Alucinosis peduncular en esclerosis múltiple, síntoma poco común en la expresión de enfermedad desmielinizante / Peduncular hallucinosis in multiple sclerosis, a rare symptom in demyelinating disease

Introducción: La alucinosis peduncular (AP) hace referencia a alucinaciones autodiscriminadas, cuyo origen son lesiones en el mesencéfalo y en el puente. Presentación del caso: Paciente 27 años, femenina, con alucinaciones visuales, auditivas autodiscriminadas por ella misma, sin antecedentes previos de importancia y con lesiones en resonancia magnética cerebral y cervical en el pedúnculo cerebeloso superior, tegmento pontino, y en columna cervical con bandas oligoclonales patrón 2, que cumplían criterios de Mc Donalds para esclerosis múltiple. Discusión: La alucinosis peduncular hace referencia a la presencia de alucinaciones visuales, criticadas por el paciente, con la consecuencia de lesiones de las vías inhibitorias por deaferentación y desinhibición mesencéfalotalámicas, y retinogenículo calcarina, descritas como manifestación de múltiples patologías neurológicas como trauma, afectación vascular, tumores y pocos casos de enfermedad desmielinizante, entre otras. Conclusión: La alucinosis peduncular es una forma atípica de presentación de lesiones pontomesencefálicas descritas en varias patologías; se debe tener en cuenta en la localización de la lesión neurológica; se han reportado pocos casos como síntoma de la enfermedad desmielinizante.

Introduction: Peduncular hallucinosis (PA) refers to self-discriminating hallucinations, these are caused by lesions in the midbrain and pons. Presentation of the case: 27-year-old right handed female patient with visual and auditory hallucinations self-discriminated by the patient, with no prior history of importance and with lesions in cerebral and cervical Magnetic Resonance in the superior cerebellar peduncle, pontine tegmentum, and in the cervical spine with pattern 2 oligo clonal bands, which met Mc Donald's criteria for multiple sclerosis. Discussion: Peduncular hallucinosis refers to the presence of visual hallucinations criticized by the patient, consequence of lesions in the inhibitory pathways with deafferentation and disinhibition of the midbrain-thalamic and retinogeniculus-calcarine pathways. Described as a manifestation of multiple neurological pathologies such as trauma, vascular, tumor and few cases of demyelinating among others. Conclusion: Peduncular hallucinosis is an atypical form of presentation of pontomesencephalic lesions described in several pathologies, it must be taken into account when locating the neurological lesion, few cases have been reported as symptom of the demyelinating disease.

Canales dominantes de percepción del conocimiento. Influencia en la evaluación del aprendizaje de la inmunología / Knowledge Perception Dominant Channels. Influence of the Evaluation of Immunology Learning

Introducción: Los estilos de aprendizaje según canales de percepción dominante del conocimiento de los estudiantes influyen en su aprendizaje. Su uso por los docentes puede favorecer o no a estudiantes con un canal específico. Objetivo: Describir la ubicación según los canales de percepción dominante del conocimiento de los estudiantes de medicina y la relación de estos con el resultado de las evaluaciones frecuentes en la asignatura Sangre y Sistema Inmune. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación en 234 estudiantes y 30 profesores de la carrera de medicina en los cursos 2020-2021 y 2022. Los estudiantes se clasificaron según los resultados de un cuestionario para identificar el predominio del canal de percepción (visuales-auditivos-kinestésicos) y a los profesores se les realizó una encuesta para determinar su percepción sobre el uso de estrategias de enseñanza diferenciales para cada canal. El procesamiento se realizó en programa SPSS 25, a través de números, porcentaje y prueba de ji al cuadrado. Resultados: Predominó el canal visual con el 48 por ciento. Existió asociación con el sexo con p = 0,0016; en varones prevaleció el canal auditivo y en hembras el visual. La relación entre los canales de percepción dominante y el rendimiento académico fue significativa con p = 0,000. Conclusiones: Prevaleció el canal de percepción dominante visual. La distribución de cada canal se asoció con el sexo y el rendimiento académico; así se lograron mejores resultados por los estudiantes con percepción dominante visual. Esto último estuvo relacionado con el predominio de acciones por parte de los docentes que potencian este canal de percepción(AU)

Introduction: Learning styles according to dominant perception channels of students' knowledge influence their learning. Their use by professors may or may not favor students with a specific channel. Objective: To describe the location according to the dominant knowledge perception channels of medical students and their relationship with the results of frequent evaluations in the subject Blood and Immune System. Methods: A research was conducted with 234 students and 30 professors of the Medicine major during the academic years 2020-2021 and 2022. The students were classified according to the results of a questionnaire to identify the perception channel predominance (visual-auditory-kinesthetic), while the professors were surveyed to determine their perception on the use of differential teaching strategies for each channel. Processing was performed in SPSS 25, using numbers, percentages and the chi-squared test. Results: The visual channel predominated, accounting for 48 percent. There was an association with sex (p=0.0016); the auditory channel prevailed among males, while the visual channel prevailed among females. The relationship between dominant perception channels and academic performance was significant (p=0.000). Conclusions: The visual dominant perception channel prevailed. The distribution of each channel was associated with sex and academic performance; thus, better results were achieved by students with visual dominant perception. The latter was related to the predominance of actions by professors that enhance this perception channel(AU)

Cortical Mechanisms of Multisensory Linear Self-motion Perception / 神经科学通报·英文版

Accurate self-motion perception, which is critical for organisms to survive, is a process involving multiple sensory cues. The two most powerful cues are visual (optic flow) and vestibular (inertial motion). Psychophysical studies have indicated that humans and nonhuman primates integrate the two cues to improve the estimation of self-motion direction, often in a statistically Bayesian-optimal way. In the last decade, single-unit recordings in awake, behaving animals have provided valuable neurophysiological data with a high spatial and temporal resolution, giving insight into possible neural mechanisms underlying multisensory self-motion perception. Here, we review these findings, along with new evidence from the most recent studies focusing on the temporal dynamics of signals in different modalities. We show that, in light of new data, conventional thoughts about the cortical mechanisms underlying visuo-vestibular integration for linear self-motion are challenged. We propose that different temporal component signals may mediate different functions, a possibility that requires future studies.

A bio-inspired hierarchical spiking neural network with biological synaptic plasticity for event camera object recognition / 生物医学工程学杂志

With inherent sparse spike-based coding and asynchronous event-driven computation, spiking neural network (SNN) is naturally suitable for processing event stream data of event cameras. In order to improve the feature extraction and classification performance of bio-inspired hierarchical SNNs, in this paper an event camera object recognition system based on biological synaptic plasticity is proposed. In our system input event streams were firstly segmented adaptively using spiking neuron potential to improve computational efficiency of the system. Multi-layer feature learning and classification are implemented by our bio-inspired hierarchical SNN with synaptic plasticity. After Gabor filter-based event-driven convolution layer which extracted primary visual features of event streams, we used a feature learning layer with unsupervised spiking timing dependent plasticity (STDP) rule to help the network extract frequent salient features, and a feature learning layer with reward-modulated STDP rule to help the network learn diagnostic features. The classification accuracies of the network proposed in this paper on the four benchmark event stream datasets were better than the existing bio-inspired hierarchical SNNs. Moreover, our method showed good classification ability for short event stream input data, and was robust to input event stream noise. The results show that our method can improve the feature extraction and classification performance of this kind of SNNs for event camera object recognition.

Neural Circuit Mechanisms Involved in Animals' Detection of and Response to Visual Threats / 神经科学通报·英文版

Evading or escaping from predators is one of the most crucial issues for survival across the animal kingdom. The timely detection of predators and the initiation of appropriate fight-or-flight responses are innate capabilities of the nervous system. Here we review recent progress in our understanding of innate visually-triggered defensive behaviors and the underlying neural circuit mechanisms, and a comparison among vinegar flies, zebrafish, and mice is included. This overview covers the anatomical and functional aspects of the neural circuits involved in this process, including visual threat processing and identification, the selection of appropriate behavioral responses, and the initiation of these innate defensive behaviors. The emphasis of this review is on the early stages of this pathway, namely, threat identification from complex visual inputs and how behavioral choices are influenced by differences in visual threats. We also briefly cover how the innate defensive response is processed centrally. Based on these summaries, we discuss coding strategies for visual threats and propose a common prototypical pathway for rapid innate defensive responses.

Neural Integration of Audiovisual Sensory Inputs in Macaque Amygdala and Adjacent Regions / 神经科学通报·英文版

Integrating multisensory inputs to generate accurate perception and guide behavior is among the most critical functions of the brain. Subcortical regions such as the amygdala are involved in sensory processing including vision and audition, yet their roles in multisensory integration remain unclear. In this study, we systematically investigated the function of neurons in the amygdala and adjacent regions in integrating audiovisual sensory inputs using a semi-chronic multi-electrode array and multiple combinations of audiovisual stimuli. From a sample of 332 neurons, we showed the diverse response patterns to audiovisual stimuli and the neural characteristics of bimodal over unimodal modulation, which could be classified into four types with differentiated regional origins. Using the hierarchical clustering method, neurons were further clustered into five groups and associated with different integrating functions and sub-regions. Finally, regions distinguishing congruent and incongruent bimodal sensory inputs were identified. Overall, visual processing dominates audiovisual integration in the amygdala and adjacent regions. Our findings shed new light on the neural mechanisms of multisensory integration in the primate brain.

Identificação perceptiva do posicionamento da língua na produção de [s] por acadêmicos em Fonoaudiologia / Identificación perceptiva del posicionamiento de la lengua de la producción de [s] por académicos en Fonoaudiología / Perceptual analysis of the tongue position in the production of [s] by SLP students

Introdução: a identificação visual do posicionamento dos articuladores e o resultado auditivo na produção de [s] são necessários para decisões clínicas e monitoramento de tratamento. Para avaliadores não treinados esta tarefa pode ser desafiadora. Objetivo: verificar se avaliadores não treinados são capazes de identificar visualmente posições normal e alterada da língua na produção do [s] e perceber, auditivamente, produções normais e alteradas; bem como buscar quais ajustes da língua são mais difíceis de serem percebidos visualmente e quais resultados auditivos são mais facilmente identificados. Método: dez acadêmicos de Fonoaudiologia analisaram 20 amostras de fala gravadas, 10 com produção normal e 10 alterada do fone [s], sendo as respostas comparadas a uma avaliação padrão-ouro. Na análise foi utilizada a concordância Kappa, o teste Qui-quadrado, o Anova de Medidas repetidas e o teste t Student, com 5% de significância. Resultados: houve associação e concordância com a avaliação padrão-ouro para a posição da língua, com porcentagem média de 40% de respostas corretas para a posição normal, 17,5% quando a língua estava contra os dentes e 10% quando interposta. No resultado auditivo, a maioria dos avaliadores não apresentou associação e concordância com o padrão-ouro, sendo a porcentagem média de 50% de respostas corretas na ausência de distorção e com redução significativa quando presente (18,5%). Conclusão: os acadêmicos tiveram dificuldade na identificação visual da posição da língua, particularmente, quando alterada, bem como na identificação auditiva das produções normal ou alterada, sendo maior quando a distorção estava presente.

Introduction: thevisual identification of articulator positioning and auditory perception in the phoneme [s] are needed for clinical decisions and treatment monitoring. This can be challenging for untrained evaluators. Objective: to verify whether untrained evaluators are able to visually identify typical and atypical tongue positions in the production of phoneme [s] and to auditorily perceive typical and atypical productions; as well as to understand which tongue adjustments are more difficult to be visually perceived and which auditory productions are more easily identified. Methods: ten speech-language pathology students analyzed 20 recorded speech samples, being 10 with typical speech production and 10 atypical speech production regarding the [s] movement, and the answers were compared with a gold-standard evaluation. The Kappa agreement, Chi-squared test, Anova repeated measures and Student ́s t-test were used with 5% of significance. Results: there was an association and agreement with the gold standard evaluation for tongue positioning, with a mean percentage of 40% for correct answers regarding typical position, 17.5% when the tongue was against the teeth and 10% when interposed. In the auditory perception; most evaluators did not show association and agreement with the gold standard evaluation, with an average percentage of 50% for correct answers in the absence of distortion and a significant reduction in the presence (18.5%). Conclusion: the students had difficulty in the visual identification of the tongue positioning for atypical speech productions, as well as in the auditory identification of typical or atypical productions, and the greater difficulty occurred when there was distortion.

Introducción: identificar visualmente el posicionamiento del articulador y el resultado auditivo en la producción del [s] son necesarios para tomar decisiones clínicas y monitorear el tratamiento. Objetivo:verificar si los evaluadores no capacitados pueden identificar visualmente las posiciones normales y alteradas de la lengua en la producción del [s] y percibir auditivamente las producciones normales y alteradas; además buscar qué ajustes de la lengua son más difíciles de percibir visualmente y qué resultados auditivos se identifican más fácilmente. Método: estudiantes de Fonoaudiología analizaron 20 muestras de habla grabadas, 10 con producción normal y 10 con producción del fono [s] alterado. Compararon las respuestas con una evaluación patrón oro. En el análisis utilizaron la concordancia Kappa, la prueba Chi-cuadrado, el Anova de Medidas repetidas y la prueba t de Student, con 5% de significancia. Resultados:hubo asociación y concordancia con la evaluación patrón oro para la posición de la lengua, con media de 40% de respuestas correctas para la posición normal, 17,5% con la lengua contra los dientes y 10% cuando interpuesta. En el resultado auditivo, la mayoría de los evaluadores no presentaron asociación y concordancia con el patrón oro, con media de 50% de aciertos en ausencia de distorsión y con reducción significativa cuando presente (18,5%). Conclusión: los estudiantes tuvieron dificultad en identificar visualmente la posición de la lengua, particularmente cuando alterada, y en la identificación auditiva de producciones normales o alteradas, siendo mayor con la distorsión presente.

Central executive and target selection in visual working memory / Executivo central e seleção de alvos na memória de trabalho visual / Ejecutivo central y selección de estímulos por la memoria de trabajo visual

The goal of this study was to investigate if the selection of external information for storage in visual working memory requires control by the central executive when the categorization of targets is guided by instructions. The design was experimental 3 (concurrent task) x 2 (instruction). Forty-eight university students saw eight colored shapes, four of them surrounded by square outlines. Memory was assessed using a recognition task. Targets varied with instructions: targets were presented within squares in the first block and outside squares in the second block. There were three concurrent tasks: no task, articulatory suppression, and backward counting. Performance was measured by hits, false alarms, corrected recognition, and sensitivity (A'), compared using within-subject ANOVAs. Results showed a main effect only for concurrent task, with lower performance in the backward counting condition for all measures. These results suggest that the central executive does not control the perceptual filter, corroborating earlier results. (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se a seleção de informações externas para manutenção na memória de trabalho visual requer controle do executivo central, quando a categorização de alvos depende de instrução. O delineamento foi experimental três (tarefa concorrente) x duas (instrução). Participaram 48 universitários. Os participantes viam oito formas coloridas, quatro delas dentro de quadrados. A memória foi avaliada por reconhecimento. Os alvos dependiam de instrução: no primeiro bloco estavam dentro de quadrados e no segundo, fora de quadrados. Havia três tarefas concorrentes: sem tarefa, supressão articulatória e contagem inversa. O desempenho foi avaliado por acertos, alarmes falsos, taxa de reconhecimento correto e índice de sensibilidade A', comparados por meio de ANOVAs intrassujeitos. Os resultados mostraram apenas efeito principal da tarefa concorrente, com menor desempenho na condição contagem inversa em todas as medidas. Esse resultado sugere que o executivo central não controla o filtro perceptual, corroborando resultados anteriores. (AU)

El objetivo fue investigar si la selección de información externa para el mantenimiento de la memoria de trabajo visual requiere un control del ejecutivo central, cuando la categorización de los estímulos depende de instrucciones. El diseño fue experimental 3 (tarea concurrente) x 2 (instrucción). Los 48 estudiantes universitarios participantes vieron ocho formas de colores, cuatro de ellas dentro de cuadrados. La memoria se evaluó por reconocimiento. Los estímulos dependían de la instrucción: en el primer bloque estaban dentro de los cuadrados, y en el segundo, fuera de ellos. Hubo tres tareas recurrentes: ninguna tarea, supresión articulatoria y conteo inverso. El rendimiento se evaluó mediante aciertos, falsas alarmas, tasa de reconocimiento correcto e índice de sensibilidad A', mediante ANOVAs intrasujeto Los resultados mostraron solo el efecto principal de la tarea concurrente, con menor rendimiento en la condición de conteo inverso en todas las medidas. Los resultados sugieren que el ejecutivo central no controla el filtro perceptual, corroborando resultados anteriores. (AU)

Oxygen Metabolism-induced Stress Response Underlies Heart-brain Interaction Governing Human Consciousness-breaking and Attention / 神经科学通报·英文版

Neuroscientists have emphasized visceral influences on consciousness and attention, but the potential neurophysiological pathways remain under exploration. Here, we found two neurophysiological pathways of heart-brain interaction based on the relationship between oxygen-transport by red blood cells (RBCs) and consciousness/attention. To this end, we collected a dataset based on the routine physical examination, the breaking continuous flash suppression (b-CFS) paradigm, and an attention network test (ANT) in 140 immigrants under the hypoxic Tibetan environment. We combined electroencephalography and multilevel mediation analysis to investigate the relationship between RBC properties and consciousness/attention. The results showed that RBC function, via two independent neurophysiological pathways, not only triggered interoceptive re-representations in the insula and awareness connected to orienting attention but also induced an immune response corresponding to consciousness and executive control. Importantly, consciousness played a fundamental role in executive function which might be associated with the level of perceived stress. These results indicated the important role of oxygen-transport in heart-brain interactions, in which the related stress response affected consciousness and executive control. The findings provide new insights into the neurophysiological schema of heart-brain interactions.

Conceitos básicos de percepção de cena / Basic concepts of scene perception

A pesquisa sobre percepção de cenas é um esforço da comunidade científica em superar as dificuldades apresentadas ao estudo de estímulos complexos. As consistentes descobertas provaram a viabilidade do tema e encorajam uma abordagem mais holística e integrada nas investigações em percepção visual. Esse esforço e seus achados são, entretanto, pouco conhecidos pelos leitores em língua portuguesa e, até mesmo, entre alguns especialistas que se interessam pelo tema. O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer uma apresentação do campo, esboçar seu desenvolvimento, identificar suas principais questões e demonstrar sua pertinência e importância. Para isso, uma revisão seletiva de textos foi executada entre os autores que construíram os fundamentos da percepção de cenas. Ao concluir a leitura, espera-se que o leitor constate o papel relevante dos processos mnemônicos e do sujeito que observa no processo de captação visual do ambiente natural.

Scene perception research is a scientific community effort to overcome difficulties presented to the study of complex stimuli. Consistent findings support feasibility of the theme and encourage a more holistic and integrated approach to visual perception research. This effort and its findings are, however, poorly known by readers in Portuguese language, even among experts interested in the subject. The purpose of this paper is to introduce this field of research, outline its development, identify its main issues and demonstrate its relevance and importance. This task was accomplished by a selective review of papers from authors who built the foundations of scene perception. Upon completion of the reading, it is expected that the reader understands the relevant role of mnemonic processes and of the observer in the process of visual capture of natural environments.

Contribuições de um núcleo específico de educação física em um curso de educação na cultura digital para a prática pedagógica na visão de professores-cursistas / Contributions of a specific physical education core in an education course in the digital culture for the pedagogical practice in the view of teachers-cursists / Contribuciones de un núcleo de educación física específico en un curso de educación en la cultura digital para la práctica pedagógica en la visión de profesores-cursistas

Este artigo objetiva refletir sobre as percepções de professores de Educação Física acerca das contribuições de um núcleo de estudos, oferecido no âmbito de uma especialização em educação na cultura digital, para a sua prática pedagógica. Os dados produzidos para este estudo de caso de caráter qualitativo são oriundos de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com 10 professores/cursistas. Para análise dos dados foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo. Os resultados versam sobre uma melhor compreensão acerca de como utilizar as tecnologias, aquisição de maior segurança para planejar, maior entendimento sobre as relações entre Educação Física e cultura digital, além das possibilidades de trabalho coletivo nas escolas, o que reforça a importância de se investir na formação continuada (AU).

This article aims to reflect on the perceptions of Physical Education teachers about the contributions of a study core, offered within the scope of a specialization in education in digital culture, for their pedagogical practice. The data produced for this qualitative case study come from semi-structured interviews conducted with 10 teachers / course participants. For data analysis, content analysis was used. The results are about a better understanding of how to use technologies, acquisition of greater security for planning, greater understanding of the relationships between Physical Education and digital culture, in addition to the possibilities of collective work in schools; which reinforces the importance of investing in continuing education (AU).

Este artículo tiene como objetivo reflexionar sobre las percepciones de los docentes de Educación Física sobre las contribuciones de un grupo de estudio, ofrecido dentro del alcance de una especialización en educación en cultura digital, para su práctica pedagógica. Los datos producidos para este estudio de caso cualitativo provienen de entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas con 10 profesores / participantes del curso. Para el análisis de datos, se utilizó el análisis de contenido. Los resultados son sobre una mejor comprensión de cómo utilizar las tecnologías, la adquisición de una mayor seguridad para la planificación, una mayor comprensión de las relaciones entre la educación física y la cultura digital, además de las posibilidades de trabajo colectivo en las escuelas; lo que refuerza la importancia de invertir en educación continua (AU).

Evaluation of subjective vertical perception among stroke patients: a systematic review / Avaliação da percepção vertical subjetiva em pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract Background: Verticality misperception is relatively common among patients after stroke, and it may be evaluated in terms of (a) subjective visual vertical (SVV), (b) subjective haptic vertical (SHV) and (c) subjective postural vertical (SPV). To better understand these assessment methods, we conducted a systematic review of the methodological characteristics of different protocols for evaluating SVV, SHV and SPV among individuals after stroke. Objective: To standardize the methodological characteristics of protocols for evaluating verticality perception after stroke. Methods: We searched the following databases: PUBMED, regional BVS portal (MEDLINE, LILACS, IBECS, CUBMED, Psychology Index and LIS), CINAHL, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Science Direct, Cochrane Library and PEDro. Two review authors independently used the QUADAS method (Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies) and extracted data. Results: We included 21 studies in the review: most (80.9%) used SVV, eight (38.1%) used SPV and four (19.0%) used SHV. We observed high variability in assessments of verticality perception, due to patient positions, devices used, numbers of repetitions and angle of inclination for starting the tests. Conclusion: This systematic review was one of the first to explore all the methods of assessing verticality perception after stroke, and it provides crucial information on how to perform the tests, in order to guide future researchers/clinicians.

Resumo Antecedentes: A percepção errônea da verticalidade é relativamente comum em pacientes após Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) e pode ser avaliada pelas: (a) vertical visual subjetiva (SVV), (b) vertical háptica subjetiva (SVH) e (c) vertical postural subjetiva (SPV). Para melhor compreender esses métodos de avaliação, realizamos uma revisão sistemática das características metodológicas de diferentes protocolos para avaliações de SVV, SHV e SVP em indivíduos após AVC. Objetivo: Padronizar as características metodológicas de protocolos de avaliação da verticalidade após AVC. Métodos: Foi realizada busca nas bases de dados PUBMED, Portal Regional da BVS (MEDLINE, LILACS, IBECS, CUBMED, Psychology Index, LIS), CINAHL, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Science Direct, Biblioteca Cochrane e PEDro. Dois revisores avaliaram independentemente o QUADAS (Avaliação da Qualidade dos Estudos de Precisão de Diagnóstico) e extraíram os resultados. Resultados: Foram incluídos 21 estudos: a maioria (80,9%) utilizando a SVV, oito (38,1%) a SPV e quatro (19,0%) a SHV. Observou-se grande variabilidade na avaliação da verticalidade, devido às posições dos pacientes, dispositivos utilizados, número de repetições e ângulo de inclinação para iniciar os testes. Conclusão: Esta revisão sistemática é uma das primeiras a explorar todos os métodos de avaliação da verticalidade após o AVC e fornece informações cruciais sobre como realizar os testes para orientar os futuros pesquisadores e clínicos.

Técnicas gráficas na predição do rendimento escolar infantil / Graphic techniques in predicting children's school performance / Técnicas gráficas para predecir el rendimiento escolar de los niños

Este estudo verificou o valor preditivo das tarefas do teste Figuras Complexas de Rey (tipo de cópia e tipo de memória) e do Desenho da Figura Humana (inteligência não verbal) para avaliar o rendimento escolar em crianças do Ensino Fundamental I. Realizou-se um estudo com delineamento transversal em que participaram 344 alunos, com idades entre os seis e 10 anos (M = 7,99; DP = 1,47). Aplicou-se coletivamente, em sala de aula, as Figuras Complexas de Rey e o Desenho da Figura Humana. Os resultados evidenciaram correlações significativas positivas entre a percepção visual, a memória imediata e a inteligência não verbal com as notas de português e matemática. O modelo de path analysis indicou que a inteligência não verbal foi capaz de predizer o rendimento escolar das disciplinas de língua portuguesa e matemática, enquanto as habilidades de planejamento e percepção visual foram significativas para predizer o rendimento em matemática (AU).

This study verified the predictive value of the tasks of the Rey Complex Figures test (type of copy and type of memory) and the Drawing of the Human Figure (non-verbal intelligence) to assess school performance in children of Elementary School I. A cross-sectional study involving 344 students, aged between six and 10 years old (M = 7.99; SD = 1.47). Rey Complex Figures and the Human Figure Drawing were applied collectively in the classroom. The results showed significant positive correlations between visual perception, immediate memory and non-verbal intelligence with Portuguese and math scores. The path analysis model indicated that non-verbal intelligence was able to predict school performance in Portuguese and mathematics subjects, while planning and visual perception skills were significant in predicting math performance (AU).

Este estudio verificó el valor predictivo de las tareas del Test de la Figura Compleja de Rey (tipo de copia y tipo de memoria) y del Dibujo de la Figura Humana (inteligencia no verbal) para evaluar el desempeño escolar de los niños de la Escuela Primaria I. Se realizó un estudio transversal en el que participaron 344 alumnos con edades entre 6 y 10 años (M = 7.99; SD = 1.47). Los tests de la Figura Compleja de Rey y del Dibujo de la Figura Humana fueron aplicados colectivamente en clase. Los resultados mostraron correlaciones positivas significativas entre la percepción visual, la memoria inmediata y la inteligencia no verbal con el rendimiento en las asignaturas de lengua portuguesa y matemáticas. El modelo de path analysis indicó que la inteligencia no verbal fue capaz de predecir el rendimiento en lengua portuguesa y matemáticas, mientras que las habilidades de planificación y percepción visual fueron significativas para predecir el rendimiento en matemáticas (AU).

Utilização de software para terapia fonoaudiológica com crianças surdas / Use of software for speech therapy with deaf children

RESUMO Na perspectiva de se trabalhar o aprimoramento da fala de crianças com surdez, a atuação fonoaudiológica busca novas ferramentas condizentes com o cenário tecnológico atual, utilizando-se de aplicativos tecnológicos no auxílio de suas intervenções, pois os jogos digitais, além de estimular a percepção visual, favorecem momentos interativos como etapas do processo de aprendizagem. O presente estudo se propôs a analisar estratégias terapêuticas mediadas pelo uso de software na reabilitação das habilidades vocais e articulatórias de fala de crianças com surdez, usuárias de implante coclear. Tratou-se de pesquisa do tipo estudo de caso com três crianças, realizada por meio do levantamento de prontuário; avaliação da voz e da articulação e análise acústica das produções vocais das vogais [a], [i] e [u] e dos sons oclusivos [p] e [b]; aplicação do jogo digital VoxTraining para aprimoramento de aspectos vocais e de fala, realizada em cinco sessões terapêuticas. Observou-se que todas as crianças tiveram diagnóstico de perda auditiva e início de reabilitação tardios, estavam em fase de aquisição da Língua Brasileira de Sinais como língua materna e apresentavam alterações vocais e articulatórias. Os resultados sugerem que os participantes se interessaram pelo software devido às solicitações de repetição dos jogos e estes contribuíram para melhor entendimento sobre o exercício vocal e articulatório realizado, devido ao estímulo do feedback visual. Conclui-se que o trabalho com crianças surdas utilizando jogos digitais facilitam a terapia e proporcionam melhora na qualidade da voz e da fala.

ABSTRACT From the perspective of working on the improving the speech of deaf children, the speech therapy action, when seeking new tools beffitting the current technological scenario, can use technological applications to help its interventions with deaf children, because digital games, besides stimulating visual perception, favors interactive moments as phases of the learning process. The present study aimed to analyze therapeutic strategies mediated by the use of software in the rehabilitation of vocal and articulatory speech skills of deaf children using cochlear implants. It is a case study of three deaf children was carried out through the survey of medical records; evaluation of the voice and articulation and acoustic analysis of the vocal productions of the vowels [a], [i], [u], and of the occlusive sounds [p], [b]; and application of the digital game VoxTraining to improve vocal and speech aspects performed in five therapeutic sessions. It was observed that all children were diagnosed with hearing los and early rehabilitation. The children are also in the process of acquiring the Brazilian Sign Language as their mother tongue and presents vocal and articulatory speech alterations. The results suggest that the participants were interested in the software due to the request for repetition of the games by the children, and this fact contributed to a better understanding of the vocal and articulatory exercise to be performed due to the contribution of visual feedback. It was concluded that bilingual work with deaf children using digital games facilitates therapy and improves voice quality and speech.

Ocorrência dos processos cognitivos de leitura e escrita e habilidades perceptovisuais em escolares com Dislexia Visual / Occurrence of reading and writing cognitive processes and perception visual skills in students with Visual Dyslexia

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar e classificar escolares disléxicos visuais, considerando que, subtipos de dislexia do desenvolvimento não são diferenciados na maioria dos diagnósticos e que os mesmos incidem em uma abordagem generalizada. Método Estudo transversal, observacional, analítico composto de 80 escolares, divididos em dois grupos, GA (disléxicos) e GB (sem queixa de dificuldade de aprendizagem) aplicando o PROLEC (prova de avaliação dos processos de leitura), o TVPS-3 (Teste Visual de Habilidades Perceptuais) e TPMBO (Teste de Proficiência Motora de Bruininks-Oseretsky) - subtestes 7 e 8. Resultados Comparando os grupos, os escolares do GA apresentaram desempenho inferior em todas as provas do PROLEC e no teste do TVPS−3. A execução nos testes de coordenação visuomotora e destreza manual do TPMBO foram inferiores. Em uma segunda etapa, triando os disléxicos visuais foram encontrados 12 (30%) escolares, que apresentaram melhor desempenho na leitura de palavras frequentes, quando comparados ao desempenho na leitura de palavras não frequentes e pseudopalavras. Nas habilidades perceptuais visuais (TVPS-3), obtiveram valores abaixo de 50%, exceto na subescala constância de forma. As ocorrências de trocas na leitura em voz alta, foram em confusão de letras, silabas ou palavras com pouca diferença na forma de escrever, mas diferentes na direção, os mesmos escolares não apresentaram trocas ou confusões entre letras, que possuem mesmo ponto e modo articulatório, e cujos sons são acusticamente próximos. Conclusão Assim caracterizar o subtipo da dislexia é fundamental, porque a aplicação das técnicas terapêuticas, dependerá do correto enfoque das alterações observadas. Portanto, é necessário um diagnóstico exato e multidisciplinar.

ABSTRACT Purpose to evaluate and classify visual dyslexic students, considering that developmental dyslexia subtypes are not differentiated in most diagnoses and that they affect a generalized approach. Methods Cross-sectional, observational, analytical study composed of 80 students, divided into two groups, GA (dyslexics) and GB (without complaints of learning difficulties) using PROLEC (proof of assessment of reading processes), TVPS - 3 (Visual Test of Perceptual Skills) and TPMBO (Bruininks-Oseretsky Motor Proficiency Test) - subtests 7 and 8. Results Comparing the groups, the students of GA presented inferior performance in all the PROLEC tests and in the TVPS3 tests. The TPMBO tests of visuomotor coordination and manual dexterity tests were inferior. In a second stage, screening the visual dyslexics, 12 (30%) schoolchildren were found, who presented better performance in reading frequent words, when compared to the performance in reading infrequent words and pseudowords. In the visual perceptual skills (TVPS-3), they obtained values below 50%, except for the subscale constancy of form. The occurrences of exchanges in reading aloud were in confusion of letters, syllables or words with little difference in the way of writing, but different in the direction, the same students did not present exchanges or confusions between letters, which have the same point and manner of articulation, and whose sounds are acoustically close. Conclusion Thus, characterizing the dyslexia subtype is fundamental, because the application of therapeutic techniques will depend on the correct focus of the observed changes. Therefore, an accurate and multidisciplinary diagnosis is required.

Pictorial size perception in schizophrenia

In this study, we compared visual pictorial size perception between healthy volunteers (CG) and an experimental group (EG) of people diagnosed with schizophrenia. We have been using paintings by Salvador Dalí and Rorschach plates to estimate visual pictorial size perception. In this transversal, ex post facto, and quasi-experimental study, we observed differences between EG and CG. Schizophrenic in-patients perceived sizes about 1.3-fold greater than healthy volunteers (p=0.006), implying that pictorial size perception is altered in some way in schizophrenia. Considering the present and previous results, this measurement of diameter size of first pictorial perception may be a useful estimate of some aspects of perceptual alterations that may be associated with psychotic symptoms in prodromal and acute schizophrenic episodes and other related mental states. Eventually, this may help in preventing people from evolving to acute episodes.

Topography of Visual Features in the Human Ventral Visual Pathway / 神经科学通报·英文版

Visual object recognition in humans and nonhuman primates is achieved by the ventral visual pathway (ventral occipital-temporal cortex, VOTC), which shows a well-documented object domain structure. An on-going question is what type of information is processed in the higher-order VOTC that underlies such observations, with recent evidence suggesting effects of certain visual features. Combining computational vision models, fMRI experiment using a parametric-modulation approach, and natural image statistics of common objects, we depicted the neural distribution of a comprehensive set of visual features in the VOTC, identifying voxel sensitivities with specific feature sets across geometry/shape, Fourier power, and color. The visual feature combination pattern in the VOTC is significantly explained by their relationships to different types of response-action computation (fight-or-flight, navigation, and manipulation), as derived from behavioral ratings and natural image statistics. These results offer a comprehensive visual feature map in the VOTC and a plausible theoretical explanation as a mapping onto different types of downstream response-action systems.

Correlação entre velocidade da percepção visual e mini-exame do estado mental / Correlation between speed of visual perception and mini mental state examination

Introdução: O Critical Flicker Fusioné um método não invasivo que pode ser utilizado para rastreio de distúrbio cognitivo (DC), contribuindo para o diagnóstico mais objetivo das demências. Objetivos: Comparar a velocidade de percepção visual e valores do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) de indivíduos com e sem DC. Metodologia: Estudo observacional analítico realizado de agosto de 2017 a julho de 2018. A amostra foi formada por pacientes atendidos num serviço de geriatria local. Procedeu-se aferição de CFF cujos resultados foram comparados com valores recentes de MEEM. Utilizou-se o qui-quadrado para comparar proporções e o t de Student para comparar médias. As correlações lineares foram avaliadas pelo r de Pearson ou rho de Spearman. Definiu-se significância estatística p<0,05. Resultados: A amostra final foi composta por 63 indivíduos, cujos valores de CFF demonstraram estar correlacionados à idade (p<0,001) e aos valores de MEEM (p<0,05). Ainda, o CFF foi capaz de discriminar os pacientes por presença de DC, não sendo influenciado pela escolaridade. Conclusão: O CFF se mostrou capaz de diagnosticar a presença de DC, além de ser um teste mais objetivo que o MEEM. Contudo, novos estudos são necessários para definir seu ponto de corte ideal, bem como sua real acurácia.

Introduction: Critical Flicker Fusion is a non-invasive method that can be used to screen for cognitive deficit (CD), contributing to the more objective diagnosis of dementias. Objectives: To compare the speed of visual perception and values of the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) of individuals with and without CD. Methodology: Analytical study carried out from August 2017 to July 2018. The sample consisted of patients from a local geriatric service. CFF measurement was performed, and the results were compared with recent MMSE values. Chi-square was used to compare proportions and Student's t to compare means. Linear correlations were assessed using Pearson's r or Spearman's rho. Statistical significance was set at p<0,05. Results: The final sample consisted of 63 individuals, whose CFF values were correlated with age (p<0,001) and MMSE values (p<0,05). Still, the CFF was able to discriminate patients or the presence of CD, not being influenced by education level. Conclusion: The CFF proved to be capable of diagnosing the presence of CD, in addition to being a more objective test than the MMSE. However, further studies are needed to define its ideal cutoff point, as well as itsreal accuracy.

Penetrabilidad cognitiva en la percepción visual temprana: Evidencia empírica en humanos / Cognitive penetrability in early visual perception: Empirical evidence in humans Artículo barra lateral

Con base en un trasfondo teórico sobre las concepciones modulares de la mente de Fodor (2001) y Pinker (2005), el objetivo del presente texto es analizar cualitativemente la solidez de la evidencia experimental de una muestra de artículos publicados entre 2002 y 2017, que apoyan la tesis de la penetrabilidad cognitiva en la percepción visual temprana. El estudio se justifica por las implicaciones que pueden tener los resultados de estas investigaciones para las diferentes concepciones sobre arquitectura mental en funciones perceptuales, procesamiento de la información intra e intermodular, e isomorfismo entre arquitectura mental y cerebral. La metodología que se utilizó para realizar este estudio implicó: establecimiento de la tesis y de los criterios de inclusión de los artículos a revisar, selección final de los artículos más representativos sobre las subáreas seleccionadas, análisis de la calidad metodológica y de los resultados de éstos, identificación de aportes específicos de cada estudio a la tesis planteada, e interpretación y síntesis de los hallazgos. De 26 artículos revisados sobre el tema, se reportan y analizan 7, que se consideran representativos de 4 subáreas: penetrabilidad de expectativas, de percepción del color, de rasgos faciales y de reconocimiento de objetos. Se concluye que hay una amplia y sólida evidencia convergente (perceptual y neurofisiológica) a favor de los fenómenos penetrativos en la visión temprana, lo cual apoyaría indirectamente la hipótesis de permeabilidad de los módulos mentales de Pinker. Se formulan recomendaciones sobre aspectos por investigar y variables a controlar en experimentos sobre este tema.

Based on a theoretical background on the modular conceptions of the mind of Fodor (2001) and Pinker (2005), the objective of this text is to qualitatively analyze the strength of the experimental evidence from a sample of experimental articles published between 2002 and 2017 that support the thesis of cognitive penetrability in early visual perception. The study is justified by the implications that the results of these investigations may have for the different conceptions about mental architecture in perceptual functions, intra and intermodular information processing and isomorphism between mental and brain architecture. The methodology used to carry out this study involved: establishment of the thesis and the inclusion criteria of the articles to be reviewed, final selection of the most representative articles on the selected subareas, analysis of the methodological quality and