parto, na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil. Utilizou-se coorte de nascidos vivos vinculados aos respectivos óbitos neonatais precoces, por técnica determinística. Identificou-se o parto domiciliar a partir da Declaração de Nascido Vivo e os ocorridos em estabelecimentos a partir da vinculação com o Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde. Foram estudados 154.676 nascidos vivos, dos quais 0,3 por cento dos nascimentos ocorreram acidentalmente em domicílio, 98,7 por cento em hospitais e menos de 1 por cento em outro serviço de saúde. A mortalidade foi menor no Centro de Parto Normal e nas Unidades Mistas de Saúde, condizente com o perfil de baixo risco obstétrico. As taxas mais elevadas ocorreram nos prontos-socorros (54,4 óbitos por mil nascidos vivos) e domicílios (26,7), representando um risco de morte, respectivamente, 9,6 e 4,7 vezes maior que nos hospitais (5,6). Apesar da alta predominância do parto hospitalar, há um segmento de partos acidentais tanto em domicílios como em prontos-socorros que merece atenção, por registrar elevadas taxas de mortalidade neonatal precoce.

The objective was to describe maternal and neonatal characteristics and early neonatal mortality rate according to place of delivery in Greater Metropolitan São Paulo, Brazil. The study linked the databases on live births and early neonatal deaths with the national hospital registry. Place of delivery was identified through certificates of live birth. There were a total of 154,676 live births: 98.7 percent in-hospital; 0.3 percent home deliveries, and 1 percent in other health services. Deliveries in birthing centers and small hospital units were associated with low obstetric risk and a low proportion of preterm and low birth weight infants, and as a result these services showed the lowest early neonatal mortality rate. Compared to hospital maternity ward deliveries, the early neonatal mortality rate was 4.7 times higher for home deliveries and 9.6 higher for emergency room deliveries. There is a high rate of hospital delivery care in São Paulo, but there is still a small portion of accidental home births and deliveries occurring in inappropriate health services, probably as a result of obstetric emergencies and difficulties in accessing hospital services.

[Neonatal prognosis of second twin]

Twin pregnancy is associated to high neonatal morbidity particularly for the second twin. To assess twin delivery practice in our department and prognosis of second twin. retrospective study of medical files of parturition women with twin pregnancy between January 2003 and December 2006. Were excluded women delivered before 28 weeks gestation, twin pregnancies with death or malformation of one of twins. Descriptive and comparative analyses were realised. one hundred forty six twin pregnancies were counted. Vaginal delivery was attempted with 90 parturition women with 85,5% of success. Caesarean section delivery rate was 47,2%. Overall there's no difference between twins considering neonatal complication. In case of vaginal delivery, the second twin's 5 minutes Apgar score was statistically under the one of the 1st twin if compared to the caesarean section delivery. This difference was no more significant if regarding the Apgar score under 7 at 5 minutes. Apgar score of the second twin was also under the one of the first twin in non cephalic presentation. vaginal delivery of twin pregnancy was not associated to high risk for twins. Obstetrical manoeuvres should be well controlled to reduce obstetrical trauma

Availability and use of emergency obstetric care services in four districts of West Bengal, India.

Process indicators have been recommended for monitoring the availability and use of emergency obstetric care (EmOC) services. A health facility-based study was carried out in 2002 in four districts of West Bengal, India, to analyze these process indicators. Relevant records and registers for 2001 of all studied facilities in the districts were reviewed to collect data using a pre-designed schedule. The numbers of basic and comprehensive EmOC facilities were inadequate in all the four districts compared to the minimum acceptable level. Overall, 26.2% of estimated annual births took place in the EmOC facilities (ranged from 16.2% to 45.8% in 4 districts) against the required minimum of 15%. The rate of caesarean section calculated for all expected births in the population varied from 3.5% to 4.4% in the four districts with an overall rate of 4%, which is less than the minimum target of 5%. Only 29.9% of the estimated number of complications (which is 15% of all births) was managed in the EmOC facilities. The combined case-fatality rate in the basic/comprehensive EmOC facilities was 1.7%. Major obstetric complications contributed to 85.7% of maternal deaths, and pre-eclampsia/eclampsia was the most common cause. It can be concluded that all the process indicators, except proportion of deliveries in the EmOC facilities, were below the acceptable level. Certain priority measures, such as making facilities fully functional, effective referral and monitoring system, skill-based training, etc., are to be emphasized to improve the situation.

Incidencia de rotura uterina en el Hospital Dr. Patrocinio Peñuela Ruíz 1982-2003 / Incidence of uterine rupture at the Hospital Dr. Patrocinio Peñuela Ruíz 1982-2003

El presente es un estudio retrospectivo y longitudinal realizado en el Hospital Patrocinio Peñuela Ruíz, San Cristóbal, Estado Táchira, basado en la revisión de las historias clínicas entre los años 1982-2003 con diagnóstico de Rotura Uterina. Encontrándose una Tasa de 0.22 por 1000 partos (1 de 4512 partos). El 50 por ciento pertenecia al grupo 1 a 4 paras. La edad gestacional predominante fue 37-41 semanas 83.33 por ciento. El 66.66 por ciento de los casos tenían útero indemne, el factor determinante más frecuente fue el uso de Oxitócico (66.66 por ciento), el 50 por ciento de las rupturas fueron espontáneas, la Histeretomía fue usada en un 50 por ciento, el diagnóstico intraoperatorio fue del 83.33 por ciento, la mortalidad fetal fue del 33.33 por ciento

Reasons for Zahedan's women for not referring to delivery ward for child delivery

Maternal and infantile mortality are important health indicators of every society due to pregnancy incidents. Maternal and infant mortality and also neonatal tetanus incidents have direct relation with delivery condition. Neonatal tetanus and mortality among mothers and newborns have direct relation with delivery in non-hygienic condition. Non-hygienic delivery rate is very high in Sistan and Baluchestan province. Even in the city of Zahedan with a population of 450000, where as access to maternity hospital is possible for all residents of this city, 50-60% deliveries take place at home. In this study, the reasons of women were investigated for not referring to maternity hospital for delivery. The method of research was case control. Case group was selected from those women whose last deliveries had not taken place in maternity hospital and referred to health centers to vaccinate their children [no. 482]. Control group was selected randomly among women who referred to hospital to give birth [no. 198]. Hospital's high fee [38%], easy delivery at home [19%], fear from cesarean and drugs adverse reaction [13%] were the most prevalent reason for not giving birth at hospital. Employment and literacy rates of those women who had given birth at home were lower than control group. They were mainly from Suni and Baluch ethnic. In order to minimize the cultural barriers of referring to maternal hospital, we advise the respectful officers, to make insurance public, lower the treatments fee, held training programs and provide hygienic conditions with low cost for out of hospital deliveries

Servicios profesionales para análisis y tendencia de las muertes maternas no obstetricas en adolescentes de los Municipios seleccionados de Matagalpa (Matagalpa, Tuma-La Dalia, Rancho Grande y Waslala) / Professional services for analysis and trend of the motherly deaths not @@obstetricas in adolescent of the Municipalities selected of Matagalpa(Matagalpa, Tuma-the Dalia, Rancho Grande and Waslala)

Presenta investigación de tipo retrospectiva, descriptiva complementada con elementos cualitativos que orienten hacia posibles hipótesis sobre las tendencia de las muertes materna en adolescentes relacionadas con causas no obstétricas. Se hace un analisis cuantitativo para establecer el cruzamiento de variables que orienten algunas relaciones con las muertes no obstetricas, en bases de datos proporcionadas por el SILAIS de Matagalpa. Los resultados que brinde la investigación serßn retomados para la presentación de líneas estratégicas para el abordaje de prevención de muertes maternas por causas obstétricas

Perinatal mortality at Al-Corniche hospital Abu Dhabi 1988 to 1992

A survey of 525 perinatal deaths occuring amongst 43,356 births between the years 1988 to 1992 at Al Corniche Hospital, Abu Dhabi revealed a perinatal mortality rate [PMR] of 12.11/1000 total births, still birth rate of 7.12/1000 total births and early neonatal death rate of 4.55/1000 live births. Lethal malformations accounted for 178 [33.9%] deaths. Of the remaining 347 normally formed infants, 194 [55.9%] died antenatally, 21 [6.05%] died intrapartally and 132 [38.07%] died in the neonatal period. One hundred and ten [20.95%] of the perinatal deaths weighed < 1000 gms. Of the 216 neonatal deaths, 172 [79.62%] occurred within 24 hours of delivery, mostly because of congenital abnormalities incompatible with life, and prematurity. The Aberdeen Classification showed 16.02% of the mothers had pregnancy complications. Besides social, biological and geographical factors, the other main contributors to perinatal mortality among the normally formed infants were low birth weight in 148 [42.65%], normal birth weight [unexplained] 69 [19.88%], antepartum haemorrhage 32 [7.22%], preeclampsia, eclampsia and PIH 51 [14.6%], maternal disease 28 [8.0%], mechanical factors 17 [4.8%] and haemolytic disease 2 [0.5%]