Efecto de la otitis media en el desarrollo de la cognición y lenguaje infantil: una revisión narrativa de la literatura / Effect of otitis media on the development of childhood cognition and language: a narrative review of the literature

Resumen La otitis media constituye una de las consultas médicas más comunes en la población infantil. Se caracteriza por la inflamación del oído medio en presencia de exudado en la cavidad timpánica, abarcando un amplio espectro de formas clínicas, dentro de las que destacan la otitis media aguda, con efusión y crónica. La hipoacusia de conducción es una de las complicaciones de la otitis media, por lo que es lógico pensar que algunas habilidades del lenguaje y cognición infantil podrían verse afectadas secundariamente. Sin embargo, la evidencia en torno al tema no es concluyente y se aprecian opiniones contrapuestas; asimismo, no existe actualmente una revisión de la literatura que agrupe las investigaciones existentes en torno al tema. Por ello, el presente estudio pretende identificar y analizar la evidencia científica disponible sobre el efecto de la otitis media en el desarrollo de la cognición y lenguaje infantil. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura guiada por protocolo PRISMA en bases de datos de acuerdo a términos claves. Fueron analizados 8 artículos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Los resultados recabados sugieren, por una parte, que la otitis media afecta el lenguaje en sus distintas dimensiones, el vocabulario comprensivo y la longitud media del enunciado; mientras que, por otra parte, no se encontró efecto directo de la otitis media o hipoacusia sobre la comprensión del lenguaje. Se concluye que las investigaciones analizadas presentan gran variabilidad de resultados y conclusiones. No existen reportes sobre su impacto en otros dominios de la cognición.

Abstract Otitis media is one of the most common medical consultations in children. It is characterized by inflammation of the middle ear in the presence of exudate in the tympanic cavity, covering a wide spectrum of clinical forms, among which acute otitis media, otitis media with effusion and chronic otitis media are the most outstanding. Conductive hearing loss is one of the complications of otitis media, so it is logical to think that some language and cognitive skills in children could be affected. However, the evidence on this matter is not conclusive and there are conflicting opinions; likewise, there is currently no review of the literature that compile the existing research on this topic. Therefore, the present study aims to identify and analyze the available scientific evidence on the effect of otitis media on the development of children's cognition and language. A review of the literature, guided by PRISMA protocol, was conducted in databases according to key terms. Eight articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. The results suggest, on the one hand, that otitis media affects language in its different dimensions, comprehensive vocabulary and average sentence length; while on the other hand, no direct effect of otitis media or hearing loss on language comprehension was found. In is concluded that the research that were analyzed present great variability of results and conclusions. There are no reports on its impact on other domains of cognition.

Blast-induced hearing loss / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

The incidence of blast injury has increased recently. As the ear is the organ most sensitive to blast overpressure, the most frequent injuries seen after blast exposure are those affecting the ear. Blast overpressure affecting the ear results in sensorineural hearing loss, which is untreatable and often associated with a decline in the quality of life. Here, we review recent cases of blast-induced hearing dysfunction. The tympanic membrane is particularly sensitive to blast pressure waves, since such waves exert forces mainly at air-tissue interfaces within the body. However, treatment of tympanic membrane perforation caused by blast exposure is more difficult than that caused by other etiologies. Sensorineural hearing dysfunction after blast exposure is caused mainly by stereociliary bundle disruption on the outer hair cells. Also, a reduction in the numbers of synaptic ribbons in the inner hair cells and spiral ganglion cells is associated with hidden hearing loss, which is strongly associated with tinnitus or hyperacusis.

Hearing Disorders in Congenital Toxoplasmosis: A Literature Review

Abstract Introduction Several studies show correlations between congenital toxoplasmosis and hearing loss, with a broad diversity of levels of hearing loss and specifications of hearing disorders. Objective To describe the studies found in the literature regarding hearing disorders in congenital toxoplasmosis. Data Synthesis A literature review was conducted on the Lilacs, SciELO, PubMed and Scopus databases by combining the following keywords: congenital toxoplasmosis and hearing. Based on this search strategy, 152 papers were found, the majority published on the Scopus and PubMed databases from1958 to 2015. After theapplication of the inclusion criteria, 8 articles published between 1980 and 2015 were included in the present study. Conclusion This review showed a moderate evidence of the association between hearing disorders and congenital toxoplasmosis, which is characterized by sensorineural hearing loss. However, there are gaps in the description of the specific characteristics of the type and level of hearing loss, or of other possible disorders involved in the auditory processing.

Facial nerve hemangioma in the middle ear / Hemangioma de nervo facial em orelha média

ABSTRACT Facial nerve hemangioma is a rare and benign vascular tumor, and accounts for 0.7% of intratemporal tumors. We report the second case described in the literature of a facial nerve hemangioma in its tympanic segment. A 14-year-old male patient presented with a history of progressive right ear hearing loss with preserved facial mimicry. Pure tone audiometry showed a right ear moderate conductive hearing loss. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an expansive lesion involving the tympanic segment of the right facial nerve, suggestive of hemangioma. Watchful waiting was chosen as management. In the first case of middle ear facial hemangioma described in the literature, facial palsy was the symptom that led the patient to seek medical care. In the present case, it can be inferred that the first symptom was conductive hearing loss ipsilateral to the lesion. Facial palsy may not be present and the clinical presentation may resemble otosclerosis, ossicular chain disruption, and third window abnormalities, among other differential diagnoses of conductive hearing loss. The second case of tympanic portion facial nerve hemangioma is reported, describing the specificity of conductive hearing loss as its only clinical manifestation.

RESUMO O hemangioma do nervo facial é um tumor vascular raro e benigno, que corresponde a 0,7% dos tumores intratemporais. Apresentamos o segundo caso descrito na literatura de hemangioma do nervo facial em sua porção timpânica. Paciente de 14 anos, sexo masculino, apresentando hipoacusia progressiva em orelha direita com mímica facial preservada. A audiometria evidenciou perda condutiva moderada à direita. A ressonância magnética demonstrou lesão expansiva, comprometendo o segmento timpânico do nervo facial direito, sugestiva de hemangioma do nervo facial. A conduta foi expectante. No primeiro caso descrito na literatura de hemangioma do facial em orelha média, o sintoma que levou o paciente ao atendimento médico foi paralisia facial. No presente caso, pode-se inferir que o primeiro sintoma foi a perda auditiva condutiva ipsilateral à lesão. A paralisia facial pode não estar presente, e o quadro clínico pode se assemelhar à otosclerose, disjunção de cadeia e síndrome da terceira janela, dentre outros diagnósticos diferenciais de perdas auditivas condutivas. O artigo relata o segundo caso de hemangioma do nervo facial em sua porção timpânica, mostrando a peculiaridade de perda auditiva condutiva como única manifestação clínica.

Significant association between osteoporosis and hearing loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis / Associação significativa entre osteoporose e perda auditiva: uma revisão sistemática e metanálise

Abstract Introduction: There is inconclusive evidence whether osteoporosis increases risk of hearing loss in current literature. Objective: We conducted this meta-analysis to determine whether there is an association between hearing loss and osteoporosis. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted from studies of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and LILACS. Osteoporosis was defined as having a bone mineral density with a T-score of less than −2.5 standard deviation. The outcome was hearing loss as assessed by audiometry or self-reported assessment. Random-effects model and pooled hazard ratio, risk ratio, or odds ratio of hearing loss with 95% confidence intervals were compared between normal bone mineral density and low bone mineral density or osteoporosis. Results: A total of 16 articles underwent full-length review. Overall, there was a statistically significant increased odds of hearing loss in the low bone mineral density or osteoporosis group with odds ratio of 1.20 (95% confidence intervals 1.01-1.42, p = 0.04, I 2 = 82%, Pheterogeneity = 0.01). However, the study from Helzner et al. reported significantly increase odds of hearing loss in the low bone mineral density in particular area and population included femoral neck of black men 1.37 (95% confidence intervals 1.07-1.76, p = 0.01) and total hip of black men 1.36 (95% confidence intervals 1.05-1.76, p = 0.02). Conclusion: Our study proposed the first meta-analysis that demonstrated a probable association between hearing loss and bone mineral density. Osteoporosis could be a risk factor in hearing loss and might play an important role in age-related hearing loss.

Abstract Introduction: There is inconclusive evidence whether osteoporosis increases risk of hearing loss in current literature. Objective: We conducted this meta-analysis to determine whether there is an association between hearing loss and osteoporosis. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted from studies of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and LILACS. Osteoporosis was defined as having a bone mineral density with a T-score of less than −2.5 standard deviation. The outcome was hearing loss as assessed by audiometry or self-reported assessment. Random-effects model and pooled hazard ratio, risk ratio, or odds ratio of hearing loss with 95% confidence intervals were compared between normal bone mineral density and low bone mineral density or osteoporosis. Results: A total of 16 articles underwent full-length review. Overall, there was a statistically significant increased odds of hearing loss in the low bone mineral density or osteoporosis group with odds ratio of 1.20 (95% confidence intervals 1.01-1.42, p = 0.04, I 2 = 82%, Pheterogeneity = 0.01). However, the study from Helzner et al. reported significantly increase odds of hearing loss in the low bone mineral density in particular area and population included femoral neck of black men 1.37 (95% confidence intervals 1.07-1.76, p = 0.01) and total hip of black men 1.36 (95% confidence intervals 1.05-1.76, p = 0.02). Conclusion: Our study proposed the first meta-analysis that demonstrated a probable association between hearing loss and bone mineral density. Osteoporosis could be a risk factor in hearing loss and might play an important role in age-related hearing loss.

Hearing loss among patients with Turner's syndrome: literature review / Perda auditiva em pacientes com síndrome de Turner: revisão da literatura

INTRODUCTION: Turner's syndrome (TS) is caused by a partial or total deletion of an X chromosome, occurring in 1:2,000 to 1:5,000 live born females. Hearing loss is one of its major clinical manifestations. However, there are few studies investigating this problem. OBJECTIVES: To review the current knowledge regarding the epidemiology, etiology, clinical manifestations and diagnosis of hearing impairment in patients with TS. METHODS: A bibliographic search was performed in the Medline and Lilacs databanks (1980-2012) to identify the main papers associating Turner's syndrome, hearing impairment and its clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Recurrent otitis media, dysfunction of the Eustachian tube, conductive hearing loss during infancy and sensorineural hearing loss in adolescence are the audiologic disorders more common in ST. The karyotype appears to be important in the hearing loss, with studies demonstrating an increased prevalence in patients with monosomy 45,X or isochromosome 46,i(Xq). Morphologic studies of the cochlea are necessary to help out in the clarifying the etiology of the sensorineural hearing loss. .

INTRODUÇÃO: A síndrome de Turner (ST) é causada por uma deleção total ou parcial de um cromossomo X, ocorrendo em 1:2.000 até 1:5.000 meninas nascidas vivas. A perda auditiva é uma de suas principais manifestações clinicas. Entretanto, existem poucos estudos na literatura descrevendo essa associação. OBJETIVO: Rever o conhecimento atual sobre a epidemiologia, etiologia, manifestações clínicas e diagnósticas da deficiência auditiva em pacientes com ST. MÉTODOS: A pesquisa bibliográfica, realizada entre 1980-2012, utilizou os bancos de dados Medlinee Lilacs identificando os principais artigos que relataram associação entre ST e deficit auditivo e suas repercussões clínicas. CONCLUSÕES: Otite média de repetição, disfunção das trompas de Eustáquio, perdas auditivas condutivas durante a infância e perdas auditivas sensorioneurais a partir da adolescência são os distúrbios audiológicos mais comuns na ST. O cariótipo parece ter relação com a perda auditiva, com estudos mostrando aumento da prevalência de perda auditiva em pacientes com monossomia 45,X e isocromossomos 46,i(Xq). Estudos morfológicos da cóclea são necessários para ajudar a esclarecer a etiologia da perda auditiva sensorioneural. .

Revisión sobre el manejo de atresia de conducto auditivo externo mediante el uso de dispositivos auditivos implantables osteointegrados: a propósito de un caso exitoso con un implante Bonebridge® / Review of the management of external auditory canal atresia using osseo integrated implantable hearing devices: report of a successful case with Bonebridge® implant

La atresia de conducto auditivo externo tiene una incidencia de 1 por 1.000 ó 2.000 nacidos vivos, predominantemente unilateral. Su manejo actual es controversial, en especial la cirugía de reconstrucción. En el último tiempo se han desarrollado dispositivos osteointegrados, que han revolucionado el tratamiento y cuestionado la indicación de cirugía. El liderazgo por un tiempo importante lo ha tenido el dispositivo tipo BAHA, pero que ha tenido problemas en el largo plazo, principalmente en relación con el tornillo del implante. En respuesta a estos problemas, se ha diseñado un nuevo implante osteointegrado de nombre Bonebridge®, con beneficios frente a su antecesor. Como en nuestro medio se tiene poca experiencia en este dispositivo se presenta una revisión a propósito de un caso clínico exitoso. El caso corresponde a un paciente de 18 años con hipoacusia de conducción máxima bilateral congénita, con diagnóstico de atresia de conducto auditivo externo bilateral, con inadecuada ganancia auditiva del cintillo óseo tradicional. Tanto la revisión bibliográfica como el caso clínico nos permiten aseverar que Bonebridge® corresponde a tratamiento adecuado en el manejo de la atresia del conducto auditivo externo, con ciertos beneficios sobre otros dispositivos y la cirugía.

The external auditory canal atresia has an incidence of 1 per 1000 or 2000 live births predominantly unilateral. Its management is controversial, especially with the decision of reconstructive surgery. Lately, have developed osseo integrated bone conduction devices, which have come to revolutionize the treatment and questioning the indication for surgery. The leadership for a long time its has had it the BAHA device type, but has several problems in long-term, mainly in relation to the screw used in the implant. In response to this problems, was designed a new osseo integrated implant named Bonebridge®, showing benefits over its predecessor. As in our setting there is little experience with this device, we present a review about a successful clinical case. The case is a patient of 18 years with a maximal bilateral hearing loss caused by a congenital bilateral atresia of the external auditory canal, and inadequate audition gain with traditional bone headband. As much the bibliographical overhaul as the clinical case allows to assert that Bone-bridge® corresponds to an alternative of treatment in the atresia of the external auditory canal and with certain benefits by on the other devices, as the surgery.

Amplificação por condução óssea em malformações congênitas: benefício e satisfação / Amplification by bone conduction in congenital malformations: patient benefits and satisfaction

A deficiência auditiva é um dos achados clínicos mais comuns em sujeitos com malformações de orelha. O tratamento consiste em realizar a cirurgia e/ou adaptar o aparelho de amplificação sonora por via óssea (AASI VO). A intervenção precoce é fundamental para favorecer a estimulação auditiva e desenvolvimento da fala e linguagem. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar o perfil audiológico de sujeitos com malformação congênita de orelha externa e/ou média e avaliar o benefício e a satisfação destes com o uso de AASI VO. MÉTODO: Estudo descritivo, sujeitos com malformações congênitas bilaterais de orelha externa e/ou média, deficiência auditiva condutiva ou mista, moderada ou grave e usuários de AASI VO. Avaliação do benefício utilizando teste de reconhecimento de sentenças com ruído competitivo e medidas de ganho funcional e avaliação da satisfação utilizando questionário internacional QI - AASI. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 13 sujeitos, sendo 61% do sexo masculino e 80% com deficiência auditiva condutiva moderada ou grave. Houve melhor desempenho na avaliação proposta na condição com AASI, quando comparada à condição sem AASI. CONCLUSÃO: Os AASI VO retroauriculares apresentaram vantagens para a população estudada e devem ser considerados como uma opção para intervenção. A satisfação foi confirmada pelos escores elevados obtidos no QI - AASI.

Hearing loss is one of the most common clinical findings in subjects with malformations of the ear. Treatment consists of surgery and/or adapt a hearing aid amplification by bone (HA VO). Early intervention is critical to auditory stimulation and development of speech and language. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the audiological profile of subjects with congenital malformation of the external ear and/or middle and evaluate the benefit and satisfaction of using HA VO. METHOD: A descriptive study, subjects with bilateral congenital malformations of the external ear and/or middle, conductive or mixed hearing loss, moderate or severe and HA VO users. Evaluation of the benefit test using sentence recognition in noise and measures of functional gain and satisfaction assessment questionnaire using international IQ - HA. RESULTS: 13 subjects were evaluated, 61% were male and 80% with moderate conductive hearing loss or severe. There was better performance in the evaluation proposal, provided with HA when compared to the condition without HA. CONCLUSION: HA VO showed advantages for the population studied and should be considered as an option for intervention. Satisfaction was confirmed by elevated scores obtained in IQ - HA.

Achados audiológicos e eletrofisiológicos de indivíduos com a síndrome G/BBB / Auditory findings and electrophysiologics in individuals with G/BBB syndrome

A síndrome G/BBB é uma condição rara, caracterizada por hipertelorismo, fissura de lábio e palato e hipospádia. Não foram encontrados trabalhos sobre a audição em indivíduos com esta síndrome. OBJETIVO: Investigar a função auditiva em pacientes com síndrome G/BBB quanto à ocorrência ou não de perda auditiva e a condução nervosa auditiva periférica e central. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Catorze pacientes de 7 a 34 anos, do gênero masculino, com a síndrome G/BBB, foram avaliados por meio de otoscopia, audiometria, timpanometria e potenciais evocados auditivos de tronco encefálico (PEATE). Forma de Estudo: Estudo de série clínico prospectivo. RESULTADOS: Limiares audiométricos normais em 12 (66,7 por cento) pacientes da amostra e alterados em dois (33,3 por cento), sendo um com perda condutiva e um neurossensorial. Quanto ao PEATE, foram encontrados: latências absolutas da onda I normais em todos os pacientes, aumento das latências absolutas da onda III e V em dois e seis pacientes respectivamente; latências interpicos I-III, III-V e I-V aumentadas em quatro, três e oito pacientes, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Perdas auditivas periféricas podem ocorrer na síndrome G/BBB. Há evidências de comprometimento das vias auditivas centrais em nível do tronco encefálico. Estudos com exames de imagem são necessários para maior clareza dos achados clínicos.

The G/BBB syndrome is a rare condition characterized by hypertelorism, cleft lip and palate, and hypospadias. No studies were found on the hearing of individuals with this syndrome. AIM: To investigate the auditory function in patients with G/BBB syndrome, such as the occurrence of hearing loss, and central and peripheral auditory nerve conduction. METHODS: Fourteen male patients aged 7-34 years with the G/BBB syndrome were assessed by otoscopy, audiometry, tympanometry and evoked auditory brainstem response (ABR). Model: A retrospective clinical series study. RESULTS: Audiometric thresholds were normal in 12 (66.7 percent) of the sample and altered in two (33.3 percent), one with conductive and one with sensorineural loss. ABR resuts were: all patients had normal absolute wave I latencies; absolute wave III and V latencies were increased in two and six patients, respectively; interpeak latencies I-III, IV and V interpeak latencies were increased in four, three and eight patients respectively. CONCLUSION: Hearing loss can occur in the G/BBB syndrome. There is evidence of central auditory pathway involvement in the brainstem. Imaging studies are needed to clarify the clinical findings.

Manifestações audiológicas em crianças e adultos com AIDS / Audiological manifestations in children and adults with AIDS

TEMA: a literatura relata a ocorrência de alteração auditiva em pacientes com HIV/AIDS, podendo esta ser decorrente de comprometimentos na orelha externa, média e/ou interna. OBJETIVOS: caracterizar e comparar os resultados da avaliação audiológica e do Potencial Evocado Auditivo de Tronco Encefálico de crianças e adultos com AIDS. MÉTODOS: foram submetidos à avaliação audiológica e eletrofisiológica (Potencial Evocado Auditivo de Tronco Encefálico) 51 crianças e 22 adultos com AIDS (grupos pesquisa I e II respectivamente) e 50 crianças e 25 adultos saudáveis (grupos controle I e II respectivamente), com idade entre três e 10 anos (crianças) e entre 18 e 50 anos (adultos). RESULTADOS: nas crianças com AIDS foram mais frequentes as alterações de orelha média e nos adultos as de orelha interna, bem como maior ocorrência de resultados alterados no potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico nos adultos quando comparados às crianças. CONCLUSÃO: crianças e adultos com AIDS apresentam alterações na avaliação audiológica e no potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico, sugestivas de comprometimento das vias auditiva periférica e central. Os resultados enfatizam a eficácia da utilização dos testes eletrofisiológicos da audição para melhor definição do grau de lesão encefálica em pacientes com AIDS, permitindo ainda a monitorização da velocidade de evolução da doença.

BACKGROUND: according to the literature, the incidence of hearing impairment in patients with HIV / AIDS might be caused by alterations in external, middle and / or internal ear. AIM: to characterize and to compare the results of audiological assessment and Auditory Brainstem Response in children and adults with AIDS. METHOD: audiological and electrophysiological (Auditory Brainstem Response) assessment of hearing was carried out in 51 children and 22 adults with HIV/AIDS (research groups I and II, respectively) and in 50 healthy children and 25 healthy adults (control groups I and II, respectively). Participants ranged in age between 3 and 10 years (children) and between 18 and 50 years (adults). RESULTS: the most frequent observed alteration for children with AIDS was related to the middle ear whereas for adults with AIDS it was related to the internal ear. Higher occurrence of abnormal results was observed for adults with AIDS as compared to children with AIDS. CONCLUSION: children and adults with AIDS present alterations in audiological assessment and Auditory Brainstem Response. This suggests the involvement of peripheral and central auditory pathways. Findings of the present study emphasize the effectiveness of using electrophysiological hearing measures in order to better identify the brain injury level in patients with AIDS, besides allowing the monitoring of the development rate of the disease.

Alterações condutivas em neonatos que falharam na triagem auditiva neonatal / Conductive impairment in newborn who failed the newborn hearing screening

In newborn hearing screening little importance is attributed to changes in the middle ear. Children with secretory otitis in the neonatal period are at risk for developing otitis media in the first year of life. AIM: To determine if children who failed the hearing screening because of conductive hearing loss have more episodes of conductive hearing impairment during their first years of life. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group comprised 62 children who failed the screening for conductive impairment. The control was made up of 221 who passed. Both had audiologic and otolaryngological assistance and were compared regarding the occurrence of conductive disorder. Were used the Fisher's Exact test for statistical analysis and logistic regression models. The study was prospective and retrospective. RESULTS: Children who failed the screening by conductive disorder had more episodes of otitis media during the first year of life than those who did not fail, with statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION: Infants who failed the screening in the first month of life for conductive alteration are more likely to experience otitis in the first year of life. The high incidence of otitis indicates the need for joint action with otolaryngologist for diagnosis of such changes.

Na triagem auditiva neonatal pouca importância é atribuída às alterações de orelha média. As crianças que apresentam otites secretoras no período neonatal são de risco para desenvolver otite média no primeiro ano de vida. OBJETIVO: Verificar se as crianças que falharam na triagem auditiva por alteração condutiva têm mais episódios de comprometimento condutivo durante o primeiro ano de vida. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: O grupo estudo foi constituído por 62 crianças que falharam na triagem por comprometimento condutivo. O controle foi formado por 221 que passaram. Ambos tiveram acompanhamento audiológico e otorrinolaringológico e foram comparados quanto à ocorrência de comprometimento condutivo. Foram utilizados para análise estatística o teste Exato de Fisher e modelos de Regressão Logística. O estudo foi prospectivo e retrospectivo. RESULTADOS: As crianças que falharam na triagem por comprometimento condutivo tiveram mais episódios de otite média durante o primeiro ano de vida do que as que não falharam, com diferença significante. CONCLUSÃO: Os neonatos que falharam na triagem no primeiro mês de vida por alteração condutiva têm maior chance de apresentarem otite no primeiro ano de vida. A elevada ocorrência de otite indica a necessidade da atuação conjunta com otorrinolaringologista para o diagnóstico de tais alterações.

A Case of Dysplastic Nevus of the External Auditory Canal Presenting with Conductive Hearing Loss

A nevus which is a benign melanocytic neoplasm rarely occurs within the external auditory canal (EAC). A dysplastic nevus presents atypical features both clinically and histologically, and is important as a potential precursor for melanoma. We present a case of a 33-year-old female patient with a dysplastic nevus in her EAC. Physical examination revealed a protruding mass arising from the posterior wall of the left cartilaginous EAC. The mass showed clinically characteristic findings of a melanocytic nevus. The patient underwent excisional biopsy via a transcanal approach under local anesthesia. Histopathological examination revealed an intradermal nevus with atypical melanocytes without pleomorphism. There was no evidence of recurrence two years after surgical excision.

Resultados da cirurgia para otospongiose com dois tipos de prótese em procedimentos realizados por residentes / Results of stapes surgery for otosclerosis with two kinds of prothesis in residency training

A cirurgia do estapédio é um dos tratamentos indicados para a melhora da surdez condutiva secundária à otospongiose. O procedimento requer habilidade e experiência do cirurgião e faz parte do treinamento durante a residência médica. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar qual tipo de prótese (teflon ou mista de metal e aço) apresenta melhores os resultados auditivos em cirurgias realizadas por residentes e a incidência de complicações. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas retrospectivamente 189 intervenções cirúrgicas que tiveram participação ativa de residentes, comparando-se os dois tipos de prótese utilizados. Os resultados audiométricos foram analisados conforme orientação do Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium e segundo o Amsterdam Hearing Evaluation Plots. RESULTADOS: O gap aéreo-ósseo diminuiu em média 21,90 dB (p<0,05) após o procedimento cirúrgico no grupo da prótese de teflon e 21,37 dB (p<0,05) no grupo da prótese mista, sendo o ganho do IRF de 22,33 e 26,10 dB (p<0,05), e o gap aéreo-ósseo foi inferior a 20 dB em 80,6 por cento e 85,04 por cento, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: Não evidenciamos diferenças no resultado audiométrico e na incidência de complicações quando comparamos o tipo de prótese utilizada. Acreditamos ser válida a execução desse procedimento em serviços de treinamento de médicos residentes, independente do tipo de prótese.

Stapes surgery is one of the approaches indicated to treat conductive hearing loss secondary to otosclerosis. The procedures requires skill and experience from the surgeon and is part of medical residency training. AIMS: To assess which type of prosthesis (Teflon or metal/steel) presents the best results in surgeries performed by residents and the incidence of complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: we retrospectively assessed 189 interventions that counted on the active participation of resident physicians, and we compared the two types of prosthesis used. Audiometric results were analyzed following the guidelines from the Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium and also according to the Amsterdam Hearing Evaluation Plots. RESULTS: Bone-air gap reduced in an average value of 21.90 dB (p<0.05) after the surgery in the group that received the Teflon prosthesis and 21.37 dB (p<0.05) in the group that received the mixed prosthesis, and gain in SRI was of 22.33 and 26.10 dB (p<0.05), and the air-bone gap was below 20 dB in 80.6 percent and 85.04 percent, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We did not see differences in the audiometry and in the incidence of complications when we compared the type of prosthesis used. We believe it is valid to continue teaching this procedure in medical residency training programs, regardless of the type of prosthesis.

Efeito da timpanoplastia no zumbido de pacientes com hipoacusia condutiva: seguimento de seis meses / The effect of timpanoplasty on tinnitus in patients with conductive hearing loss: a six month follow-up

O timpanoplastia tem como objetivos erradicar a doença da orelha média e restaurar os mecanismos de condução sonora. Contudo, alguns pacientes apresentam incômodo com o zumbido e muitas vezes questionam o médico sobre os resultados da cirurgia em relação ao zumbido. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a evolução do zumbido em pacientes com hipoacusia condutiva após timpanoplastia. Forma de Estudo: Coorte prospectiva. CASUíSTICA E MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 23 pacientes com queixa de zumbido e diagnóstico de otite média crônica simples com indicação cirúrgica. Os pacientes foram submetidos a um protocolo de investigação médica e audiológica do zumbido antes, 30 e 180 dias após a timpanoplastia. RESULTADOS: 82,6 por cento dos pacientes apresentaram melhora ou abolição do zumbido. Melhora significante do incômodo do zumbido no pré-operatório (5,26) em relação ao pós-operatório (1,91 com 30 e 180 dias), assim como entre o incômodo da perda auditiva pré-operatória (6,56) e pós-operatória (3,65 e 2,91). A audiometria revelou melhora do limiar tonal em todas as freqüências, com exceção de 8KHz, havendo fechamento ou gap máximo de 10dB NA em 61 por cento dos casos. Pega total do enxerto em 78 por cento dos casos. CONCLUSÃO: Além da melhora da perda auditiva, a timpanoplastia também proporciona bons resultados sobre o controle do zumbido.

Tympanoplasty is done to eradicate ear pathology and to restore the conductive hearing mechanism (eardrum and ossicles). Some patients, however, do not tolerate tinnitus and question physicians about the results of surgery when tinnitus persists. AIM: to evaluate the progression of tinnitus in patients with conductive hearing loss after tympanoplasty. STUDY DESIGN: a prospective cohort study. Material and Methods: 23 consecutive patients with tinnitus due to chronic otitis media underwent tympanoplasty. The patients underwent a medical and audiological protocol for tinnitus before and after tympanoplasty. RESULTS: 82.6 percent of patients had improvement or elimination of tinnitus after tympanoplasty The mean score of postoperative intolerance to tinnitus (1.91 for 30 and 180 days) was significantly different from preoperative scores (5.26). As to hearing loss, patients improved medically 30 and 180 days after surgery (3.65 and 2.91) compared to the preoperative condition (6.56). Audiometry revealed improvement at all frequencies from 0.25 to 6KHz, except at 8KHz. The air-bone gap was closed or was within 10dB in 14 cases (61 percent). An intact tympanic membrane was achieved in 78 percent of the cases. CONCLUSION: Aside from the classical improvement of hearing loss, tympanoplasty also offers good control of tinnitus.

Ear teratoma; a case report

Teratomas are tumors originated from mature or immature tissues. Teratomas are made up of one embryonic layer or all three embryonic layers [endoderm, mesoderm, or ectoderm]. Herein we report a 41-year-old man who presented with vertigo, vomiting, and tinnitus. After physical examination, laboratory evaluation and performing computed tomography, cholesteatoma was diagnosed, however, during radical mastoidectomy a cystic tumor was found. The result of pathology proved middle ear and mastoid teratoma

Perdas auditivas condutivas / Conductive hearing loss

O sistema auditivo é constituído pelas orelhas externa, média e interna e pelas vias auditivas no sistema nervoso central. A membrana timpânica tem como função amplificar a pressão sonora, permitindo uma amplificação de sons. A orelha média compreende a cavidade timpânica composta pela membrana timpânica (camadas intermediária e interna), cadeia ossicular com seus músculos e ligamentos, a tuba auditiva, o adito, o antro e as células mastóideas. Conhecendo-se as estruturas das orelhas externa e média e sua fisiologia na transmissão sonora, pode-se reconhecer o que alterações neste sistema trazem de prejuízos para a função auditiva no ser humano, constituindo assim quadros clínicos diversos que cursam com perdas auditivas condutivas.