Efficacy and residual effect of Illicium verum (star anise) and Pelargonium graveolens (rose geranium) essential oil on cat fleas Ctenocephalides felis felis / Eficácia e efeito residual dos óleos essenciais de Illicium verum (anis-estrelado) e Pelargonium graveolens (gerânio rosa) em pulgas de gato Ctenocephalides felis felis

Abstract The essential oils (EOs) of Illicium verum and Pelargonium graveolens were evaluated for lethality, inhibition of development and residual efficacy against the flea Ctenocephalides felis felis. Their chemical composition was characterized by means of gas chromatography with a flame ionization and mass spectrometry detection. Mortality at different immature stages and among adult fleas was measured through in vitro filter paper tests at different concentrations of EOs. The chemical characterization of I. verum volatile oil showed that E-anethole (79.96%) was the major constituent, while the major compounds in P. graveolens were citronellol (29.67%) and geraniol (14.85%). Insecticidal activity against both immature and adult flea stages were observed. The EO of I. verum had insecticidal activity for approximately 18 days, while the EO activity of P. graveolens lasted for 13 days. The pulicidal activity of I. verum remained above 70% for up to 9 days, while the activity of P. graveolens was 41.7% for up to 2 days. Essential oils, especially that of I. verum, showed insecticidal activity for flea control at different life cycle stages and have potential for the development of ectoparasiticides (biopesticides) for veterinary use.

Resumo Os óleos essenciais (OE) de Illicium verum e Pelargonium graveolens foram avaliados quanto à letalidade, inibição do desenvolvimento e eficácia residual contra a pulga Ctenocephalides felis felis. Sua composição química foi caracterizada por meio de cromatografia gasosa com detector de ionização de chama e espectrometria de massas. A mortalidade entre os diferentes estágios imaturos e pulgas adultas foi avaliada por meio de testes in vitro em papel filtro, contendo diferentes concentrações de OEs. A caracterização química do óleo volátil de I. verum mostrou que o E-anetol (79,96%) foi o constituinte majoritário, enquanto os principais compostos de P. graveolens foram citronelol (29,67%) e geraniol (14,85%). Foi observada atividade inseticida contra os estágios imaturos e adulto da pulga. O OE de I. verum teve atividade inseticida por aproximadamente 18 dias, enquanto o de P. graveolens durou 13 dias. A atividade pulicida de I. verum permaneceu acima de 70% até o 9º dia, enquanto a atividade de P. graveolens foi de 41,7% até o 2º dia. Os óleos essenciais, principalmente de I. verum, apresentam atividade inseticida para o controle de pulgas em diferentes estágios do ciclo de vida e têm potencial para o desenvolvimento de ectoparasiticidas (biopesticidas) de uso veterinário.

The anti-candidal activity of Pelargonium graveolens essential oils against clinical isolates of Candida albicans

Objectives: Candida albicans as important opportunistic dimorphic fungi can cause the life threatening infections in humans. In this study, we evaluated the anticandidal activities of six samples of Pelargonium graveolens essential oils against 31 clinical isolates of C.albicans. Materials and methods: The anti-candidal activity was performed by disc diffusion and micro-broth dilution assays. The chemical compositions of essential oils were analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC) apparatus. Results: P. graveolens essential oil samples with citronellol (7.7-43.7%) and geraniol (19.3-48.5%) showed the same anti-candidal activity in two different methods. There is no significant difference between the inhibition zone diameters (19.3-24.1 mm), and the MIC and MFC values (1.06-1.48 and 1.5-1.72 µl/ml) of essential oil samples with different percent of citronellol and geraniol. Conclusion: Therefore, P.graveolens essential oils can be used as anti-candidal agent for further studies.

Objetivos: Candida albicans es un importante hongo dimórfico oportunista que puede llegar a amenazar la vida de pacientes con inmunosupresión. En este estudio se evaluaron las actividades anti-Candida de seis muestras de aceites esenciales de Pelargonium graveolens contra 31 aislamientos clínicos de C. albicans. Materiales y métodos: La actividad anti-Candida se realizó por difusión en disco y ensayos de dilución micro-caldo. La composición química de los aceites esenciales se analizó mediante cromatografía de gases. Resultados: Las muestras de aceite esencial de P. graveolens con citronelol (7,7 a 43,7%) y geraniol (19,3 a 48,5%) mostraron la actividad anti-Candida en dos métodos diferentes. No hubo ninguna diferencia significativa entre los diámetros de la zona de inhibición (19,3-24,1 mm), y valores de MFC (1,06 a 1,48 y de 1,5 a 1,72 l / ml) de muestras de aceites esenciales con diferentes porcentajes de citronelol y geraniol. Conclusión: Los aceites esenciales de P.graveolens se pueden utilizar como agentes anti-Candida para estudios adicionales.

Antibacterial, anti fungal and E. coli DNA cleavage of Euphorbia prostrata and Pelargonium graveolens extract and their combination with novel nanoparticles

As there are a lot of antibacterial and anti-fungal resistant pathogens, researchers attempt to substitute antimicrobial drugs with various medical plants and novel nanoparticles. The present study was conducted to characterize antimicrobial activities of Euphorbia prostrata and Pelargonium graveolens extract alone and in combination with Mn-Ni@Fe3O4-NPs & Mn: Fe (OH)3-NPs on the DNA cleavage of E. coli and also Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus oryzae, and Candida albicans. The effects of antimicrobial activities on above scenarios were evaluated using disc diffusion, MIC, MBC, and E. coli DNA electrophoresis methods. The results showed that the effects of antibacterial assay values of Euphorbia prostrata & Mn: Fe(OH)3 was 21.00 mm for E. coli and while it was 19.5 mm for Euphorbia prostrata & Mn-Ni@Fe3O4 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a concentration of 100mg/mL. The highest level of DNA cleavage was seen in mixed of Euphorbia prostrata & Mn: Fe(OH)3 nanoparticles. In conclusion, the combination of Euphorbia prostrata and Pelargonium graveolens extracts with nanostructures showed synergic effects on eliminating the bacteria via DNA destruction and others mechanisms. Moreover, the synergistic effect of nanoparticles with plant extracts seems to bring about new choices for the treatment of infectious diseases

Genetic variability in G2 and F2 region between biological clones of human respiratory syncytial virus with or without host immune selection pressure

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is an important respiratory pathogens among children between zero-five years old. Host immunity and viral genetic variability are important factors that can make vaccine production difficult. In this work, differences between biological clones of HRSV were detected in clinical samples in the absence and presence of serum collected from children in the convalescent phase of the illness and from their biological mothers. Viral clones were selected by plaque assay in the absence and presence of serum and nucleotide sequences of the G2 and F2 genes of HRSV biological clones were compared. One non-synonymous mutation was found in the F gene (Ile5Asn) in one clone of an HRSV-B sample and one non-synonymous mutation was found in the G gene (Ser291Pro) in four clones of the same HRSV-B sample. Only one of these clones was obtained after treatment with the child's serum. In addition, some synonymous mutations were determined in two clones of the HRSV-A samples. In conclusion, it is possible that minor sequences could be selected by host antibodies contributing to the HRSV evolutionary process, hampering the development of an effective vaccine, since we verify the same codon alteration in absence and presence of human sera in individual clones of BR-85 sample.

Comparison of leaf morphology and anatomy among Malva sylvestris ("gerânio-aromático"), Pelargonium graveolens ("falsa-malva") and Pelargonium odoratissimum ("gerânio-de-cheiro") / Comparação da Morfologia e da anatomia foliar entre as espécies Malva sylvestris (gerânio-aromático), Pelargonium graveolens (falsa-malva) e Pelargonium odoratissimum (gerânio-de-cheiro)

Malva sylvestris is generally confused with Pelargonium graveolens and Pelargonium odoratissimum due to similarities in their leaf morphology. The leaves of M. sylvestris have anthocyanins with scientifically proven cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antioxidant properties. The leaves of P. odoratissimum have essential oil with antibacterial and spasmolytic properties, while the essential oil from P. graveolens has antimicrobial and antifungal activity. The aim of this study was to morpho-anatomically analyze the leaves of these species, indicating differences that can be used to clarify controversies about their use as medicinal plants. To anatomically compare the structure of each plant, samples were observed by Light Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Leaf anatomy among species was quite different. Malva sylvestris showed capitate starry tector trichomes, as well as druses and mucilaginous cells. P. graveolens and P. odoratissimum differed as to trichomes. Both species had tector and glandular trichomes, and P. graveolens is distinguished for the greater height of tector trichomes and less quantity of the latter relative to P. odoratissimum. This study allowed the detection of anatomical differences, assisting in the taxonomy and classification of these species.

Malva sylvestris é comumente confundida com Pelargonium graveolens e Pelargonium odoratissimum devido às semelhanças na morfologia foliar. As folhas de M. sylvestris possuem antocianinas com propriedades citotóxicas, antiinflamatória, antitumoral e antioxidante já comprovadas cientificamente. As folhas de P. odoratissimum apresentam óleo essencial com propriedades antibacteriana e espasmolítica, e o óleo essencial da folha de P. graveolens possui atividade antimicrobiana e antifúngica. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar morfo-anatomicamente as folhas destas espécies, apontando diferenças que possam ser utilizadas para esclarecer controvérsias na sua utilização como planta medicinal. Com a finalidade de se comparar anatomicamente a estrutura de cada planta, as amostras foram observadas por Microscopia de Luz e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). A anatomia foliar entre as espécies foi bem distinta. Malva sylvestris apresentou tricomas do tipo capitado, estrelado e tector, além de drusas e células mucilaginosas. A distinção entre P. graveolens e P. odoratissimum foi observada em relação aos tricomas. Ambas as espécies apresentaram tricomas glandulares e tectores, sendo que P. graveolens se diferencia pela maior altura dos tricomas tectores e menor quantidade destes em relação ao P. odoratissimum. Este trabalho permitiu constatar diferenças anatômicas, auxiliando na taxonomia e classificação entre estas espécies.

Effect of some botanical materials on certain biological aspects of the house fly, Musca domestica L.

The effects of Lantana camara [leaves], Pelargonium zonale [leaves], Cupressus macrocarpa [leaves], Cyperus rotundus [whole plant] and Acacia nilotica [seeds] powders on some biological aspects of house fly, M. domestica L. were tested. The effects of three lethal concentrations LC25, LC50 and LC75 on the larval duration, pupation percent, pupal weight, pupal duration, adult emergence percent, sex ratio, adult longevity, and fecundity were determined. The induced malformed larvae, pupae and adults were recorded and photographed. The powders of the five plants were found to have promising effects in controlling this insect

Evaluation of medicine package inserts: a study of two cases of Pelargonium sidoides D.C. phytomedicines / Avaliação de bulas de medicamentos: um estudo de dois casos de Pelargonium sidoides DC fitoterápicos

In order for a phytotherapeutic drug be approved and sold in Brazil, it must be registered with the National Sanitary Surveillance Agency (ANVISA), where the quality, safety and efficacy of the product are carefully appraised. In addition, the drug must also meet a number of criteria one of which is the adequacy of the package inserts. Therefore, the aim of this study was to appraise the package inserts of all phytotherapeutic drugs produced using a standardized extract of Pelargonium sidoides, which were registered and available from Brazilian pharmacies. This checking was to ascertain whether these inserts fulfilled the requirements stipulated by RDC 140/03. The information required under RDC 140/03 was appraised through a previously devised standard form. Evaluation of the package inserts revealed that neither of the two brands fully met the requirements of the legislation. Manufacturer 'A' met only 37.0 percent of the requirements satisfactorily, while 16.0 percent of the information was considered unsatisfactory and 47.0 percent of the information was absent. Regarding manufacturer 'B', 64.2 percent of the analyzed requirements were considered satisfactory, while 16.0 percent were considered unsatisfactory and 19.8 percent of the information was absent. A package insert should contain information about medicine for consumers, pharmacists and doctors. However, the results obtained in this study showed that the information presented in the package insert of both medicines was unsatisfactory, and in many cases, violates the legislation.

Para que um medicamento fitoterápico seja comercializado no Brasil, este deve ser registrado junto à ANVISA, onde são avaliados todos os aspectos referentes à qualidade, segurança e eficácia do produto, além de verificar se estes atendem alguns requisitos, sendo um deles a adequação da bula. Por esta razão, neste estudo foram avaliadas as bulas de todos os fitoterápicos elaborados à base do extrato padronizado de Pelargonium sidoides, registrados e disponíveis no mercado brasileiro, com o intuito de verificar se estas atendem aos requisitos exigidos pela RDC 140/03. No presente trabalho, as informações exigidas pela RDC 140/03 foram avaliadas através de um formulário padrão previamente elaborado. Após avaliação das bulas pode ser verificado que nenhuma das duas marcas atendia por completo as exigências da legislação, sendo que o fabricante "A" atendeu apenas 37,0 por cento dos requisitos exigidos de forma satisfatória, enquanto 16,0 por cento das informações foram consideradas insatisfatórias e em 47,0 por cento as informações estavam ausentes. Com relação ao fabricante "B", 64,2 por cento dos itens analisados foram considerados satisfatórios, enquanto 16,0 por cento foram considerados insatisfatório e em 19,8 por cento as informações estavam ausentes. A bula deveria conter informações sobre o medicamento para consumidores, farmacêuticos e médicos, no entanto, os resultados obtidos neste estudo mostram que as informações apresentadas nas bulas foram insatisfatórias, e em muitos casos, violavam a legislação vigente.

simple and rapid HPLC-UV method for the determination of umckalin, as an herbal marker, in the cough syrup of pelargonium extract

A rapid and simple high performance liquid chromatography [HPLC] method with UV detection for the quantitation of umckalin, as an herbal marker, in Pelargonium extract cough syrup has been developed and validated. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a reverse phase Phenomenex-C[18] column [5 microm, 25 cm x 0.5 mm i.d.] using a mixture of acetonitrile and phosphoric acid [pH 2.5], in 25:75 [v/v] ratio, as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min under ambient conditions and with UV detection at 310 nm. The method, applied for umckalin quantitation, showed good linearity over the concentration range of 0.334 -1.667 microg/mL, with a correlation coefficient [r[2]] of 0.9996. The limit of detection [LOD] and limit of quantitation [LOQ] of umckalin were found to be 0.0344 and 0.1031 microg/mL, respectively. In addition, the developed HPLC method showed acceptable values of repeatability and intermediate precision and indicated high levels of method accuracy. Simplicity and validity of the method make it highly reliable and especially suitable for routine quality control analysis

Effect of geranium [P-elargonium graveolens] leaf extract on hepatic and renal functions in mice

Pelargonium graveolens L'Herit is a perennial herb used for many medicinal treatments as staunch bleeding, heal wounds and antibacterial properties. Its common English name is geranium. In this study we follow up the effect of a high dose of this plant extract on two vital organs [liver and kidney] following treated and recovery period. Animals were divided into two major groups, a control and an experimental group. Animals of the experimental group received geranium extract orally day by day in a dose of 869 Amg/ kg/ day for 20 days. Animals were sacrificed after treated [20 days] and recovery periods [10 and 20 days]. Blood samples were collected for hematological tests and biochemical analysis. Liver and kidney specimens were obtained and fixed in 10% formol saline for histological and histochemical study. AST, ALT, GGT, LDH, urea, createnine, total lipid and cholesterol were significantly increased after treated and recovery period of 10 days. However, glucose level, total protein, albumin and globulin were significantly decreased in animals after treated period. Histological changes in treated sections of the liver showed evidence of degeneration, necrosis and mononuclear cellular infiltration and in kidney sections, tubular degeneration and glomerular atrophy were observed. Degenerative changes in both proximal [WBCs casts] and medullary tubules [hyaline casts] were also observed at recovery periods. Masson's trichrome stained sections in liver showed increased collagen fibers around congested central veins, blood sinusoids and portal areas. While in kidney sections, the extract could not induce any change in the collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Some parameters of the previous physiological and histological changes which were observed after treatment disappeared after a recovery period of 20 days. Histochemical studies revealed a significant decrease in PAS positive material in liver aft the recovery periods. However DNA content showed non-significant difference in all the experimental periods. The over dose of geranium extract caused liver and kidney damage. So, it is well recommended to use this plant at a suitable dose for clinical therapy and if it is used for long time, kidney and liver functions must be tested periodically

Extracto de Croton lechleri y de Pelargonium robertianum L. en el tratamiento de la gingivitis asociada al embarazo / Croton lechleri extract and pelargonium lechleri robertianum L. in the treatment of pregnancy associated gingivitis

Objetivo: Determinar la eficacia del Croton lechleri y extracto de Pelargonium robertianum en el tratamiento de la gingivitis asociada al embarazo. Material y método: el estudio es de tipo comparativo-experimental. La muestra estuvo conformada por 150 gestantes con diagnóstico de gingivitis asociada al embarazo, que acudieron para realizar el control de su embarazo al Hospital Nacional Docente Materno Infantil San Bartolomé. Un grupo de 75 gestantes recibieron el tratamiento mecánico más la topicación con el extracto acuoso liofilizado de Pelargonium robertianum L. (Geranio); y el otro grupo de 75 gestantes, recibieron el tratamiento mecánico más la topicación del Croton lechleri (Sangre de Grado). Se aplicó el Índice Gingival de Loe y Silness. A todos los pacientes se les instruyó acerca de la higiene oral, técnicas de cepillado. Se efectuaron controles al 1er día, 3er día, 7mo día y 30mo día, a fin de evaluar la mejoría en las características patológicas de una gingivitis como edema, sangrado, enrojecimiento, textura, en ambos grupos. Resultados: mostraron que las pacientes que fueron sometidas a topicaciones con el extracto de Pelargonium robertianum y raspaje presentaron una disminución en el edema a partir de las 24 horas de iniciado el tratamiento, lográndose la recuperación de un 57.3% de la muestra al 30mo día; mientras que el grupo que recibió la resina de Croton lechleri y raspaje se observó también una disminución de los signos de enrojecimiento, textura, en ambos grupos. Conclusiones: ambas sustancias lograron la recuperación del paciente mejorando su condición ya que ambos tuvieron los efectos esperados; también se observó la desaparición parcial de edema, sangrado y enrojecimiento gingival. No obstante, el extracto de Pelargonium robertianum logró mejores resultados en menor tiempo.

Objetive: to determine the efficacy of Croton lechleri and Pelargonium Robertianum extract in the treatment of pregnancy-associated gingivitis. Material and method: the study is experimental comparative. The sample consisted of 150 pregnant women diagnosed with pregnancy-associated gingivitis, who went for the check of their pregnancy to the National Hospital Docente Madre Niño San Bartolomé. A group of 75 pregnant women received treatment with topically mechanical plus freeze-dried aqueous extract of Pelargonium robertianum L. (Geranium), and the other group of 75 pregnant women received treatment topically plus mechanical lechleri of Croton lecheri (Dragon's Blood). We applied the Gingival Index of Loe and Silness. All patients were instructed about oral hygiene, brushing techniques. Audits were carried out after the 1st day, 3rd day, 7th day and 30th day, to evaluate the improvement in the pathological features of gingivitis as edema, bleeding, redness, texture, in both groups. Results: showed that patients who underwent topical Pelargonium roberttianum extract and scaling showed a decrease in edema after 24 hours of starting treatment, achieving recovery of 57.3% of the sample to the 30th day, whereas in the group receiving Lechleri Croton resin and scaling, we also observed a decrease in signs of redness, swelling and bleeding gums but to a lesser extent tan in the other group. Conclusions: both substances were able to improve patient recovery in the condition where both had the desired effect, was also observed partial disappearance of edema, bleeding and gingival redness. However pelargonium robertianum extract achieved better results in less time.

Vigilância pós-comercialização do pelargonium sidoides no tratamento das tonsilofaringites comunitárias agudas de origem presumidamente viral / Post-marketing surveillance of perlagonium sidoides for treatment of presumably viral acute community acquired tonsillopharyngitis

Este é um estudo observacional, prospectivo, aberto, de vigilância epidemiológica em crianças, adolescentes e adultos atendidos em consultórios e ambulatórios por todo o Brasil, com o objetivo de comprovar a segurança e efetividade do Pelargonium sidoides (Umckan®) no tratamento das tonsilofaringites agudas presumidamente virais em pacientes pediátricos e adultos na população brasileira. Após a obtenção de um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido e verificação de critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram avaliados 1.667 pacientes em relação ao perfil de segurança, efetividade e tolerância dos pacientes em uso clínico cotidiano do Pelargonium sidoides (Umckan®). Apenas 22 pacientes (1,4%) apresentaram eventos adversos, principalmente diarréia (cinco pacientes), exantema (três pacientes) e epigastralgia (dois pacientes). Além destes foram observados: amolecimento das fezes, urticária, epistaxe, equimose subocular, cefaléia, hiperemia com descamação em regiões de face e tronco, eructações, petéquias, hipermenorréia, edema labial (após três dias de uso), mal-estar e náuseas. Em relação à efetividade, todos os sinais e sintomas observados tiveram uma redução estatística e clinicamente signi- ficativa ao longo de sete dias de observação. Pelargonium sidoides (Umckan®) demonstrou boa ou muito boa tolerabilidade, tanto por parte dos pacientes (93%) como por parte da observação dos médicos (96,4%). Neste primeiro estudo brasileiro, Pelargonium sidoides (Umckan®) confirmou seu excelente perfil de segurança e eficácia.

Caracterización química y efecto antiinflamatorio del extracto metanólico de las hojas de pelargonium robertianum L, "Geranio", en mus musculus / Chemical characterization and antiinflammatory effect of the metanólico extract of the leaves of pelargonium robertianum L, ôGeraniumõ, in mus musculus

La presente investigación se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar la Dosis Letal Media (DL50) y la Dosis Efectiva Media del efecto antiinflamatorio (DE50) del extracto metanólico de las hojas de Pelargonium robertianum L., "Geranio". Para la DL50 se utilizaron 36 ratones en ayuno de 12 horas dividiéndose en grupos de seis animales, administrándose dosis diferentes del extracto metanólico por vía oral mediante cánulas intragástricas, observándose constantemente durante las 24, 48 y 72 horas. El valor de la DL50 fue de 8,717.02 mg/kg de peso de acuerdo al Método de Lichfield y Wilcoxon. Asimismo, la DE50 se realizó, según el Modelo de Winter (1970) y Sughisita et. al. Se observó que el extracto metanólico presentó un efecto inhibidor de la inflamación comparable al presentado por Diclofenaco (62 por ciento),obteniéndose el 26, 38 y 57 por ciento para las diferentes dosis ensayadas y la Dosis Efectiva Media (DE50) fue de 681.9577 mg/kg de peso mediante el método de los Probits. Al evaluar los datos por el Análisis de Varianza se observó resultados significativos siendo p menor que 0.0001, F=5240 y un R2 de 0.9979. Del extracto con actividad antiinflamatoria se aislaron compuestos fenólicos y los flavonoides: Rutina y Quercetina, estos dos últimos inhibidores de la ciclooxigenasa observados por HPLC y TLC respectivamente, así como 3 alcaloides denominados GM1, GM2 y GM3 los cuales fueron analizados mediante técnicas de IR, HPLC, RMNC13, RMNH1.

The present investigation was done to evaluate lethal dose fifty (DLSO) and effective dose average (DESO) of the antiinflammatory effect of a methanolic extract of the leaves of Pelargonium robertianum L."Geranio". To evaluate the DL50, 36 mice were used, divided in groups of 6 animals that received different doses of the methanolic extract by oral route using intragastric cannulae. Animals were observed during the first 24, 48 and 72 hours. The value of the DLSO was of 8,717.02 mg/kg by the Lichfield and Wi1coxon method. DE50 following Winter's Model (1970) and Sughisita et.al. was also performed. We observed that the methanolic extract presented an inhibitory effect of inflammation when compared to that of Diclofenac (62%) obtaining 26, 38 and 57% for the different doses assayed. The Average Effective Dose obtained was of 681,9577 by the method of Probits with ANOVA p=0.000l,F=5240,R2=0.9979). From the extract with antiinflammatory activity, phenolic compounds and the flavonoids Rutin and Quercetin were isolated, both inhibitors of cyclooxygenase. These compounds were observed by HPLC and TLC respectively and also three alkaloids named GM1,GM2,GM3, were analyzed by means of IR, HPLC, RMNC13, RMNHl.