Biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt / Composição bioquímica de alguns Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) do Mar Vermelho, Egito

In the present study, the biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt was investigated. The results showed that the highest percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria scabra. The highest percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was recorded in Pearsonothuria graeffei while the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was recorded in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of omega-3 fatty acids was recorded in Stichopus hermanni however, the lowest percentage was recorded in Diadema setosum. The highest percentage of omega-6 fatty acids was recorded in Bohadschia vitiensis where, the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. In addition, nonessential amino acid (NEAA) glycine were the highest in all species and serine was the lowest while Essential amino acid (EAA) arginine was the highest and cysteine was the lowest. All of the NEAA recorded highest concentrations in S. hermanni except proline. The recorded essential amino acids were histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and leucine. The latter was high in Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tyrosine, valine, threonine, and arginine were high in Stichopus hermanni. The present study proved that sea cucumbers has great nutritional value.

No presente estudo, investigou-se a composição bioquímica de algumas espécies Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) do Mar Vermelho no Egito. Os resultados mostraram que a maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos saturados (SFA) foi na espécie Holothuria nobilis e a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria scabra. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (MUFA) foi registrada na espécie Pearsonothuria graeffei, enquanto a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria atra. O maior percentual de ácidos graxos poli insaturados (PUFA) foi registrado em Holothuria nobilis e o menor percentual foi registrado em Holothuria atra. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos ômega-3 foi registrada na espécie Stichopus hermanni, entretanto, a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Diadema setosum. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos ômega-6 foi registrada em Bohadschia vitiensis e a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria atra. Além disso, o nível de aminoácido não-essencial (NEAA) glicina foi o mais alto em todas as espécies e o de serina foi o mais baixo, enquanto o nível de aminoácido essencial (EAA) arginina foi o mais alto e a cisteína foi o mais baixo. Todos os NEAA registraram concentrações mais altas em S. hermanni, exceto prolina. Os aminoácidos essenciais registrados foram histidina, isoleucina, fenilalanina e leucina. A leucina apresentou alto nível na espécie Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tirosina, valina, treonina e arginina apresentaram níveis elevados em Stichopus hermanni. Assim, o presente estudo comprovou que o pepino-do-mar possui grande valor nutricional.

Biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt / Composição bioquímica de alguns Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) do Mar Vermelho, Egito

In the present study, the biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt was investigated. The results showed that the highest percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria scabra. The highest percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was recorded in Pearsonothuria graeffei while the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was recorded in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of omega-3 fatty acids was recorded in Stichopus hermanni however, the lowest percentage was recorded in Diadema setosum. The highest percentage of omega-6 fatty acids was recorded in Bohadschia vitiensis where, the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. In addition, nonessential amino acid (NEAA) glycine were the highest in all species and serine was the lowest while Essential amino acid (EAA) arginine was the highest and cysteine was the lowest. All of the NEAA recorded highest concentrations in S. hermanni except proline. The recorded essential amino acids were histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and leucine. The latter was high in Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tyrosine, valine, threonine, and arginine were high in Stichopus hermanni. The present study proved that sea cucumbers has great nutritional value.

No presente estudo, investigou-se a composição bioquímica de algumas espécies Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) do Mar Vermelho no Egito. Os resultados mostraram que a maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos saturados (SFA) foi na espécie Holothuria nobilis e a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria scabra. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (MUFA) foi registrada na espécie Pearsonothuria graeffei, enquanto a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria atra. O maior percentual de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (PUFA) foi registrado em Holothuria nobilis e o menor percentual foi registrado em Holothuria atra. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos ômega-3 foi registrada na espécie Stichopus hermanni, entretanto, a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Diadema setosum. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos ômega-6 foi registrada em Bohadschia vitiensis e a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria atra. Além disso, o nível de aminoácido não-essencial (NEAA) glicina foi o mais alto em todas as espécies e o de serina foi o mais baixo, enquanto o nível de aminoácido essencial (EAA) arginina foi o mais alto e a cisteína foi o mais baixo. Todos os NEAA registraram concentrações mais altas em S. hermanni, exceto prolina. Os aminoácidos essenciais registrados foram histidina, isoleucina, fenilalanina e leucina. A leucina apresentou alto nível na espécie Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tirosina, valina, treonina e arginina apresentaram níveis elevados em Stichopus hermanni. Assim, o presente estudo comprovou que o pepino-do-mar possui grande valor nutricional.

Equinodermos de Isla La Roqueta de Acapulco, Guerrero, México / Echinoderms from La Roqueta Island in Acapulco, Guerrero, México

Introducción: Guerrero es el cuarto Estado más biodiverso en México, ejemplo de ello, es la riqueza de equinodermos habitantes en sus costas, alberga el mayor número de especies en comparación con los estados del Pacífico Sur Mexicano, presenta 135 especies, mientras que Oaxaca 94 y Chiapas 15. El presente estudio se desarrolló en isla La Roqueta en Acapulco, Guerrero, México, es parte del 0.3 % del territorio nacional. Las islas son el hábitat de mayor número de especies y de endemismos, comparadas con áreas continentales de igual dimensión, isla La Roqueta, como otras islas en México, son reconocidas como sitios de gran valor, sin embargo, enfrentan graves amenazas que ponen en riesgo su estabilidad. Objetivo: Enlistar las especies de equinodermos en isla La Roqueta de Acapulco, Guerrero, México. Métodos: Se realizaron recolectas en agosto y octubre 2018 y mayo 2019, mediante buceo libre y Scuba en cuatro sitios, usando técnicas de captura directa, búsqueda de barrido, aleatorio y transecto. Resultados: 214 ejemplares fueron recolectados, en cuatro clases, nueve órdenes, 16 familias y 23 géneros, para un total de 40 especies. Se reconocen registros importantes: Ophiocoma sp., Phataria sp., Pentaceraster sp., Cucumaria sp., Astropyga sp., Meoma sp., Diadema sp., Afrocucumis ovulum, Pseudocnus californicus, Neocucumis veleronis y Holothuria imitans. Además, se destacan nuevos registros para el estado. Conclusiones: La complejidad de los diversos ambientes y sustratos marinos en Guerrero, en particular de isla La Roqueta, denota la posibilidad de nuevas especies.

Introduction: Guerrero is the fourth most biodiverse state in Mexico, an example of this is the wealth of echinoderms that inhabit its coasts, it houses the largest number of species compared to the states of the Mexican South Pacific, it has 135 species, while Oaxaca 94 and Chiapas 15. The present study was developed on La Roqueta Island in Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico, it is part of 0.3% of the national territory. The islands are the habitat of a greater number of species and endemisms, compared to continental areas of the same size, isla La Roqueta, like other islands in Mexico, are recognized as sites of great value, however, they face serious threats that put their stability at risk. Objective: To list the species of echinoderms on the island of La Roqueta de Acapulco, Guerrero, México. Methods: We collected in August and October 2018 and May 2019, through free diving and Scuba, at four sites, using direct capture, sweep search, random and transect techniques. Results: 214 specimens were collected, in four classes, nine orders, 16 families and 23 genera, for a total of 40 species. Important records are recognized: Ophiocoma sp., Phataria sp., Pentaceraster sp., Cucumaria sp., Astropyga sp., Meoma sp., Diadema sp., Afrocucumis ovulum, Pseudocnus californicus, Neocucumis veleronis and Holothuria imitans. Conclusions: The complexity of the various marine environments and substrates in Guerrero, particularly on La Roqueta Island, denotes the possibility of new species.

Feeding habits of Holothuria (Stauropora) fuscocinerea (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in a Mexican Pacific reef / Hábitos alimenticios de Holothuria (Stauropora) fuscocinerea (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) en un arrecife del Pacífico Mexicano

Introduction: The importance of holothuroids in marine ecosystems is related to their feeding activities, which have been little studied in the eastern Pacific. Objective: To describe the feeding habits of the sea cucumber Holothuria (Stauropora) fuscocinerea and their bioturbation potential in La Entrega reef, México. Methods: The population size of H. (Stauropora) fuscocinerea was determined by means of four 20 x 4 m (320 m2) band transects, while the available sediment for the sea cucumbers and their feces were characterized in three stations (A-C) via granulometry and quantification of organic carbon and organic matter. Excretion rate was determined every 4 hr over a 24 hr period and the relationship between sea cucumber length and biomass and the excretion rate evaluated. Results: According to non-parametric permutation, ordination and percentage similarity analyses, sea cucumber feces mostly comprised a large proportion of small grains compared to the available sediment, indicating that H. (Stauropora) fuscocinerea is selective on grain size. Preliminary bioturbation potential of the species may reach up to 8.71 ± 0.17 kg day of sediment in the study area. Conclusion: The spatial distribution of H. (Stauropora) fuscocinerea in the study area is a product of its selective feeding activity, evidencing the preliminary importance of the species in the trophic dynamics of La Entrega reef.

Introducción: La relevancia de los holoturoideos en los ecosistemas marinos está relacionada con sus actividades alimenticias, las cuales han sido escasamente estudiadas en el Pacífico oriental. Objetivo: Describir los hábitos alimenticios del pepino de mar Holothuria (Stauropora) fuscocinerea y su potencial de bioturbación en el arrecife La Entrega, México. Métodos: Se determinó el tamaño poblacional de H. (Stauropora) fuscocinerea mediante cuatro transectos de banda de 20 x 4 m (320 m2), mientras que la caracterización de los sedimentos disponibles y las heces de los pepinos se realizó en tres estaciones (A-C) mediante granulometría y cuantificación de carbono orgánico y materia orgánica. Se determinó la tasa de excreción cada 4 hr durante un periodo de 24 hr y se evaluó la relación entre la talla y la biomasa con la tasa de excreción. Resultados: De acuerdo con un análisis no paramétrico mediante permutaciones, ordenación y similitud, las heces de los pepinos estuvieron compuestas en su mayoría por una gran cantidad de granos pequeños en comparación con el sedimento disponible, lo que sugiere que H. (Stauropora) fuscocinerea es una especie selectiva respecto al tamaño de grano. El potencial de bioturbación preliminar de la especie puede alcanzar 8.71 ± 0.17 kg día en el área de estudio. Conclusiones: La distribución espacial de H. (Stauropora) fuscocinerea en el área de estudio es producto de su selectividad alimenticia, evidenciando la importancia de la especie en la dinámica trófica del arrecife La Entrega.

Reproductive cycle of the sea cucumber Holothuria forskali (Holothuriida: Holothuriidae) in the Ría de Vigo (NW of Spain) / Ciclo reproductivo del pepino de mar Holothuria forskali (Holothuriida: Holothuriidae) en la Ría de Vigo (NW de España)

Introduction: The exploitation of the sea cucumber (Holothuria (Panningothuria) forskali) in Ría de Vigo (NW Spain) is recent (2015) and it has been done until now with scarce or no information about some key biological aspects as reproduction, recruitment or growth. Objective: To describe the reproductive cycle of H. forskali in Ría de Vigo. Methods: We sampled fortnightly throughout 2018. We calculated gonadal condition indices (GCI) and gametogenic stages by classic histological methods. Results: The reproductive cycle of H. forskali in the Ría de Vigo is characterized by a sexual resting stage during spring, when temperature and daylight hours are lower; the beginning of gametogenesis during summer, when temperature is higher, daylight hours longer and the sea bottom is rich in nutrients; then, a period of spawns interspersed with a gonadal restoration during autumn and winter, when temperature is lower and food is scarce. Sex ratio is 1:1, however, the studied population is not synchronized, because females initiate maturation earlier. The comparison of the histological results with GCI indices suggest that GCI is a good indicator for gonadal stage. Fishery management strategies, such as a closure period, must be adapted to the reproductive stage. We recommend avoiding fishing between November and February to increase spawning potential ratio and, consequently, recruitment.

Introducción: La explotación del pepino de mar (Holothuria (Panningothuria) forskali) en la Ría de Vigo (NO España) es reciente (2015) y se ha llevado a cabo con poca o ninguna información sobre algunos aspectos biológicos claves como la reproducción, el reclutamiento o el crecimiento. Objetivo: Describir el ciclo reproductivo de H. forskali en un banco de la Ría de Vigo. Métodos: Se tomaron muestras quincenales durante el 2018. Se calcularon índices de condición gonadal (ICG) y se obtuvieron los estados gonadales siguiendo métodos histológicos clásicos. El estado gonadal de cada individuo se asignó de acuerdo con una escala modificada por otros autores, y en ella se describe un nuevo estado de recuperación gonadal, no descrito hasta ahora para esta especie. Resultados: El ciclo reproductivo de H. forskali se caracteriza por una etapa de reposo sexual en primavera, un inicio de la gametogénesis durante el verano y un período de puestas sucesivas intercaladas con recuperaciones gonadales durante el otoño e invierno. La proporción de sexos es 1:1 y la población estudiada no está sincronizada, las hembras inician la maduración antes. La comparación de los resultados histológicos con los índices ICG sugiere que este índice es un buen indicador del estado gonadal. El período de veda debe adaptarse a la etapa reproductiva, por lo que recomendamos evitar la extracción del recurso al menos entre noviembre y febrero para asegurar un mayor número de puestas y, en consecuencia, el reclutamiento.

Population structure and reproductive cycle of the commercial sea cucumber Holothuria mexicana (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in Belize / Estructura de la población y ciclo reproductivo del pepino de mar comercial Holothuria mexicana (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) en Belice

Abstract The population and reproductive biology of the commercial sea cucumber Holothuria mexicana (Ludwig, 1875) was studied in Southern Belize (Caribbean Sea), including the sex ratio, size at sexual maturity and reproductive cycle, as well as the size structure among habitats located inside and outside protected areas. Individuals found inside marine protected areas were consistently larger than individuals found outside these boundaries. The male:female sex ratio was 1.1:1.0 with a unimodal size distribution composed mainly of sexually mature individuals (87 %). Size at sexual maturity was established to be ~10 cm based on measures of gamogenetically mature individuals during the peak of the gametogenic maturity period. Juveniles and small adults measuring ≤ 15 cm (13 %), were collected exclusively in sandy and muddy areas of seagrass habitats associated with mangroves. Larger adults were commonly found on hard substrates in both seagrass-associated and coral-reef-associated habitats. Based on histology and gonad indices, the first sign of early gametogenesis was detected in August in both sexes. Gametes developed and matured throughout the colder months between November and February. Decreases in gonad index in both years suggest annual spawning, starting in MarchApril 2014 (single major event) and March-April and July-August 2015 (two smaller events) for both males and females. The spawning periods were correlated with warmer or increasing temperatures, low rainfall and increasing or high chlorophyll-a concentrations. These data will hopefully guide management and protection of the natural populations of H. mexicana, which are already suffering from overfishing in Belize and neighboring countries.(AU)

Resumen La población y la biología reproductiva de pepino de mar comercial Holothuria mexicana (Ludwig, 1875) fue estudiado en el sur de Belice (Mar Caribe), incluyendo la proporción de sexo, talla de madurez sexual y el ciclo reproductivo, así como la estructura de tamaño entre hábitats situados dentro y fuera de áreas marinas protegidas. Los individuos dentro de las áreas marinas protegidas fueron siempre mayores que los individuos encontrados fuera de estos límites. La proporcion de machos a hembras fue de 1.1:1.0, con una distribución de tamaño unimodal compuesta principalmente de individuos sexualmente maduros (87 %). La talla de madurez sexual fue ~10 cm basada en medidas de individuos con gametos maduros durante el período del pico de maduracion de gametos. Los juveniles y adultos pequeños de medidas ≤ 15 cm (13.1 %), fueron recogidos exclusivamente en zonas fangosas y arenosas en pastos marinos asociados con los manglares. Los adultos mayores se encontraban comúnmente sobre substratos duros tanto en pastos marinos asociados como en los arrecifes de coral. Basada en la histología y gónada de índices, el primer signo de la gametogénesis temprana fue detectado en Agosto en ambos sexos. Los gametos en desarrollo y maduros se encontraron durante los meses fríos entre Noviembre y Febrero. Las disminuciones en el índice gonadal en ambos años sugieren desove anual, el cual comenzó en Marzo y Abril de 2014 (único gran evento) y en Marzo-Abril y Julio-Agosto de 2015 (dos pequeños eventos) tanto para ambos sexos durante temperaturas más cálidas, escasas precipitaciones y altas concentraciones de clorofila-a. Con estos datos esperamos orientar la gestión y la protección de las poblaciones naturales de H. mexicana, que ya están sufriendo los efectos de la sobrepesca en Belice y países vecinos.(AU)

Densidad poblacional y estructura de talla del pepino de mar Holothuria (Halodeima) grisea (Aspidochirotida: Holothuriidae) en aguas someras del sur del golfo de Morrosquillo, Caribe Colombiano / Density population and size structure of the sea cucumber Holothuria (Halodeima) grisea (Aspidochirotida: Holothuriidae) in shallow waters south of the gulf of Morrosquillo, Colombian Caribbean

Resumen Holothuria grisea, a pesar de no ser considerado un recurso comercial, ha sido objeto de extracciones ilegales en Colombia, hecho que se vuelve más grave debido al vació de información biológica de estos organismos. Por esta razón, se estimó la densidad poblacional y estructura de talla de H. grisea en tres sectores del sur del golfo de Morrosquillo de abril a noviembre 2015. Para ello, se ubicaron mensualmente tres transectos circulares en cada sector de muestreo abarcando un área de 300 m2, donde se contabilizaron y midieron in situ los individuos encontrados. La densidad media de H. grisea en el área estudiada fue 0.4 ind m-2, presentándose los mayores valores en el sector La Ahumadera (1.09 ± 0.11 ind m-2) y los menores valores en el Banco de Arena (0.02 ± 0.004 ind m-2). El análisis de varianza señalo una diferencia significativa en los valores de densidad y talla de H. grisea en los sectores estudiados. La especie presentó una distribución de tallas unimodal, registrándose una talla promedio de 13.5 ± 0.91 cm con una talla mínima de 2.5 y una máxima de 30 cm, en general las tallas intermedias presentaron una mayor representatividad a lo largo de este estudio (77.2 %). Los aspectos biológicos presentados en este documento son de gran importancia para la conservación de esta especie y corresponde a un avance en el conocimiento de la clase Holothuroidea en el Caribe Colombiano.

Abstract Holothuria grisea, despite not being considered a commercial resource has been the subject of illegal extractions in Colombia, a fact that becomes more serious due to the empty of biological information of these organisms. For this reason the density population and size structure of H. grisea were evaluated in three sectors south of the gulf of Morrosquillo from April to November 2015. To this end, three circular transects were located each month in each sampling site covering an area of 300 m2, where individuals were counted and measured in situ. The average density of H. grisea in the study area was 0.4 ind m-2, with the highest values in the La Ahumadera (1.09 ± 0.11 ind m-2) and the lowest values in Banco de Arena (0.02 ± 0.004 ind m-2). The analysis of variance showed a significance in the values of density and size of H. grisea in the studied sectors. The species presented a unimodal distribution of sizes with an average size of 13.5 ± 0.9 cm with a minimum size of 2.5 and a maximum of 30 cm, intermediate sizes generally showed a higher representativeness throughout this study (77.2 %). The biological aspects presented in this paper are of great importance for the conservation of this species and corresponds to an advance in the knowledge of the Holothuroidea class in the Colombian Caribbean. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 776-787. Epub 2018 June 01.

Biochemical composition of the Australasian sea cucumber, Australostichopus mollis, from a nutritional point of view

BACKGROUND: Sea cucumbers are highly prized seafood in Asia, where the demand for them has increased dramatically in recent years. However, nutritional information is only available for only a few of the commercially traded species. METHODS: In this study, the biochemical composition of the sea cucumber Australostichopus mollis was evaluated in terms of the major functional components: collagen, amino acid and fatty acid content using standard analytical procedures. RESULTS: The collagen, mostly type I, formed a homogeneously clustered network constituting 1.4% of the wet weight of adult A. mollis which is lower than for some other species of sea cucumber. The collagen consisted ofα1andα2 chains (around 116 kDa),αchain dimers,ßchains (around 212 kDa), and small amounts of γ components.The most abundant amino acids were glycine, alanine, threonine, serine and proline (lysine/arginine ratio of 0.1).Threonine was the most abundant essential amino acid, followed by methionine and valine, while glycine was the dominant non-essential amino acid. The sea cucumbers had a low lipid content (0.2 and 0.1% of wet weight forthe viscera and body wall, respectively) which is below the range reported for most other species of sea cucumber.The lipid contained high levels of PUFA (54%) compared to MUFA (23%) and SFA (24%). The dominant PUFA was arachidonic acid in both the body wall and viscera, followed by eicosapentaenoic acid. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the Australasian sea cucumber has strong potential as a functional food due to its high levels of PUFA and essential amino acids, comparing favourably with the most commercially valuable sea cucumbers.

Actividad antiinflamatoria in vitro de los polisacáridos sulfatados de Patallus mollis extraídos mediante digestión enzimática / In vitro anti-inflammatory effect of Patallus mollis sulphated polysaccharides extracted by enzymatic digestion

Objetivo: Evaluar la actividad antiinflamatoria in vitro de los polisacáridos (PCs) del tegumento de Patallus mollis mediante la prueba de la estabilidad de la membrana celular del glóbulo rojo y la desnaturalización de la albumina. Materiales y métodos: Los especímenes fueron recolectados en la bahía de Pucusana, se identificaron y los PCs se extrajeron mediante digestión enzimática con bromelina (PBr), papaína (PPa) y pepsina (PPe). Se cuantifico el contenido de azucares, sulfatos y proteínas totales mediante métodos colorimétricos. Para la prueba de estabilidad de la membrana, se preparó una solución de glóbulos rojos [10 % v/v], la cual se mezcló con PBS, NaCl [0,36%], y PCs [2000 ­ 62.5 µg/mL]. Para la prueba de la desnaturalización de la albúmina, la mezcla consistió en suero de albúmina bovina [0,5%] con PCs [2000 ­ 62.5 µg/mL]. Como controles se utilizó diclofenaco sódico y agua destilada. El análisis de resultados fue en base a la absorbancia medida en un espectrofotómetro de placas a 420 y 660 nm, según las pruebas respectivamente. Resultados: Los PCs presentaron niveles elevados de azúcares y proteínas totales, así como presencia de sulfatos totales. Además los PCs exhibieron una capacidad estabilizadora de la membrana, siendo la máxima presentada por PBr a una concentración de 62.5 µg/mL. Solo el PPa presentó inhibición de la desnaturalización de albúmina inducida por calor a una dosis de 2000 µg/mL. Conclusión: Nuestros resultados sugieren que los PCs tiene actividades antiinflamatorias y son candidatos potenciales para la formulación de un ingrediente alimentario funcional y / o fármaco para tratar enfermedades inflamatorias.

Response surface methodology based optimization for degradation of align in Laminaria japónica feedstuff via fermentation by Bacillus in Apostichopus japónicas farming

Background: The alga Laminaria japonica is the most economically important brown seaweed cultured in China, which is used as food and aquatic animal feedstuff. However, the use of L. japonica as a feedstuff in Apostichopus japonicasfarming is not ideal because A. japonicas does not produce enough enzyme activity for degrading the large amount of algin present in L. japonica. In this study, semi solid fermentation of the L. japonica feedstuff employing a Bacillus strain as the microbe was used to as a mean to degrade the algin content in L. japonica feedstuff. Results: The Bacillus strain, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens WB1, was isolated by virtue of its ability to utilize sodium alginate as the sole carbon source. Eight factors affecting growth and algin-degrading capacity of WB1 were investigated. The results of Plackett-Burman design indicated that fermentation time, beef extract, and solvent to solid ratio were the significant parameters. Furthermore, the mutual interaction between the solvent to solid ratio and beef extract concentration was more significant than the other pairs of parameters on algin degradation. Optimal values obtained from Central-Composite Design were 113.94 h for fermentation time, 0.3% (w/v) beef extract and 44.87 (v/w) ratio of solvent to feedstuff. Under optimal conditions, 56.88% of the algin was degraded when a 50-fold scale-up fermentation was carried out, using a 5-L fermenter. Conclusions: This study provides an alternative and economical way to reduce the algin content in L. japonicathrough degradation by WB1, making it a promising potential source of feed for cultured L japonica.

Gametogenesis and weight change of body organs of the sea cucumber Holothuria (Halodeima) grisea (Aspidochirotida: Holothuriidae) in Southern Brazil / Aspectos reproductivos y la relación entre los órganos y la gametogénesis en Holothuria (Halodeima) grisea (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Abstract The sea cucumber Holothuria (Halodeima) grisea is a widely distributed and economically important species that has been harvested in Brazil for several years, where there are no studies on its reproduction. We studied a population near Guaratuba Bay in Southern Brazil. Four sampling campaigns were made, in February, April, June and October 2008. We examined the macroscopic and microscopic features of the gonads to describe the gametogenesis. In addition, we analyzed the weight change of body organs. A total of 94 individuals were examined and no evidence of external sexual dimorphism was found. In April there were more males than females. Biometrically the body wall and gonads are the most important organs. The body wall increases in the June and the gonads during October and February; there might be an exchange of energy between these organs. Mature gonads are elongated and thick (red in females, cream in males). There were mature individuals year round, with an increase of sexual activity in February when oocyte mature diameter ranges from 70 to 160 µm. Spawning was in winter (June). Maturation period and body component variations were similar between sexes. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (Suppl. 2): 285-296. Epub 2015 June 01.

Resumen El pepino de mar Holothuria (Halodeima) grisea es una especie ampliamente distribuida y económicamente importante que se ha recolectado en Brasil desde hace varios años. No hay estudios previos realizados sobre la reproducción de esta especie en Brasil. Además, son aún poco conocidos los aspectos bio-ecológicos de esta especie. En este estudio, se investigaron algunos aspectos de la reproducción del pepino de mar Holothuria (Halodeima) grisea en una población cerca de la bahía de Guaratuba en el sur de Brasil. Se hicieron cuatro salidas de muestreo, en febrero, abril, junio y octubre de 2008, abarcando las cuatro estaciones. Examinamos las características macroscópicas y microscópicas de las gónadas para describir la gametogénesis, adicionalmente, se analizó el cambio de peso de cada componente de los órganos del cuerpo (pared corporal, gónadas, sistema haemal, tracto digestivo y árbol respiratorio). Se examinó un total de 94 individuos y no se encontraron evidencias de dimorfismo sexual externo. Los resultados del análisis estadístico de la prueba x² rechazan la hipótesis nula (H0) con una relación de sexos igual a 1, sin embargo, el análisis de cada mes, esta diferencia de género se observó sólo en el mes de abril, cuando el número de los males es mucho mayor que la de las hembras. Las medidas biométricas mostraron que la pared del cuerpo y las gónadas son los órganos más importantes, con aumentos de la pared corporal en el junio y de las gónadas durante octubre y febrero, que pueden indicar que hay un intercambio de energía entre estos órganos. Macroscópicamente, las gónadas maduras muestran túbulos largos, gruesos y ramificados siendo que las hembras presentan coloración rojiza e los machos tonos de crema. Sin embargo, durante el crecimiento y agotado, no se observaron diferencias morfológicas macroscópicas entre los sexos. Microscópicamente, se observó la presencia constante de individuos maduros entre meses, con un aumento de la actividad sexual en febrero, cuando los ovocitos maduros tuvieron un diámetro oscila entre 70 a 160 μ. El período de desove ocurrió en los meses de invierno (junio). El periodo de maduración y la variación del cuerpo de los componentes fueron similares entre los sexos. La similitud en las demandas metabólicas de la población podría estar confirmando una estrategia para maximizar la sincronía reproductiva.

Checklist of echinoderms (Echinodermata) from the Southern Mexican Pacific: a historical review / Listado de los equinodermos (Echinodermata) del Pacífico sur de México: una revisón histórica

Resumen Los equinodermos del Pacífico Sur mexicano han sido estudiados por tres siglos, sin embargo discrepancias en la nomenclatura de algunas especies han prevalecido a través del tiempo. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar la primera lista de especies actualizada de todos los nombres válidos y sinonimias, así como una revisión histórica del estudio de los equinodermos en el Pacífico Sur mexicano. La lista de especies se basa en una exhaustiva búsqueda de registros de literatura y de especímenes depositados en colecciones de referencia. Existen 162 especies válidas de equinodermos en el Pacífico Sur mexicano incluidas en 96 géneros, 54 familias y 20 órdenes. El estado de Guerrero presentó 135 especies, Oaxaca, 94 y Chiapas, 15. Se actualizó la lista de especies y se añadieron cinco nuevos registros de especies (Microphiopholis platydisca, Ophiostigma tenue, Arbacia stellata, Thyone bidentata, Chiridota rigida) para el Pacífico Sur mexicano y uno para el Pacífico mexicano (Encope laevis). Esta lista de especies incrementa el número de especies para el área de estudio, sin embargo, los estudios sugieren que aún existen más especies por ser descubiertas.

Abstract The echinoderms of the Southern Mexican Pacific have been studied for three centuries, but discrepancies in the nomenclature of some species have pervaded through time. The objective of this work is to present the first updated checklist of all valid species and synonyms, and a historical review of the study of the echinoderms of the Southern Mexican Pacific is also presented. The checklist is based on an exhaustive published literature search and records of specimens deposited in museum and curated reference collections. There are 162 species of echinoderms in the Southern Mexican Pacific from 96 genera, 54 families and 20 orders. The State of Guerrero presented a total of 135 species, Oaxaca 94 and Chiapas 15. We updated the list and added five new records of the species (Microphiopholis platydisca, Ophiostigma tenue, Arbacia stellata, Thyone bidentata, Chiridota rigida) for the Southern Mexican Pacific and one for the Mexican Pacific (Encope laevis). This checklist expands the number of species known for the study area; nevertheless studies suggest that still more species are yet to be discovered. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (Suppl. 2): 87-114. Epub 2015 June 01.

Revisión de la familia Phyllophoridae (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida) de las aguas mexicanas / Review of the Phyllophoridae family (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida) in Mexican waters

Resumen La fauna de equinodermos de México está representada por 643 especies. Dentro de éstas, 113 pertenecen a la Clase Holothuroidea (pepinos de mar). Los filofóridos (Holothuroidea: Phyllophoridae) se distinguen por presentar más de 10 tentáculos y un anillo calcáreo con prolongaciones posteriores, formado por piezas pequeñas a manera de mosaico. Sus hábitos crípticos han hecho difícil su registro a través de muchos años en la historia de la taxonomía del grupo en México. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo, informar el estado del conocimiento sobre la diversidad de pepinos de mar, de la familia Phyllophoridae, en las aguas territoriales mexicanas. Se presentan 16 especies, pertenecientes a seis géneros, habitantes tanto de las zonas someras (0 - 200 m) como de las profundas (> 200 m) del Pacífico mexicano, Golfo de California, Caribe mexicano y Golfo de México. Dentro de éstas, se incluyen tres nuevos registros para México. Se elaboró un catálogo taxonómico de identificación para cada especie, brindando información sobre la morfología externa e interna, el material examinado, el material y localidad tipo, los reportes previos para México, así como la distribución geográfica y batimétrica; además se incluyen las fotografías tomadas con Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido (MEB) de la forma y combinación de las espículas. El trabajo se complementa con una clave dicotómica para su identificación.

Abstract The fauna of the echinoderms of Mexico is represented by 643 species. Within these, 113 belong to the class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers). The phyllophorids (Holothuroidea: Phyllophoridae) are characterized by the presence of more than 10 tentacles and a calcareous ring prolonged posteriorly with small pieces forming a mosaic-like appearance. Their cryptic habits have made them difficult to record during the many years of taxonomic studies regarding this group in Mexico. This paper aims to raise awareness of the state of knowledge on the diversity of the Phyllophoridae family in Mexican territorial waters. We present 16 species belonging to six genera, living in shallow (0 - 200 m) to deep (> 200 m) waters in the Mexican Pacific, Gulf of California, Mexican Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. Within these, three new records are included. A taxonomic identification catalog was obtained for each species, providing information about external and internal morphology; the material was examined and recorded with information from type material and locality, all previous reports for Mexico, the geographic and bathymetric distribution as well as photographs taken with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of the shape and combination of the spicules. The work is complemented with a dichotomous key for identification. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (Suppl. 2): 77-85. Epub 2015 June 01.

High-level soluble expression of the functional peptide derived from the C-terminal domain of the sea cucumber lysozyme and analysis of its antimicrobial activity

Background The sea cucumber lysozyme belongs to the family of invertebrate lysozymes and is thought to be a key defense factor in protecting aquaculture animals against bacterial infection. Recently, evidence was found that the sea cucumber lysozyme exerts broad spectrum antimicrobial action in vitro against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and it also has more potent antimicrobial activity independent of its enzymatic activity. To explore the antimicrobial role of this non-enzymatic lysozyme and model its structure to novel antimicrobial peptides, the peptide from the C-terminal amino acid residues 70-146 of the sea cucumber lysozyme in Stichopus japonicus (SjLys-C) was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta(DE3)pLysS. Results The fusion protein system led to over-expression of the soluble and highly stable product, an approximate 26 kDa recombinant SjLys-C protein (rSjLys-C). The present study showed that rSjLys-C displayed strong antimicrobial activity against the tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In particular, the heat-treated rSjLys-C exhibited more inhibitive activity than the native rSjLys-C. The structural analysis of SjLys-C showed that it is a typical hydrophilic peptide and contains a helix-loop-helix motif. The modeling of SjLys-C molecular structures at different temperatures revealed that the tertiary structure of SjLys-C at 100°C underwent a conformational change which is favorable for enhancing antimicrobial activity. Conclusion These results indicate that the expressed rSjLys-C is a highly soluble product and has a strong antimicrobial activity. Therefore, gaining a large quantity of biologically active rSjLys-C will be used for further biochemical and structural studies and provide a potential use in aquaculture and medicine.

A revised strategy for the monitoring and management of the Galapagos sea cucumber Isostichopus fuscus (Aspidochirotida: Stichopodidae)

The brown sea cucumber fishery is active in the Galapagos Islands since the year 1991 after its collapse in mainland Ecuador. This paper analyzes the Galapagos Sea cucumber fishery over the past decade and the reasons for its management pitfalls and chronic over fishing, and proposes an improved strategy for estimating stock size and harvest potential. Based on the historical distribution of the fishing fleet and past fishery surveys, 15 macrozones were defined; their areas were estimated from the coastline to the 30m isobaths and the numbers of sample replicates per macrozone were calculated for a density estimate precision of ±25%. Overall stock size was calculated by summing over all macrozones and was multiplied by 0.122 to obtain the annual quota. This multiplier was derived by inserting an exploitation rate of E=0.3 and a published natural mortality value of M=0.17 into Cadimas formula, thereby obtaining a more conservative precautionary quota estimate. Pre-fishery stock densities in 2009 were below the legal threshold value and the fishery remained closed. Mean densities were significantly lower in the deeper (>15m) than in the shallower (<15m) stratum, contrary to fishermen expectations. Through an empirical regression of (log) pre-fishery density versus subsequent annual catch for the period 1998-2008 we found that catches of most years greatly exceeded the here proposed quota explaining the collapsed nature of the stock. Rev. Biol. Trop. 60 (2): 539-551. Epub 2012 June 01.

Este artículo analiza la pesquería del pepino de mar en Galápagos, durante la década pasada y se estudian las razones de su difícil manejo y la sobre-explotación crónica. El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue proponer una estrategia mejorada para estimar el tamano poblacional y el potencial de captura. Se definieron 15 macrozonas, y para ello se tomo en cuenta la distribución histórica de la flota pesquera y los resultados de prospecciones pesqueras pasadas. Las respectivas aéreas fueron estimadas desde la línea de costa hasta la isobata de los 30m. El numero de replicas de muestreo por macrozona fueron calculadas para estimar la densidad poblacional con una precisión del ±25%. El tamano poblacional total fue calculado sumando la densidad poblacional de todas las macrozonas, luego el resultado fue multiplicado por 0.122 para obtener la cuota anual de captura. Este factor de multiplicación fue derivado mediante la fórmula de Cadima, en la cual se considero una tasa de explotación (E) de 0.3 y una tasa de mortalidad natural (M) de 0.17. Estos resultados permitieron obtener una estimación precautoria y más conservadora de la cuota total de captura. La densidad poblacional pre-pesquería en 2009 estuvo por debajo del punto de referencia límite establecido, en consecuencia fue declarada en veda. Las densidades poblacionales promedio fueron significativamente menores a profundidades mayores a los 15m, contrario a lo esperado por los pescadores. A través de una regresión empírica entre el logaritmo de la densidad poblacional pre-pesquería y la subsecuente cuota de captura anual para el periodo 1998-2008, se descubrió que las capturas totales en la mayoría de los años han excedido la cuota de captura propuesta en este articulo, lo que explica el estado actual de este recurso, el cual se encuentra colapsado.

In vivo and in vitro studies on the antioxidant activity of sea cucumber aqueous extract against isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury in a rat model

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the cardiopreventive activity of the aqueous extract of sea cucumber body wall against isoproterenol-induced cardiac injury in rats. Isoproterenol a synthetic catecholamine and beta-adrenergic agonist, which causes severe oxidative stress-induced myocardial injury. HPLC analysis of the sea cucumber aqueous extract revealed the presence of some active phenolic components with antioxidant activity, such as pyrogallol, rutin, chlorogenic acid, ascorbic acid, catechin, coumaric acid, cinnamic acid, and ellagic acid. Subchronic oral administration of sea cucumber extract [14.4mg/Kg b.w.] to normal rats thrice weekly for 8 consecutive weeks did not exert any toxic side effects. whereas enhanced the cardiac reduced glutathione level and catalase activity, and in contract reduced serum low density liporprotein-cholestrol level. On the other hand, pretreatment of rats with the sea cucumber extract for 8 weeks before being intoxicated with 2 subcutaneous injections of isoproterenol normalized serum levels of total CK, CK-MB activity, total cholesterol. triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, as well as cardiac glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities. In vitro antioxidant studies on the sea cucumber extract have shown a moderate scavenging activity for NO radical and iron chelating activity, as well as a weak inhibition of lipid peroxidation. In addition, histopathological examination of H and E stained myocardium sections of the left ventricle showed that pretreatment of isoproterenol-intoxicated rats with sea cucumber extract caused a substantial attenuation in the degenerative cellular changes induced by isoproterenol

Effects of sea cucumber cerebroside and its long-chain base on lipid and glucose metabolism in obese mice / 浙江大学学报·医学版

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of sea cucumber cerebroside(SCC) and its long-chain base(LCB) on lipid and glucose metabolism in obese mice.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The mouse obese model was established by feeding high fat diet. The mice were randomly assigned to 4 groups: control group, model group, SCC group and LCB group. After 4 weeks, the glucose tolerance test was undertaken. After 5 weeks, the body fat content, organic indexes, serum lipid level, glycemic index and liver lipid level were determined.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the model group, the glucose tolerance in the SCC group and LCB group was ameliorated significantly (P<0.01, P<0.05); glycemic index (P<0.01, P<0.01), the weight of adipose tissue (P<0.05, P<0.01) and the hepatic TG were reduced significantly (P<0.05, P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Sea cucumber cerebroside and its long-chain base can improve the glucose and lipid metabolism in obese mice.</p>

Protective effects and anticoagulation effect of polysaccharides from the sea cucumber on acute incomplete cerebral ischemia in rats / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the protective effect and anticoagulation effect of polysaccharides from the sea cucumber (PSU) on acute incomplete cerebral ischemia (AICI).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Adult SD rats were randomly divided into 5 group (n = 12): sham operation group, model group, low-dose (30 mg/(kg x d)), middle-dose (60 mg/(kg x d)) and high-dose (120 mg/(kg x d)) groups. The cerebral ischemia rat model was established by permanently ligating the common carotid arteries on both sides of rats. We observed the change of behavior disturbance, brain water content, the levels of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) as well as the effects on prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT), fibrinogen(FIB).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Due to the use of polysaccharides, the behavioral disturbance was improved, brain water content and the levels of serum CRP were significantly decreased. Also PSU significantly prolonged APTT, TT and reduced the content of FIB (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>PSU has protective effect on acute incomplete cerebral ischemia injured rats and significant anticoagulation effect.</p>

Distribución y densidad de dos especies de holoturoideos en la isla de Cubagua, Venezuela

Distribution and density of two holothurian species in Cubagua Island, Venezuela. Holothurian populations in the Caribbean have been significantly depleted in some areas, and others are still in danger to satisfy international markets. In Venezuela, this marine resource has been illegally exploited since the early 1990s. To contribute with their management and protection, this work analyzed the distribution, abundance and population structure of two commercial holothurians Isostichopus badionotus and Holothuria mexicana in Cubagua Island shores. A total of 52 stations were studied around the island during the year 2008. Surveys included visits to each station, for which a band transect of 50m² with four replicates were carried out. The results show that I. badionotus has a higher distribution on the East coast of the island, and is found over Thalassia testudinum beds or bivalve molluscs aggregations, with an average density of 0.011ind/m², C.I. 95%=0.005-0.017, n=122, and a general abundance estimated in 117ind/ha. H. mexicana has been practically depleted (0.001 ind/m2 C.I. 95%=0.0002-0.0013, 7.7 ind/ha, n=8). We recommend the maintenance of the total ban adopted in 1997 to assure the protection of these species, mainly because no previous data supported the start of the fishery, and also, because the current densities are still very low when compared to other areas in Venezuela and the Caribbean. These are animals easy to catch, susceptible to overfishing, and with a very low recovery rate; thus, more control is required from the local authorities. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (2): 843-852. Epub 2011 June 01.

En algunas zonas del Caribe, poblaciones enteras de holoturias han sido agotadas. En Venezuela, éste recurso ha sido explotado ilegalmente desde inicios de 1990. Por esta razón, se planteó estimar la distribución, abundancia y estructura poblacional de las holoturias comerciales Isostichopus badionotus y Holothuria mexicana en la isla Cubagua. Para ello, durante el año 2008, se realizaron cuatro transectas bandas de 50m² cada una en 52 estaciones ubicadas alrededor de la isla. Entre los resultados obtenidos destacan: I. badionotus presenta mayor distribución en el lado este de la isla, sobre fondos de Thalassia testudinum o bancos de moluscos bivalvos; con una densidad promedio de 0.011±0.022ind/m² (n=122), y una abundancia general estimada en 117ind/ha. Se identificaron cinco posibles zonas de crianza para esta última especie. H. mexicana ha sido prácticamente agotada (0.001±0.002ind/m², 7.7ind/ ha, n=8). Se recomienda mantener la veda total implantada en 1997, principalmente por no tener conocimiento de las densidades previas al inicio de la pesquería; por considerar que la densidad actual sigue siendo muy baja en comparación con otras zonas de Venezuela, y por ser animales de fácil captura, rápidamente sobreexplotables y de recuperación lenta.

Studies on antitumor activities of triterpene glycoside colochiroside A from sea cucumber Colochirus anceps / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the antitumor activities of the triterpene glycoside colochiroside A (CA) from the sea cucumber Colochirus anceps.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The tests of antitumor activities in vitro and in vivo were applied to demonstrate the effect of CA.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The preliminary cytotoxic assay of CA exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against 6 types cultured tumor cell lines of p388, HL60, A-549, SpC-A4, MKN-28, and SGC-7901, the mean of IC50 were (3.61 +/- 0.55) mg x L(-1). The preliminary antitumor assay of CA indicated that this saponin exhibited high inhibiting activity against the H22 live cancer and the S180 sarcoma cells in mouse. The inhibition ratio to H22 liver cancer were 34.8%, 43.9% and 52.2%, while the ratio to S180 sarcoma were 36.4%, 70.0%, the immunoregulatory founction study indicated CA has not significant effect on the developments of thymus and spleen.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The saponin CA exhibited remarkable antineoplastic activities in vitro and in vivo, and could not reduce the immunoregulatory founction of mice.</p>