Associação de meningite e pericardite na doença pneumocócica invasiva: um caso raro / Association of meningitis and pericarditis in invasive pneumococcal disease: a rare case

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar um caso raro de uma criança com meningite associada a pericardite na doença pneumocócica invasiva. Descrição do caso: Este relato descreve uma evolução clínica desfavorável de um lactente feminino de 6 meses de idade, previamente hígido, que apresentou inicialmente sintomas respiratórios e febre. A radiografia de tórax revelou um aumento da área cardíaca sem alterações radiográficas nos pulmões. Após a identificação do derrame pericárdico, o paciente apresentou convulsões e entrou em coma. Pneumonia foi descartada durante a investigação clínica. Contudo, foi identificado Streptococcus pneumoniae nas culturas de líquor e sangue. O exame neurológico inicial foi compatível com morte encefálica, posteriormente confirmada pelo protocolo. Comentários: A pericardite purulenta tornou-se uma complicação rara da doença pneumocócica invasiva desde o advento da terapia antibiótica. Pacientes com pneumonia extensa são primariamente predispostos e, mesmo com tratamento adequado e precoce, estão sujeitos a altas taxas de mortalidade. A associação de meningite pneumocócica e pericardite é incomum e, portanto, de difícil diagnóstico. Por isso, uma alta suspeição diagnóstica é necessária para instituir o tratamento precoce e aumentar a sobrevida.

ABSTRACT Objective: To report a rare case of a child with invasive pneumococcal disease that presented meningitis associated with pericarditis. Case description: This report describes the unfavorable clinical course of a previously healthy 6-months-old female infant who initially presented symptoms of fever and respiratory problems. A chest X-ray revealed an increased cardiac area with no radiographic changes in the lungs. After identifying a pericardial effusion, the patient experienced seizures and went into coma. Pneumonia was excluded as a possibility during the clinical investigation. However, Streptococcus pneumoniae was identified in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood cultures. An initial neurological examination showed that the patient was brain dead, which was then later confirmed according to protocol. Comments: Purulent pericarditis has become a rare complication of invasive pneumococcal disease since the advent of antibiotic therapy. Patients with extensive pneumonia are primarily predisposed and, even with early and adequate treatment, are prone to high mortality rates. The association of pneumococcal meningitis and pericarditis is uncommon, and therefore difficult to diagnose. As such, diagnostic suspicion must be high in order to institute early treatment and increase survival.

Neisseria meningitidis presenting as acute abdomen and recurrent reactive pericarditis

ABSTRACT Meningococcal meningitis is a well established potential fatal infection characterized by fever, headache, petechial rash, and vomiting in the majority of cases. However, protean manifestations including abdominal pain, sore throat, diarrhea and cough, even though rare, should not be overlooked. Similarly, although disseminated infection could potentially involve various organ-targets, secondary immune related complications including joints or pericardium should be dealt with caution, since they remain unresponsive to appropriate antibiotic regimens. We hereby report the rare case of an otherwise healthy adult female, presenting with acute abdominal pain masking Neisseria meningitidis serotype B meningitis, later complicated with recurrent reactive pericarditis despite appropriate antibiotic treatment. There follows a review of current literature.

Pericarditis como presentación inicial de enfermedad meningocócica diseminada / Pericarditis as initial presentation of disseminated meningococcal disease

La pericarditis es una complicación conocida pero poco frecuente de la infección meningocócica. La incidencia es de 3% a 19% en todos los grupos etarios, con pocos casos informados en la edad pediátrica. La enfermedad meningocócica diseminada con pericarditis es defnida como pericarditis purulenta con evidencia clínica de meningococemia y meningitis. Se presenta el caso de un lactante de 4 meses con diagnóstico de enfermedad meningocócica diseminada con pericarditis causada por Neisseria meningitidis serogrupo B. Tras el tratamiento antibiótico adecuado, se logró controlar el cuadro séptico y cardiológico. Se resalta el hecho de que la infección meningocócica puede presentar formas clínicas poco frecuentes, lo que puede llevar a difcultades diagnósticas y terapéuticas.

Pericarditis is a well-recognized but uncommon complication of meningococcal infection. The incidence of pericarditis complicating meningococcal disease in all age groups is reported to be 3-19%. There are few cases reported in the paediatric age group. Disseminated meningococcal disease with pericarditis, defned as purulent pericarditis with clinical evidence of disseminated meningococcemia and meningitis. We report the case of a 4-month-old male infant who presented disseminated meningococcal disease with pericarditis caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B. The patient was treated with antibiotic with excellent response. It is important to point out that meningococcal disease may present in unusual forms which may lead to diagnostic and therapeutic diffculties.

A case of myopericarditis associated to Campylobacter jejuni infection in the southern hemisphere

Myopericarditis is an infrequent complication of acute diarrheal illness due to Campylobacter jejuni, and it has been mainly reported in developed nations. The first case detected in Chile - an upper-middle income country -, that is coincidental with the increasing importance of acute gastroenteritis associated to this pathogen, is described. Recognition of this agent in stools requires special laboratory techniques not widely available, and it was suspected when a young patient presented with acute diarrhea, fever, and chest pain combined with electrocardiogram (EKG) abnormalities and elevated myocardial enzymes. C. jejuni myopericarditis can easily be suspected but its detection requires dedicated laboratory techniques.

Pericarditis purulenta primaria por Streptococcus pneumoniae, a propósito de un caso clínico / Primary purulent pericarditis by Streptococcus pneumoniae: case report and literature review

Background: Purulent pericarditis has become a rare clinical entity since the onset of antimicrobial therapy and has a poor outcome in the majority of cases. Case-report: A healthy 3 month-old patient admitted with dyspnea, pallor and anorexia, developing cardiogenic shock due to cardiac tamponade. Chest X-ray showed cardiomegaly. He required mechanical ventilation, volume resuscitation and vasoactive drugs. Echocardiogram showed a large pericardial effusion, CT sean ruled out lung and mediastinal infection. Pericardial drainage was performed and Vancomycin plus Ceftriaxone were initiated, with a positive blood culture for Penicillin-sensitive Streptococcus pneumoniae. The evolution was favourable after surgical drainage and controlling the infection. No extraperdicardial infection was found. He received 3 weeks of antibiotic therapy. Immunological studies were normal. Conclusion: Primary purulent pericarditis is uncommon, so early detection and treatment of this life-threatening condition may lead to a good outcome.

Hoy en día la pericarditis purulenta (PP) es una patología poco frecuente, pero de pronóstico grave. Comunicamos el caso clínico de un paciente de 3 meses, sano previamente. Consultó por palidez, rechazo alimentario y dificultad respiratoria de pocas horas de evolución. La radiografía de tórax demostró cardiomegalia. Evolucionó hacia shock cardiogénico por taponamiento cardíaco. Recibió inicialmente expansores de volumen y drogas vasoactivas. Antibioterapia con vancomicina y ceftriaxona. Ecocar-diograma objetivó derrame pericárdico extenso, complementado con TAC que descartó foco infeccioso endotoráxico. Se realizó pericardiocentesis y luego ventana pericárdica. Se aisló en hemocultivo Streptococcus pneumoniae, sensible a penicilina. Luego de drenaje quirúrgico y control de infección presentó evolución favorable. No se encontró sitio infeccioso extrapericárdico. Completó tres semanas de tratamiento antibiótico. Estudio inmunológico fue normal. La PP es observada raramente en individuos sanos. La presentación en este caso fue de horas, por un agente inhabitual y de extrema gravedad. Un diagnóstico precoz, en conjunto con un tratamiento médico-quirúrgico es fundamental, como la mejor forma de evitar secuelas.

Tuberculosis: an unusual presentation.

Patient with tuberculosis may present with atypical, unusual or complex features. The reported case is of 31 years lady admitted with fever, breathlessness and features of cardiac failure. She was detected to have right lower lung consolidation, minimal bilateral pleural effusion, features suggestive of sub-acute pericarditis and subsequent chest x-ray revealed miliary mottling as well. Later on Acid Fast Bacilli were detected in sputum and pleural fluid. Clinicians need to keep complex presentation of TB in mind to manage the case at its earlier stage to avoid residual complication.

Pericarditis purulenta con taponamiento cardiaco por asociacion de streptococcus agalactiae y salmonella enterica no typhi / Purulent pericarditis with pericardial tamponade caused by streptococcus agalactiae and salmonella enterica no typhi

La pericarditis purulenta (PP) es una condición infrecuente, pero con elevada mortalidad. Previo a la era antibiótica, los agentes etiológicos más comúnmente hallados eran Streptococcus pneumoniae y Staphylococcus aureus. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino de 75 años de edad con un cuadro de shock, PP y taponamiento cardíaco, producto de una sepsis por Streptococcus agalactiae y Salmonella entérica no typhi. No se ha hallado ningún caso similar en la literatuta. Se destaca el antecedente previo inmediato de la realización de una endoscopia digestiva alta con toma de biopsia de esófago como posible causa de bacteriemia e impacto pericárdico. El curso evolutivo fue malo y el paciente falleció a los 34 días. Esta inusual asociaíón bacteriana en un huésped debilitado e inmunodeprimido, debería ser incluida dentro de los diagnósticos etiológicos diferenciales de la pericarditis purulenta.

Actinomicosis torácica con compromiso pericárdico y pulmonar / Pericardium and lung involvement by actinomyces israelii: case report

Se reporta un caso de actinomicosis con compromiso pulmonar, pericárdico y de la pared torácica. el compromiso pericárdico estuvo asociado a un exudado hemorrágico de gran cuantía con celularidad aumentada, de predominio polimorfonuclear. El caso fue adecuadamente documentado por la demostración bacteriológica de actinomyces isrraelli desde una muestra obtenida de una tumoración inflamatoria paraesternal. El paciente respondió favorablemente al uso prolongado de bencilpenicilina sódica en altas dosis por vía intravenosa y a tetraciclina oral subsecuentemente

Pericarditis purulenta en niños: análisis de 19 casos / Purulent pericarditis in children: an analysis of 19 cases

Se analizan retrospectivamente los antecedentes clínicos de 19 pacientes con diagnóstico de pericarditis purulenta, hospitalizados entre enero de 1982 y enero de 1992. Las edades oscilaron entre 6 meses y 15 años. Desde el punto de vista clínico, la fiebre, taquicardia y los ruidos cardíacos apagados son los hechos más relevantes; 4 niños presentaron insuficiencia cardiaca. En 17 pacientes la pericarditis se asoció con bronconeumonía. Se demostró cardiomegalia radiológica en 17 pacientes. En 8 de los 12 niños en quienes se realizó electrocardiograma se detectaron bajos voltajes y trastornos de la repolarización. La ecocardiografía mostró derrame precárdiaco en todos los pacientes. Sólo en 6 niños se identificó germen: 2 haemophilus influenzae, 3 staphylococcus aureus y 1 neumococo. Todos recibieron terapia antibiótica y drenaje quirúrgico. La evolución fue satisfactoria en 16 pacientes. Tres fallecieron por compromiso séptico multisistémico