Análisis comparativo de respuesta glicémica y de péptido C, tras la ingesta de estevia y D-tagatosa, según habitualidad de consumo de edulcorantes no nutritivos y preferencias alimentarias reportadas por mujeres con resistencia a la insulina / Comparative analysis of glicemic response and c peptide, after comsumption of stevia and d tagatosa, according to regular compsumtion of not nutritive sweeteners andnourish preferences reported by woman with insuline resistance

INTRODUCCIÓN: El consumo de edulcorantes no nutritivos (ENN) ha ido en aumento. A pesar de ello, se desconoce el efecto entre el consumo habitual de ENN y las preferencias alimentarias con parámetros bioquímicos en pacientes con resistencia a la insulina. OBJETIVO: Comparar la respuesta glicémica y de péptido C, según habitualidad de consumo de edulcorantes y preferencias alimentarias reportados por mujeres con resistencia a la insulina tras la ingesta de estevia y D-tagatosa. MÉTODOS: Treinta y tres mujeres con RI se sometieron a una encuesta de opción múltiple sobre preferencias alimentarias y ETCC modificada de edulcorantes. Aleatoriamente recibieron una precarga de control o experimental (estevia y D-tagatosa) donde se midió glicemia y péptido C en los tiempos -10, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180. RESULTADOS: Se encontró un ABC de péptido C más alto después de la ingesta de D-tagatosa (p = 0,02) en pacientes que prefieren alimentos ricos en proteínas en comparación con aquellos que prefieren alimentos ricos en grasas o en carbohidratos simples. Se observó un mayor ABC de péptido C (p = 0,04) para la prueba control en quienes prefieren el sabor salado y consumen menor cantidad de ENN, sin diferencias significativas entre quienes prefirieron sabor dulce. CONCLUSIONES: Al comparar las respuestas glicémicas e insulinémicas entre habitualidad de consumo de edulcorantes y preferencias alimentarias reportados por las pacientes tras la ingesta de agua, estevia y D-Tagatosa, no se obtuvieron diferencias significativas. Salvo en quienes preferían alimentos ricos en proteínas tras la ingesta de D- tagatosa y quienes preferían sabor salado con menor consumo habitual de ENN tras ingesta control.

INTRODUCTION: The consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) has been increasing. Despite this, the effect between the habitual consumption of ENN and food preferences with biochemical parameters in patients with insulin resistance is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To compare the glycemic and C-peptide response, according to the habitual consumption of sweeteners and food preferences reported by women with insulin resistance after ingesting stevia and D-tagatose. METHODS: Thirty-three women with IR underwent a multiple choice survey on food preferences and modified ETCC for sweeteners. They randomly received a control or experimental preload (stevia and D-tagatose) where glycemia and peptide C were measured at times -10, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180. RESULTS: A higher C-peptide AUC was found after ingestion of D-tagatose (p = 0.02) in patients who prefer foods rich in protein compared to those who prefer foods rich in fat or simple carbohydrates. A higher AUC of peptide C (p = 0.04) is performed for the control test in those who prefer a salty taste and consume a lower amount of ENN, without significant differences between those who prefer a sweet taste. CONCLUSION: When comparing the glycerol and insulin responses between the habitual consumption of sweeteners and the food preferences reported by the patients after the ingestion of water, stevia and D-Tagatose, no significant differences were obtained. Except in those who prefer foods rich in protein after ingesting D-tagatose and those who prefer salty taste with less habitual consumption of NNS after control intake.

Diabetes tipo 2 y obesidad leve: tratamiento quirúrgico / Surgical treatment in type 2 diabetes and mild obesity

Introduction: In the last years, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity have become a serious public health problem, behaving as epidemic diseases. There is great interest in exploring different options for treatment of T2DM in non-morbidly obese patients. Objective: To report parameters of glicemic control in patients with T2DM and mild obesity who underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGBP). Material and Methods: Prospective clinical trial that includes patients with T2DM with a Body Mass Index (BMI) between 30 and 35 kg/mt² who underwent laparoscopic RYGBP from July 2008 through October 2010. Results: Thirty-one patients were included in the study, 15 men and 16 women, with an average age of 48.7 +/- 8.6 years. The average time since onset of T2DM was 5.8 years. The average postoperative follow-up is 30.4 months. The average preoperative blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin was 152 +/- 70 mg/dl and 7.7 +/- 2.1 percent, respectively. All of them were using oral hypoglycemic agents, and 4 patients were insulin dependent. Only one patient had a postoperative complication (hemoperitoneum). At 36 months follow up the average BMI decreased to 24.7 Kg/mt², all patients (31) showed improvement in their glycemic control, and 29 of them (93.6 percent) met criteria for remission of T2DM in the last control. Conclusion: Laparoscopic RYGBP is a safe and effective procedure that improves glycemic control in patients with T2DM and mild obesity at mid-term follow up.

Introducción: En la actualidad la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) y la obesidad representan un serio problema de salud, comportándose como enfermedades epidémicas. Existe un gran interés en explorar distintas opciones de tratamiento de la DM2 en pacientes que no tienen obesidad mórbida. Objetivo: Reportar los parámetros de control glicémico en pacientes con DM2 y obesidad leve sometidos a bypass gástrico (BPG) a 3 años de seguimiento. Metodología: Estudio clínico prospectivo que incluye pacientes con DM2 con un IMC entre 30 y 35 kg/m² que se sometieron a bypass gástrico laparoscópico desde julio de 2008 hasta octubre de 2010 como tratamiento de su DM2. Resultados: Estudio clínico compuesto por 31 pacientes, 15 hombres y 16 mujeres, con una media de edad de 48 años. El tiempo de evolución promedio de la DM2 fue de 5,8 años. El promedio de seguimiento postoperatorio es 30 meses. El promedio de glicemia en el preoperatorio fue 152 mg/dl, todos utilizaban hipoglicemiantes orales, y 4 pacientes utilizaban insulina. El promedio de hemoglobina glicosilada preoperatorio fue de 7,7 por ciento. Sólo un paciente presentó una complicación postoperatoria (hemoperitoneo). A los 3 años de seguimiento el IMC promedio disminuyó a 24,7 kg/m², el 93,6 por ciento cumplió criterios de remisión de la DM2 y el 6,4 por ciento mostró mejoría. Conclusión: El bypass gástrico representa un procedimiento seguro y eficaz en el control glicémico de los pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 y obesidad leve a 3 años de seguimiento.

Clinical Characteristics of the Responders to Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors in Korean Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes

We investigated characteristics associated with the efficacy of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i) in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes. We reviewed medical records of 477 patients who had taken sitagliptin or vildagliptin longer than 40 weeks. Response to DPP4i was evaluated with HbA1c change after therapy (DeltaHbA1c). The Student's t-test between good responders (GR: DeltaHbA1c > 1.0%) and poor responders (PR: DeltaHbA1c < 0.5%), a correlation analysis among clinical parameters, and a linear multivariate regression analysis were performed. The mean age was 60 yr, duration of diabetes 11 yr and HbA1c was 8.1%. Baseline fasting plasma glucose (FPG), HbA1c, C-peptide, and creatinine were significantly higher in the GR compared to the PR. Duration of diabetes, FPG, HbA1c, C-peptide and creatinine were significantly correlated with DeltaHbA1c. In the multivariate analysis, age (r2 = 0.006), duration of diabetes (r2 = 0.019), HbA1c (r2 = 0.296), and creatinine levels (r2 = 0.024) were independent predictors for the response to DPP4i. Body mass index and insulin resistance were not associated with the response to DPP4i. In conclusion, better response to DPP4i would be expected in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes who have higher baseline HbA1c and creatinine levels with shorter duration of diabetes.

The Ability of beta-Cells to Compensate for Insulin Resistance is Restored with a Reduction in Excess Growth Hormone in Korean Acromegalic Patients

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of diabetes and to study the effects of excess growth hormone (GH) on insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in Korean acromegalic patients. One hundred and eighty-four acromegalic patients were analyzed to assess the prevalence of diabetes, and 52 naive acromegalic patients were enrolled in order to analyze insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. Patients underwent a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test with measurements of GH, glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels. The insulin sensitivity index and beta-cell function index were calculated and compared according to glucose status. Changes in the insulin sensitivity index and beta-cell function index were evaluated one to two months after surgery. Of the 184 patients, 17.4% were in the normal glucose tolerance (NGT) group, 45.1% were in the pre-diabetic group and 37.5% were in the diabetic group. The insulin sensitivity index (ISI0,120) was significantly higher and the HOMA-IR was lower in the NGT compared to the diabetic group (P = 0.001 and P = 0.037, respectively). The ISI0,120 and disposition index were significantly improved after tumor resection. Our findings suggest that both insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function are improved by tumor resection in acromegalic patients.

Determinants of Brachial-Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity in Normotensive Young Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) is simple, noninvasive method which correlates well with arterial stiffness. Herein, we assessed the determinants of baPWV in normotensive young adults with type 2 diabetes. We retrospectively enrolled 103 consecutive type 2 diabetic patients aged between 30 and 39 yr who measured baPWV with noninvasive pulse wave analyzer. The anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, pulse rate, fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin, fasting C-peptide, HbA1c, lipid profile, hs-CRP, albuminuria status, AST/ALT, gamma-GTP were checked concurrently. Also, we investigated history of smoking, alcohol drinking and medications by questionnaire. We found that maximal baPWV was positively correlated with mean blood pressure (r = 0.404, P < 0.001), heart rate (r = 0.285, P = 0.004), AST (r = 0.409, P < 0.001), ALT (r = 0.329, P = 0.001), gamma-GTP (r = 0.273, P = 0.006), Urine albumin/creatinine ratio (r = 0.321, P = 0.003). By multiple linear regression, mean blood pressure and heart rate were significantly associated with maximal baPWV in male and total group. In female group, mean blood pressure was the only variable associated with maximal baPWV. These factors can be surrogate markers of arterial stiffness in this population.

Determinants of Brachial-Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity in Normotensive Young Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) is simple, noninvasive method which correlates well with arterial stiffness. Herein, we assessed the determinants of baPWV in normotensive young adults with type 2 diabetes. We retrospectively enrolled 103 consecutive type 2 diabetic patients aged between 30 and 39 yr who measured baPWV with noninvasive pulse wave analyzer. The anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, pulse rate, fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin, fasting C-peptide, HbA1c, lipid profile, hs-CRP, albuminuria status, AST/ALT, gamma-GTP were checked concurrently. Also, we investigated history of smoking, alcohol drinking and medications by questionnaire. We found that maximal baPWV was positively correlated with mean blood pressure (r = 0.404, P < 0.001), heart rate (r = 0.285, P = 0.004), AST (r = 0.409, P < 0.001), ALT (r = 0.329, P = 0.001), gamma-GTP (r = 0.273, P = 0.006), Urine albumin/creatinine ratio (r = 0.321, P = 0.003). By multiple linear regression, mean blood pressure and heart rate were significantly associated with maximal baPWV in male and total group. In female group, mean blood pressure was the only variable associated with maximal baPWV. These factors can be surrogate markers of arterial stiffness in this population.

Avaliação da função pancreática em pacientes com diabetes melito tipo 1 de acordo com a duração da doença / Pancreatic function assessment in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients according to disease duration

Os pacientes com diabetes melito tipo 1 (DM1) podem apresentar secreção residual de insulina por longos períodos, o que tem sido associado a prognóstico mais favorável. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a secreção de insulina por meio da dosagem de peptídeo C (PC) em pacientes com DM1 de curta (<5 anos; grupo 1) e longa (> 5 anos; grupo 2) duração da doença. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Voluntários com DM1 coletaram sangue em jejum e 6 minutos após a infusão de glucagon para dosagem de PC, HbA1c e anti-GAD. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 43 pacientes, 22 no grupo 1 e 21 no grupo 2. Secreção de insulina preservada (PC > 1,5 ng/mL) foi identificada em seis (13,9 por cento) e oito (18,6 por cento) casos nas coletas basal (PC1) e após estímulo (PC2), sem diferença entre os grupos (p = 0,18 e 0,24). PC1 foi detectável (> 0,5 ng/mL) em 13 (30,2 por cento) e PC2 em 18 (41,9 por cento) casos, mais frequentes no grupo 1 do que no 2 (p = 0,045 para PC1/p = 0,001 para PC2). Os títulos de PC1 (1,4 ±0,8 versus 1,2 ±1,0; p = 0,69) ou PC2 (1,8 ±1,5 versus 1,7 ±0,8; p = 0,91) não diferiram entre os grupos. No grupo 1 houve correlação inversa entre tempo de doença e PC2 (R = -0,58; p = 0,025). CONCLUSÃO: Uma proporção significativa dos pacientes com DM1 apresenta secreção residual de insulina, especialmente nos primeiros cinco anos da doença. Tais indivíduos representam a população ideal para estudos visando à prevenção secundária da doença.

Patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) may exhibit some residual insulin secretion for many years after their diagnosis. This has been associated with a more favorable prognosis. OBJECTIVE: To analyze insulin secretion in individuals with T1D using C-peptide (CP) response to glucagon and comparing patients with recent onset (<5 years - Group 1) and long-standing disease (>5 years -Group 2). METHODS: Subjects with T1D had their blood sampled before (fasting) and 6 minutes after glucagon infusion for CP, HbA1c and anti-GAD measurement. RESULTS: Forty-three individuals were evaluated, 22 in Group 1 and 21 in Group 2. Preserved insulin secretion (CP >1.5 ng/mL) was observed in 6 (13.9 percent) and in 8 (18.6 percent) patients before (CP 1) and after (CP 2) glucagon stimulus, respectively, showing no difference between the groups (p=0.18 and 0.24). CP 1 and CP 2 were detectable (>0.5 ng/dL) in 13 (30.2 percent) and 18 (41.9 percent) patients, respectively. Both were more frequent in Group 1 than in Group 2 (p=0.45 for CP1/p=0.001 for CP 2). Similar serum levels where seen between the groups, both before and after stimulus (1.4±0.8 vs. 1.2±1.0; p=0.69 and 1.8±1.5 vs. 1.7±0.8; p=0.91). Group 1 presented an inverse correlation between disease duration and CP 2 (R=-0.58; p=0.025). CONCLUSION: A significant number of patients with T1D have detectable residual insulin secretion, especially in the first 5 years of disease. These subjects are an ideal population for clinical trials that target the prevention of â cell function loss in T1D.

Diabetes auto-imune latente do adulto ou diabetes melito tipo 2 magro? / Latent autoimmune diabetes of adult or slim type 2 diabetes mellitus?

A prevalência do diabetes auto-imune latente do adulto (LADA) varia em virtude da população estudada, dos critérios usados e dos anticorpos avaliados. Em 256 pacientes com menos de 25 anos, encontramos 26 (10,2 por cento) com anticorpos anti-GAD (GADA) positivos, dos quais 16 (6,3 por cento) evoluíram sem necessidade de insulina inicialmente. Embora exista controvérsias, sugere-se como critérios diagnósticos de LADA: idade entre 25 e 65 anos; ausência de cetoacidose ou hiperglicemia sintomática no diagnóstico ou imediatamente após, sem necessidade de insulina por 6 a 12 meses; e presença de auto-anticorpos (especialmente GADA). A auto-imunidade e a resistência insulínica coexistem no LADA, e a contribuição desses fatores parece estar refletida nos títulos de GADA. Um subgrupo similar aos diabéticos tipo 2, fenotipicamente e na progressão para necessidade de insulina, parece ser melhor identificado pela presença de baixos títulos de GADA, sobretudo isolados. Por outro lado, indivíduos com altos títulos de GADA e múltiplos anticorpos apresentam fenótipo mais próximo do diabetes melito do tipo 1 (DM1) clássico e são de maior risco para falência prematura das células-beta. Comparados aos diabéticos GADA-negativos, pacientes com LADA apresentam maior prevalência de outros auto-anticorpos (anti-TPO, anti-21-hidroxilase e associados à doença celíaca) e maior freqüência de genótipos e haplótipos de risco para DM1. Pacientes com altos títulos de GADA podem ser beneficiados, retardando a falência das células-beta, com a insulinização precoce e evitando-se o uso de sulfoniluréias. Em oposição, pacientes com baixos títulos de GADA aparentemente não teriam prejuízos em serem conduzidos da mesma forma que pacientes portadores de diabetes melito tipo 2 (DM2) (GADA-negativos).

The prevalence of latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult (LADA) varies according to the population studied, criteria used and antibodies analyzed. In a series of 256 patients > 25 years, we found that 26 (10.2 percent) were anti-GAD antibody (GADA) positive and 16 of them (6.3 percent) progressed without initial insulin requirement. Although controversy exists, the following diagnostic criteria for LADA are suggested: age between 25 and 65 years; absence of ketoacidosis or symptomatic hyperglycemia at diagnosis or immediately thereafter, without insulin requirement for 6-12 months; and presence of autoantibodies (especially GADA). Autoimmunity and insulin resistance coexist in LADA and the contribution of these factors seems to be reflected in GADA titers. A subgroup, which is phenotypically and in terms of insulin requirement similar to type 2 diabetic patients, seems to be better identified based on the presence of low GADA titers, especially when these antibodies are present alone. On the other hand, subjects with high GADA titers and multiple antibodies show a phenotype close to that of classical DM 1 and are at a higher risk of premature beta-cell failure. Compared to GADA-negative diabetics, patients with LADA present a higher prevalence of other autoantibodies (anti-TPO, anti-21-hydroxylase and antibodies associated with celiac disease) and a higher frequency of genotypes and haplotypes indicating a risk for DM 1. Patients with high GADA titers may benefit from early insulinization and avoiding the use of sulfonylureas, delaying beta-cell failure. In contrast, patients with low GADA titers do not seem to have any disadvantage when managed as type 2 diabetic patients (GADA negative).

Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA): usefulness of anti-GAD antibody titers and benefit of early insulinization

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical and laboratory parameters and the progression to insulin requirement in two groups of LADA patients separated according to GADA titers, and to evaluate the benefit of early insulinization in patients at high risk of premature beta-cell failure (high GADA titers). METHODS: Among the diabetic adults seen at our service and screened for GADA at diagnosis, 54 were diagnosed with LADA and classified as having low (> 1 U/ml and < 17.2 U/ml) or high (> 17.2 U/ml) GADA titers. Fifty-four patients with type 2 diabetes (GADA-) were selected for comparison. In addition, 24 patients who had GADA titers > 20 U/ml and who were not initially insulinized were compared to 16 patients who were insulinized at diagnosis. RESULTS: Insulin resistance was higher in the GADA- group, followed by patients with low GADA titers. BMI and the frequency of arterial hypertension, elevated triglycerides and reduced HDL cholesterol were lower in the high GADA+ group, with no difference between the GADA- or low GADA+ groups. The high GADA+ group showed a greater reduction and lower levels of C-peptide and required insulin earlier during follow-up. Patients with GADA titers > 20 U/ml and insulinized early presented no significant variation in C-peptide levels, had better glycemic control and required a lower insulin dose than patients who were insulinized later. CONCLUSION: We agree that patients with LADA should be differentiated on the basis of GADA titers and that patients with GADA titers > 20 U/ml benefit from early insulinization.

OBJETIVO: Determinar os parametros clínicos e laboratoriais e a progressão para a necessidade de insulina em dois grupos de pacientes com LADA, divididos de acordo com os títulos de GADA, e avaliar o benefício da insulinização precoce naqueles com risco elevado de falência prematura das células beta (títulos altos de GADA). MÉTODOS: Dentre os pacientes adultos com diabetes (DM) seguidos em nosso serviço e rastreados para GADA no diagnóstico, 54 foram diagnosticados com LADA e classificados como tendo títulos de GADA baixos (> 1 U/ml e < 17,2 U/ml) ou altos (> 17,2 U/ml). A comparação foi feita com 54 pacientes selecionados com DM tipo 2 (GADA-). Além disso, 24 pacientes com títulos de GADA > 20 U/ml, mas que não foram insulinizados no início, foram comparados com 16 outros que foram insulinizados desde o diagnóstico. RESULTADOS: A resistência à insulina foi maior no grupo GADA-, seguidos por aqueles com títulos baixos de GADA. O IMC, a frequência de hipertensão arterial, os triglicérides elevados e o HDL-colesterol reduzido foram menores no grupo com títulos elevados de GADA, sem diferença entre os GADA- ou com baixos títulos de GADA. O grupo com títulos elevados de GADA mostrou uma redução maior e menores níveis de peptídeo C, tendo requerido insulina mais precocemente durante o seguimento. Pacientes com títulos de GADA > 20 U/ml e precocemente insulinizados não apresentaram variações significantes nos níveis de peptídeo C, tiveram melhor controle glicêmico e requereram doses mais baixas de insulina do que aqueles que foram insulinizados mais tardiamente. CONCLUSÃO: Nós concordamos que pacientes com LADA devem ser diferenciados com base nos títulos de GADA e que aqueles com títulos > 20 U/ml beneficiam-se de insulinização precoce.

Influencia del a-Factor sobre la expresión de IDShr en Pichia pastoris: Revisión sistemática de literatura y análisis computacional / Influence of a-Factor over the expression of hrIDS in Pichia pastoris: Literature review and computational analysis

En la búsqueda de alternativas para mejorar la expresión de la enzima Iduronato Sulfatasa (IDSh) en la levaduraPichia pastoris, se realizó una Revisión Sistemática de la Literatura con el fin de recopilar información quepermitiera relacionar los niveles de expresión de proteínas humanas recombinantes con la señal de secreción y las características propias de la molécula a expresar. Se hallaron 349 publicaciones de las cuales sólo 7 (2)porciento reportaron la expresión de proteínas que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión manejados en el estudio. Con la información obtenida en los 7 artículos se realizó una prueba de hipótesis tomando como muestras los datos recopilados y un análisis cualitativo de la información, con los cuales se evidenció que al reemplazar la señal de secreción nativa por el a-Factor como péptido líder se incrementa el nivel de expresión de proteínas humanas recombinantes en P. pastoris (p=0.053). Se encontró que la eliminación de la secuencia que codifica para el péptido nativo heterólogo en el ADNc de la proteína, es imprescindible para que el a-Factor pueda favorecer la secreción de proteínas heterólogas y por consiguiente incrementar el nivel de expresión. En el caso de la IDShr se halló que en la construcción GS115/pPIC9-IDS, aparecen dos secuencias de péptido señal al mismo tiempo, la nativa de la IDSh y la putativa proveniente de Saccharomyces cerevisiae; sin embargo, se han obtenidos expresiones hasta de ~30mmol/h mg de proteína, lo que deja la incógnita de un posible conflicto en el reconocimiento erróneo de una u otra señal de secreción, teniendo en cuenta el grado de hidrofobicidad de ambas.

Characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes in Terms of Insulin Resistance in Korea

The aim of this study was to assess the implications of insulin resistance on the clinical and biochemical profiles of Korean type 2 diabetic patients. 122 patients with type 2 diabetes underwent a short insulin tolerance test to assess insulin resistance. Subjects were classified in tertiles according to ISI (insulin sensitivity index), and the tertile I (the insulin- resistant group) and tertile III (the insulin-sensitive group) clinical and biochemical parameters were compared. Age, waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), HbA1c, body fat content, and fasting plasma glucose were significantly higher in tertile I than tertile III (all p < 0.05). The frequency of hypertension and family history of cerebrovascular disease (CVD) were greater in tertile I than III (p < 0.05). To evaluate the factors affecting ISI, multiple regression was performed, and age, WC, SBP, HbA1c, and body fat content were found to be independently related to insulin resistance (p < 0.05). Old age, hypertension, central obesity, and poor glycemic control were identified as clinical parameters of insulin resistance in Korean type 2 diabetic patients.

Trasplante renopancratico. Experiencia inicial en un centro de trasplante en Argentina / Kidney and pancreas tranplantation. Initial experience at a single transplant center in Argentina

Luego de más de 10 000 casos comunicados en todo el mundo hasta 1998, el trasplante simultáneo de páncreas y riñon se ha estabelecido como una práctica clínica segura y probablemente constituya el mejor tratamento existente para la diabetes mellitus con nefropatía terminal. Presentamos nuestros resultados de 12 trasplantes pancreáticos (8 vascularizados y 4 de islotes), realizados en pacientes diabéticos insulino-dependientes. Once de ellos recibieron simultáneamente un riñon. Uno requiró un retrasplante renal. Todos los páncreas vascularizados se implantaron en forma intraperitoneal, con anastomosis a los vasos ilíacos y drenaje exócrino a la vejiga. La sobrevida a un año para paciente, páncreas vascularizado y riñon fue de 86 por ciento, 86 por ciento y 71 por ciento respectivamente. Todo están libres de insulina y diálisis; el receptor de mayor sobrevida lleva 37 meses. Los islotes se obtuvieron de donantes cadavéricos únicos y se transplantaron en el peritoneo, por vía laparoscópica, sin procesos previos de cultivo ni purificación (islotes equivalentes por paciente: 3x10(5), 4x10(5), 1x10(6) y 5x10(5). Ninguno de los receptores de islotes quedó libre de insulina pero redujeron sus requerimentos en aproximadamente 40 por ciento, con mejor control metabólico (promedio HbA1c pretrasplante 9.4 + 1.8 vs 7.9 + 1.6 postrasplante). Un injerto renal se perdió en este grupo por trombosis venosa. El transplante renopancreático ofrece al paciente diabético en insuficiencia renal terminal la doble posibilidad de independizarse de la diálisis y del uso de insulina exógena. Los resultados funcionales con el páncreas entero son mejores que con islotes. Sin embargo, para aquellos pacientes diabéticos que no son aptos para recibir un páncreas vascularizado, el trasplante celular puede mejorar el metabolismo de los carbohidratos exponiendo al paciente a riesgo quirúrgicos mínimos.

[Using of C-peptide assay in differential diagnosis of diabetic]

To compare fasting C-Peptide [CP] levels as an indicator of beta-cell of the pancreas secretion among different groups of diabetic patients, and to define a cut-off value which may be useful to the proper classification and treatment. 225 type II, 62 secondary failure [SF], and 52 type I patients. Age, BMI, and duration of diabetes were recorded for all patients who had their fasting glucose, creatinine, and CP checked; while fasting insulin was measured only in type II patients. A significant decrease of fasting CP was recorded in SF and typeI compared to type I patients. The value 1.2 ng/lml [0.4 nmo] was highly sensitive in differentiating patients, and may be used when determining treatment protocols. In addition there was an important increase in fasting glucose in SF compared to type II patients that may reflex the importance of endogenous secretion to control HGP [hepatic glucose productin] and the necessity of combined therapy to treat SF patients

The C-peptide response to a standard mixed meal in a group of Brazilian type 1 diabetic patients

In order to analyze the different parameters used in the interpretation of C-peptide response in a functional test, we compared a group of 26 type 1 diabetics aged 21.1 + 8.2 years, with a diabetes duration of 7.9 + 6.7 months, with a group of 24 non-diabetic subjects aged 25.0 + 4.4 years. A standard mixed meal of 317 kcal was used as a stimulus. Blood sampling for C-peptide determinations was performed at regular intervals. Although all the studied C-peptide variables were significantly lower in the diabetic group (P<0.0001), some overlapping of parameters was observed between the two groups. The highest degree of overlapping was found for basal value (BV) (30.8 percent) and percent increase (42.31 percent), and the lowest for incremental area, absolute increase, peak value (PV) (3.8 percent), and total area (7.7 percent) (X2 = 31.6, P<0.0001). We did not observe a definite pattern in the time of maximum response among the 21 diabetics who showed an increase in C-peptide levels after the stimulus. In this group, however, there was a highly significant number of late responses (120 min) (X2 = 5.7, P<0.002). Although BV showed a significant correlation with PV (rs = 0.95, P<0.0001), the basal levels of C-peptide did not differentiate the groups with and without response to the stimulus. We conclude that the diabetic group studied showed delayed and reduced C-peptide responses, and that the functional test can be an important tool for the evaluation of residual beta cell function.

Anticoncepción hormonal oral y metabolismo de los hidratos de carbono / Oral contraceptives and carbohydrate metabolism

Se revisan los efectos de los progestágenos más comúnmente utilizados como anticonceptivos, con y sin estrógenos, sobre la prueba de la tolerancia a la glucosa y sobre la secreción de insulina. Aunque los cambios observados son moderados y se restituyen a la normalidad, ocurren en todos los casos de anticonceptivos combinados, muestran un deterioro de la glucosa, en la prueba de tolerancia y un aumento en la secreción de insulina. Los cambios, sin embargo, se encuentran dentro de los límites considerados como normales. Los cambios más notables ocurren cuando se consume levonorgestrel monofásico o trifásico y son mínimos con desogestrel o con gestodeno. No hay cambio alguno con los productos de tipo pregnano solos, como en el caso de la medroxi-progesterona, el más representativo de los anticonceptivos de administración parenteral. Para determinar la cantidad de insulina secretada, la determinación del péptido C plasmático es más confiable, pues se produce en el páncreas en cantidades equimolares a la insulina y no es retenido por el hígado

La medición del péptido C en los pacientes con diabetes mellitus (DM) tipo II: su posible utilidad en la decisión de terapia insulínica / C-peptide assaying in Type II diabetics and its possible role in insulin therapy decision

En un grupo de 31 enfermos con DM tipo II (21 F, 10 M, edad promedio de 48.24 ñ 17.7 años) propuestos para el uso de insulina por fracaso primario o secundario de otras medidas terapéuticas, cuantificamos el nivel basal de péptido C y posterior a un estímulo secretagógo fisiológico como es el alimento ordinario. De sus características generales destacaban el descontrol crónico (Hgb A1C>8//) obesidad (IMC>25 kg/m2), y la duración de la enfermedad (X más de 9 años). De acuerdo al nivel máximo de péptido C se derivaron en tres grupos: A (n=4) considerados como "no respondedores" B (n=7) "respondedores" y C (n-20) "hiperrespondedores". En ningún caso encontramos una pérdida total de la función beta pancreática, e incluso el nivel del péptido C del grupo A, exedía al considerado de riesgo para la presentación de cetoacidosis; quizá este pudiera ser candidato a terapia con insulina. La hiperrespuesta del grupo C es característica de los estados de resistencia a la insulina, por lo que las medidas no farmacológicas como la pérdida de peso y el abandono del sedentarismo deben seguir promoviéndose en todo paciente con DM tipo II, ya que a pesar de la edad y el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad, una disminución en la reserva insulínica es poco frecuente