Síndrome de Sweet por tuberculosis peritoneal: reporte de caso / Sweet's Syndrome due to peritoneal tuberculosis: Case report

Resumen La tuberculosis (TBC) peritoneal es una entidad poco frecuente y representa un 25 %-50 % de los casos de tuberculosis abdominal, y 0,1 %-0,7 % de todos los casos de tuberculosis. La mortalidad alcanza un 35 % cuando hay un retraso en el tratamiento, y un 73 % en pacientes con cirrosis. Además, tiene un gran espectro clínico, por lo que su diagnóstico diferencial abarca a nivel clínico patologías como cirrosis, malignidad, síndrome nefrótico, desnutrición; a nivel imagenológico enfermedad metastásica peritoneal, carcinomatosis de origen gástrico, pancreático, vesical, ovárico, colónico y enfermedades infecciosas como actinomicosis, coccidioidomicosis, histoplasmosis o micobacterias no tuberculosas. El diagnóstico se apoya inicialmente con química sanguínea, función hepática y renal, ultrasonido, tomografía computarizada (TC), paracentesis con citoquímico de líquido peritoneal, medición de adenosina-desaminasa (ADA) y reacción en cadena de polimerasa (PCR); no obstante, la laparoscopia con biopsia peritoneal y confirmación patológica o microbiológica siguen siendo el estándar de oro. Se han descrito casos de falsos negativos de la prueba ADA en situaciones de inmunosupresión o uso de antituberculosos. Se ha planteado el seguimiento de la actividad de la enfermedad midiendo los niveles de antígeno del cáncer 125 (CA-125). A continuación, presentamos un caso inusual de un paciente con TBC peritoneal con un síndrome de Sweet secundario, en quien inicialmente el reporte para ADA fue negativo, posiblemente debido a la administración de meropenem y en quien, además, se hizo el seguimiento de la actividad de la enfermedad con CA-125. Son muy excepcionales los reportes de falsos negativos de ADA y Sweet secundario a tuberculosis, por lo cual aportamos a la literatura con el reporte de nuestro caso.

Abstract Peritoneal tuberculosis is a rare disease that accounts for 25-50% of abdominal tuberculosis cases and 0.1-0.7% of all cases of tuberculosis. Mortality is 35% when treatment is delayed, and 73% in patients with cirrhosis. It also has a wide clinical spectrum, so its differential diagnosis covers conditions such as cirrhosis, malignancy, nephrotic syndrome, and malnutrition. Moreover, imaging studies may reveal peritoneal metastases; carcinomatosis of gastric, pancreatic, bladder, ovarian, colonic origin; and infectious diseases such as actinomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis or non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Diagnosis is initially supported by blood chemistry, liver and renal function tests, ultrasound, CT scans, paracentesis with peritoneal fluid cytochemistry, and ADA and PCR measurement. The gold standard is laparoscopy with peritoneal biopsy and pathological or microbiological confirmation. Cases of false negatives of the ADA test have been described in immunosuppression or use of antituberculosis drugs. Monitoring of disease activity by measuring CA-125 levels has been considered. The following is the report of an unusual case of peritoneal TB with secondary Sweet's syndrome, in which the ADA report was initially negative, possibly due to meropenem administration, and in whom disease activity was monitored through Ca125. False negative reports of ADA and Sweet's secondary to TB are very rare, so this case contributes to the literature on these conditions.

Tuberculosis peritoneal y pleural en un paciente inmunocompetente con dolor abdominal crónico / Peritoneal and pleural tuberculosis in an immunocompetent patient with chronic abdominal pain

Objetivo: La tuberculosis es un grave problema de salud pública más acentuado en los países en desarrollo. De las manifestaciones extrapulmonares las que comprometen la cavidad abdominal están dentro de las menos frecuentes y se asocian con factores de predisposición específica. Se requiere un alto nivel de sospecha diagnóstica en el abordaje inicial de esta enfermedad. Presentamos el caso de un adulto masculino sin condiciones de predisposición quien consultó por un cuadro de dolor abdominal crónico y los estudios complementarios manifestaron una tuberculosis peritoneal con compromiso pleural sin síntomas respiratorios.

Objetive: Tuberculosis is a serious public health problem most prevalent in developing countries. Of extrapulmonary manifestations, those involving the abdominal cavity are among the least frequent and are associated with specific predisposing factors. A high level of diagnostic suspicion is required in the initial approach of this disease. We present the case of a male adult patient with no predisposing conditions who consulted for chronic abdominal pain. The complementary studies evidenced peritoneal tuberculosis with pleural involvement with no respiratory symptoms.

Clinical Status and Research Progress of Tuberculous Peritonitis / 中国医学科学院学报

Tuberculous peritonitis(TBP)is currently one of the common manifestations of extrapulmonary tuberculosis.Due to the atypical clinical features,diverse types of diseases to be distinguished,and limited detection methods,TBP is difficult to be diagnosed and the fatality caused by delayed diagnosis increases significantly.We studied the current research status of TBP and found that T cells spot test,abdominal CT,and laparoscopic biopsy were of high diagnostic value for TBP.However,the application of ascites Xpert-MTB/RIF-ultra assay,ascites ADA,and whole-body positron emission tomography/computed tomography remained to be studied.Serum CA125 helps to judge the efficacy of anti-tuberculosis treatment.

Tuberculosis peritoneal. Una forma de presentación poco frecuente de una enfermedad emergente en pediatría / Peritoneal tuberculosis. A rare form of presentation of an emerging disease in pediatrics

La tuberculosis constituye un importante problema sanitario, que afecta a un tercio de la población mundial. La localización pulmonar es la más frecuente, y es rara la presentación perito-neal. Las manifestaciones clínicas son inespecíficas, por lo que el diagnóstico requiere de un alto nivel de sospecha.Se comunica el caso de una adolescente de 13 años hospitali-zada por tuberculosis peritoneal. El objetivo es describir una forma poco frecuente de manifestación extrapulmonar de la infección por M. tuberculosis en la edad pediátrica y concien-tizar a la comunidad médica, en el contexto epidemiológico actual, sobre la reemergencia de esta enfermedad y la impor-tancia del diagnóstico y tratamiento oportunos, así como de reforzar las medidas de control y prevención.

Tuberculosis constitutes an important health problem, affect-ing one third of the world's population. The pulmonary lo-calization is the most frequent one, being rare the peritoneal presentation. Clinical manifestations are non-specific so the diagnosis requires a high level of suspicion.The case of a 13-year-old teenager hospitalized for peritoneal tuberculosis is reported. The objective is to describe a rare form of extra-pulmonary manifestation of M. tuberculosis infection in the pediatric age and to sensitize the medical community, in the current epidemiological context, to the reemergence of this disease and the importance of timely diagnosis and treat-ment as well as strengthening control and prevention measures.

Tuberculosis peritoneal. Caso clínico diagnosticado por laparoscopia / Peritoneal tuberculosis. Use of laparoscopy in the diagnosis

RESUMEN Se presenta el caso de un paciente diabético de 55 años de edad internado en la sala de Medicina Interna del Hospital Pablo Arturo Suárez de Quito - Ecuador, que acude con un síndrome febril de 8 días de evolución que se prolongó durante la hospitalización a más de 35 días sin causa o foco aparente, a pesar del tratamiento antipirético, acompañado de dolor abdominal difuso, pérdida de peso (aproximadamente 8 kg en 3 meses) y ascitis. Se investigó las posibles etiologías, incluyendo pruebas de alta sensibilidad y especificidad para tuberculosis como (Cuantiferon GOLD Tb), adenosina deaminasa (ADA), que resultó falsa-negativa. El diagnóstico se confirmó mediante biopsia peritoneal de una muestra obtenida por laparoscopia exploratoria como último recurso diagnóstico. La tuberculosis peritoneal es una enfermedad que ocurre por la reactivación de los focos tuberculosos latentes en el peritoneo, debido a la diseminación hematógena, linfática o por contigüidad a un foco primario; más del 90% de los pacientes tienen ascitis en el momento de la presentación y un 10% presenta una fase "seca" más avanzada con un abdomen "pastoso" (es una forma de enfermedad fibroadhesiva).Palabras claves: tuberculosis peritoneal, ascitis, síndrome febril prolongado, biopsia peritoneal, falsos negativos en pruebas diagnósticas de tuberculosis

ABSTRACT The case of a diabetic patient of 55 years of age is presented in the internal medical room of Pablo Arturo Suarez Hospital of Quito - Ecuador, the same comes with a febril syndrome of 8 days of evolution that prolonged during the hospitalization to more of 35 days without cause or apparent focus despite the antipyretic treatment, accompanied by diffuse abdominal pain, weight loss and ascitis, where the possible etiologies were investigated, including tests of high sensitivity and specificity for tuberculosis as (quantiferon), resulting false negative, confirming the diagnosis through peritoneal biopsy of a sample obtained by exploratory laparoscopy as a last diagnostic resource. Peritoneal tuberculosis is a disease that occurs by the reactivation of latent tuberculosous focus in the peritoneum, established by hematogen, lymphatic or contiguous dissemination of a primary focus, where more than 90% of patients have ascitis at the time of presentation, and a 10% present a more advanced "dry" phase with a "pastoso" abdomen, representing a form of fibroadhesive disease.Keywords:peritoneal tuberculosis, ascites, prolonged febrile syndrome peritoneal biopsy, false negatives in diagnostic tests for tuberculosis.

Peritonitis tuberculosa en un niño / Pediatric tuberculous peritonitis: case report

Resumen La peritonitis tuberculosa es una entidad infrecuente en la población pediátrica. Es una forma poco común de tuberculosis extrapulmonar y representa un muy bajo porcentaje de todos los casos de tuberculosis. Sus síntomas son inespecíficos, manifestándose usualmente con ascitis, dolor abdominal, fiebre y baja de peso. El retraso en su diagnóstico y tratamiento, dada su forma de presentación, puede incrementar su morbimortalidad. Se comunica el caso de una adolescente de 14 años, previamente sana, quien se presentó con fiebre y ascitis. La laparoscopia demostró múltiples nódulos en la cavidad abdominal compatibles con una tuberculosis peritoneal, la cual fue posteriormente confirmada por cultivo y biología molecular. La paciente completó su tratamiento antituberculoso recuperándose en forma satisfactoria.

Tuberculous peritonitis is an uncommon entity in the infant population. It is an uncommon form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis and represents a very low percentage of all cases of tuberculosis. Its symptoms are nonspecific and usually manifesting with ascites, abdominal pain, fever and low weight. The delay in its diagnosis and treatment, originated by its form of presentation, can cause an increase in its morbidity and mortality. We report the case of a 14-year-old patient without concomitant disease or pulmonary tuberculosis, who presented with ascites and fever. Laparoscopy showed multiple nodules in the abdominal cavity compatible with peritoneal tuberculosis, which was subsequently confirmed by culture and molecular test. The patient completed her antituberculosis treatment recovering satisfactorily.

Primary Malignant Mesothelioma of the Peritoneum Mistaken for Peritoneal Tuberculosis due to Elevated Cancer Antigen 125 / 대한소화기학회지

A differential diagnosis of ascites is always challenging for physicians. Peritoneal tuberculosis is particularly difficult to distinguish from peritoneal carcinomatosis because of the similarities in clinical manifestations and laboratory results. Although the definitive diagnostic method for ascites is to take a biopsy of the involved tissues through laparoscopy or laparotomy, there are many limitations in performing biopsies in clinical practice. For this reason, physicians have attempted to find surrogate markers that can substitute for a biopsy as a confirmative diagnostic method for ascites. CA 125, which is known as a tumor marker for gynecological malignancies, has been reported to be a biochemical indicator for peritoneal tuberculosis. On the other hand, the sensitivity of serum CA 125 is low, and CA 125 may be elevated due to other benign or malignant conditions. This paper reports the case of a 66-year-old male who had a moderate amount of ascites and complained of dyspepsia and a febrile sensation. His abdominal CT scans revealed a conglomerated mass, diffuse omental infiltration, and peritoneal wall thickening. Initially, peritoneal tuberculosis was suspected due to the clinical symptoms, CT findings, and high serum CA 125 levels, but non-specific malignant cells were detected on cytology of the ascitic fluid. Finally, he was diagnosed with primary malignant peritoneal mesothelioma after undergoing a laparoscopic biopsy.

A rare case of miliary tuberculosis accompanying perihepatitis

Perihepatic capsulitis is associated with various diseases, such as Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, perforated cholecystitis, perforated hepatic abscess, and tuberculous peritonitis. Miliary tuberculosis is present in about 2% of all reported cases of tuberculosis and is characterized by the widespread millet-like hematogenous dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We describe a 24-year-old virgin patient presenting with right upper quadrant and costovertebral angle pain. Diffuse perihepatic capsular enhancement was observed in abdominal computed tomography scans. Chest radiography showed miliary tuberculosis, and a polymerase chain reaction hybridization assay of sputum revealed the presence of M. tuberculosis. Symptoms improved after administering anti-tuberculosis medications. This report describes a rare case of miliary tuberculosis accompanying perihepatitis.

Primary Malignant Mesothelioma of the Peritoneum Mistaken for Peritoneal Tuberculosis due to Elevated Cancer Antigen 125 / 대한소화기학회지

A differential diagnosis of ascites is always challenging for physicians. Peritoneal tuberculosis is particularly difficult to distinguish from peritoneal carcinomatosis because of the similarities in clinical manifestations and laboratory results. Although the definitive diagnostic method for ascites is to take a biopsy of the involved tissues through laparoscopy or laparotomy, there are many limitations in performing biopsies in clinical practice. For this reason, physicians have attempted to find surrogate markers that can substitute for a biopsy as a confirmative diagnostic method for ascites. CA 125, which is known as a tumor marker for gynecological malignancies, has been reported to be a biochemical indicator for peritoneal tuberculosis. On the other hand, the sensitivity of serum CA 125 is low, and CA 125 may be elevated due to other benign or malignant conditions. This paper reports the case of a 66-year-old male who had a moderate amount of ascites and complained of dyspepsia and a febrile sensation. His abdominal CT scans revealed a conglomerated mass, diffuse omental infiltration, and peritoneal wall thickening. Initially, peritoneal tuberculosis was suspected due to the clinical symptoms, CT findings, and high serum CA 125 levels, but non-specific malignant cells were detected on cytology of the ascitic fluid. Finally, he was diagnosed with primary malignant peritoneal mesothelioma after undergoing a laparoscopic biopsy.

Mesenteroplicatura total con tutor transitorio: Prevención de la obstrucción recurrente por adherencias / Total mesenteric plication with temporary suture support: Prevention of recurrent bowel obstruction due to adhesions

La preocupación por los trastornos intestinales y la oclusión, como consecuencia de la formación de bridas peritoneoviscerales producidas por gestos quirúrgicos manuales e instrumentales, ha dado lugar a procedimientos con miras a evitarlas o minimizarlas. En este marco, la técnica de mesenteroplicatura con sostén transitorio tiene el propósito de favorecer el ordenamiento fibrointestinal, cuando la patología tratada haga sospechar que se producirán adherencias y más aún si la intervención ha sido causada por estas. Los fundamentos del procedimiento son los mismos que sostienen las técnicas usuales, por lo tanto no hay controversias en cuanto a las indicaciones. La lógica de la sutura transitoria está en que el tutor pierde su objetivo y se retira cuando finaliza el proceso adherencial, alrededor de las dos semanas de la intervención. Se presentan tres casos de oclusión intestinal operados con el procedimiento, controlados y con buenos resultados.

Peritoneal adhesions produced as a consequence of manual or instrumental manipulation during surgery cause bowel obstruction. Several procedures have been developed to avoid or minimize adhesions. Mesenteric plication with temporary suture support organizes the healing process in the bowel in case of high suspicion of adhesions will develop, particularly when bowel obstruction is produced by adhesions. The basis of this technique is the same as for standard procedures and, thus, there are no controversies about its indications. The rationale of temporary suture support is that when the healing process is over, about two weeks after the intervention, the suture support is no longer needed. We report three cases of intestinal obstruction undergoing mesenteric plication and temporary suture support, with favorable outcomes.

Tuberculosis abdominal: patología infrecuente en un paciente joven: reporte de un caso / Abdominal tuberculosis: an unusual disease in a young patient: a case report

Resumen Introducción: La tuberculosis abdominal es un problema reemergente, y es una de las enfermedades transmisibles más importante en todo el mundo. A pesar de las expectativas acerca de su erradicación en países en desarrollo, ha sido recientemente declarada de nuevo como una patología de emergencia mundial. Con el aumento de su incidencia y prevalencia, su forma abdominal es una de las presentaciones de afectación extrapulmonar más comunes. Objetivo: Dado que la tuberculosis puede afectar diversos órganos, tiene una amplia gama y gran espectro de signos y síntomas que dificultan su diagnóstico y retrasan el tratamiento. Por esto, se realiza esta revisión de tema, concentrándonos en que el alto índice de sospecha debe ser un factor importante en el diagnóstico precoz, para que una vez establecido, se pueda iniciar el tratamiento ayudando a prevenir y disminuir las altas tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad evidenciadas en la actualidad. Caso Clínico: Paciente joven con presencia de ascitis secundaria a tuberculosis abdominal confirmada por una biopsia y el aumento de la adenosin deaminasa en el líquido peritoneal. Se describen los principales hallazgos clínicos, paraclínicos, estudios imagenológicos y tratamiento.

Introduction: Abdominal tuberculosis is a reemerging problem and is one of the most important communicable diseases in the world. Despite expectations about the eradication in developing countries, it has recently been re-declared as a global emergency pathology. The increased incidence and prevalence shows an abdominal shape as one of the most common extrapulmonary involvement presentations. Objective: Since tuberculosis can affect various organs, it has a wide range and spectrum of signs and symptoms that make diagnosis difficult and delay treatment. Therefore, this review of the topic is done, concentrating on the fact that the high suspicion index should be an important factor in the early diagnosis. Treatment can be initiated helping to prevent and reduce high morbidity and mortality rates. Case Report: We present a case of a young patient with ascites secondary to abdominal tuberculosis confirmed by biopsy and increased adenosine deaminase in the peritoneal fluid. The main clinical findings, paraclinic, imaging studies and treatment are described.

Tuberculosis intestinal y/o peritoneal y su implicación en el abdomen agudo / Intestinal and / or peritoneal tuberculosis and its involvement in the acute abdomen

Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente de 14 años de edad, procedente de la zona costanera, sin antecedentes patológicos, con episodios recurrentes de dolor abdominal difuso que exacerba a abdomen agudo, por lo que se decide intervención quirúrgica; durante la intervención se evidencia zonas de tejidos necrosados y zonas con tejido inflamatorio, se realiza resección de íleon terminal y hemicolectomía derecha más íleo transverso anastomosis término lateral, se envía muestras a anatomía patológica dando como resultado lesiones producidas por el bacilo de Koch, a nivel de peritoneo e intestino.Luego de la intervención quirúrgica se da el diagnóstico y tratamiento para tuberculosis intestinal, con una evolución postquirúrgica favorable sin evidencia de complicaciones. Se añade tratamiento esquemático para tuberculosis, dado de alta a los 10 días. La tuberculosis es una enfermedad que durante años ha sido denomina como la gran simuladora, y en este caso se presentó como abdomen agudo, con necesidad de resección quirúrgica, al igual que la tuberculosis pulmonar su tratamiento está basado en antibioticoterapia para eliminación de bacilo de Koch.

A clinical case of a 14-year-old patient from the Cost is presented without a pathological history with recurrent episodes of diffuse abdominal pain that exacerbates acute abdomen, so a surgical intervention is decided. During the intervention, areas of necrotic tissue and areas with inflammatory tissue are evidenced, terminal ileum resection and right hemicolectomy plus transverse anastomosis lateral term are performed, samples are sent to pathological anatomy resulting in lesions produced by the Koch bacillus at the level of peritoneum and intestine.After the surgical intervention the diagnosis and treatment for intestinal tuberculosis is given, it was observed a favorable postoperative evolution without evidence of complications. A schematic treatment for tuberculosis is added, the patient was discharged after 10 days. Tuberculosis is a disease that for years has been called the great simulator, and in this case, it was presented as acute abdomen, requiring a surgical resection, as pulmonary tuberculosis, its treatment is based on antibiotic therapy for elimination of Koch bacillus.

Tuberculous peritonitis following intestinal perforation in malignancy

SUMMARY Tuberculous peritonitis is one of the most common causes of exudative ascites, especially in the young, and is an important cause of extra-pulmonary disease. However, tuberculous peritonitis is challenging to diagnose because there are no pathognomonic clinical features or imaging findings. Therefore, it is commonly misdiagnosed as another type of peritoneal disease, especially so in elderly patients with malignant disease. In this report, we described two cases of tuberculous peritonitis that were observed after intestinal perforation in elderly patients with malignancies. These diagnoses were established by laparoscopic peritoneal biopsy or AFB cultures of the ascitic fluid. Both patients were treated with anti-TB medications.

A Case of Spontaneous Recovery of an Iris Cyst in a Patient with Peritoneal Tuberculosis

PURPOSE: We report a case of spontaneous recovery of an iris cyst with only tuberculosis medication and conservative eye drops when uveitis and angle closure occurred because of a cyst in a patient with peritoneal tuberculosis. CASE SUMMARY: A 49-year-old female who was diagnosed with iritis and treated with steroid eye drops visited our clinic because of decreased visual acuity 1 month prior. There were anterior chamber inflammation cells and an iris cyst completely obstructing the anterior chamber at 12 o'clock. At the time, the patient had been diagnosed with peritoneal tuberculosis in the Department of Internal Medicine and Gynecology and had been treated with surgery and medication. The patient had no past history of glaucoma, but when the iris cyst developed, the intraocular pressure increased to 29 mmHg and anterior inflammatory cells were seen in the range of +1 to +2. The primary lesion of tuberculosis improved and the iris cyst disappeared with treatments involving medication for tuberculosis, steroid eye drops, and glaucoma eye drops, without invasive treatments such as alcohol curettage, laser treatment, or cyst resection. CONCLUSIONS: If an iris cyst is a new lesion of the eye, it is necessary to identify the pattern and cause of the iris cyst first, and if a secondary benign iris cyst is suspected, the primary treatment of the causative disease is necessary rather than prompt invasive treatment.

Case report of myeloperoxidase deficiency associated with disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis and peritoneal tuberculosis

Abstract Myeloperoxidase (MOP) is present in monocyte and neutrophil lysosomes, catalyzing hydrogen peroxide and chloride ion conversion to hypochlorous acid. MOP seems to destroy pathogens during phagocytosis by neutrophils and is considered an important defense against innumerous bacteria. We present a patient who had MOP deficiency, who presented with a subacute form of paracoccidioidomycosis and later with peritoneal tuberculosis. MOP deficiency leads to the diminished destruction of phagocytized pathogens. This case gives important evidence of an association between MOP deficiency and increased susceptibility to infection by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Peritonitis tuberculosa con perforación intestinal en población pediátrica en un hospital de tercer nivel de Bogotá, Colombia / Tuberculous peritonitis with intestinal perforation in the pediatric population at a third level of care hospital in Bogotá, Colombia

Introducción. La peritonitis tuberculosa es un tipo de presentación poco frecuente de la tuberculosis en población pediátrica, con enfermedades concomitantes que favorecen una inmunosupresión crónica. En el presente artículo, se presenta un caso de peritonitis tuberculosa manejado en nuestra institución y se hace una revisión crítica de la literatura científica. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional y descriptivo de los pacientes que fueron sometidos a cirugía con hallazgo intraoperatorio de peritonitis generalizada, y con diagnóstico confirmado de peritonitis tuberculosa, desde el 1° de junio del 2004 hasta el 30 de junio del 2015. Resultados. Se revisaron 486 pacientes con peritonitis generalizada, de los cuales solo a un paciente masculino de cuatro años, con síndrome nefrótico y tuberculosis pulmonar, se le hizo diagnóstico de peritonitis tuberculosa, con perforación intestinal y necesidad de cirugía de urgencia. Falleció el día 51 de hospitalización en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Discusión y conclusiones. La tuberculosis peritoneal es una entidad poco frecuente en la población pediátrica, pero debe considerarse en pacientes con factores de riesgo para inmunosupresión, nexo de contagio para tuberculosis y ascitis, acompañados de dolor abdominal y fiebre. El diagnóstico temprano mejora el pronóstico del paciente y la biopsia peritoneal es la prueba estándar para confirmar esta entidad. Su incidencia en nuestra institución es de 0,2 %

Introduction: Tuberculous peritonitis is a rare type of presentation of tuberculosis in pediatric patients with comorbidities associated with chronic immunosuppression. In this article, we present a case of tuberculous peritonitis managed at our institution and a critical review of the literature. Materials and methods: Descriptive observational study of patients who underwent surgery with the intraoperative finding of generalized peritonitis in the period June 1, 2004 to June 30, 2015. Only one patient was confirmed with tuberculous peritonitis. Results: 486 patients with generalized peritonitis were studied. The diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis was confirmed only in a 4 year old male patient with nephrotic syndrome and pulmonary tuberculosis. The patient had intestinal perforation and required an emergency surgical intervention. He died on day 51 of hospitalization in the ICU. Discussion and conclusions: Peritoneal tuberculosis is a rare entity in the pediatric population, but it should be considered in patients with risk factors for immunosuppression, nexus of tuberculosis infection and ascites, accompanied by abdominal pain and fever. Early diagnosis improves the patient´s prognosis, and peritoneal biopsy is the gold standard to confirm this entity, whose incidence is 0.2% at our institution.

Acerca de la tuberculosis extrapulmonar / On extrapulmonary tuberculosis

La tuberculosis es una enfermedad infecciosa de gran prevalencia en países en vía de desarrollo como el nuestro. Aunque el compromiso pulmonar es el más frecuente y de impacto en la salud pública, existen varias formas extrapulmonares con diversas presentaciones clínicas y de difícil diagnóstico, recalcando la importancia de sospechar estas patologías para intervenciones oportunas y que impacten en la morbimortalidad. En este artículo se presentan cuatro casos clínicos donde se sospechó tuberculosis extrapulmonar (pericárdica, peritoneal, pleural y meníngea) en el Hospital de San José de Bogotá, describiendo la forma en que se realizó o se descartó la tuberculosis extrapulmonar y haciendo una breve descripción del rendimiento de diferentes pruebas diagnósticas.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease with high-prevalence in developing countries as ours. Although pulmonary involvement is most common and is associated with greater impact on public health, there are various forms of extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) exhibiting various often difficult to diagnose clinical presentations, highlighting the importance of suspecting these pathologies in order to conduct timely interventions that impact their morbidity and mortality rates. This article presents four clinical cases at San José Hospital in Bogotá where EPTB disease was suspected (pericardium, peritoneum, pleura and meninges), describing the way EPTB disease was diagnosed or ruled out and briefly defining the diagnostic performance of various tests.

Tuberculosis extrapulmonar con compromiso peritoneal. Reporte de caso clínico y revisión de literatura / Extrapulmonary tuberculosis with peritoneal compromise. Case clinical report and literature review

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis accounts for a significant proportion of tuberculosis cases worldwide (about 20-25% of the cases). Nevertheless, the diagnosis is often delayed or even missed due to insidious clinical presentation and poor performance of diagnostic tests. Peritoneal tuberculosis is due to the infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the peritoneum. It represents 0.7% of total cases of tuberculosis. This disease can mimic malignancy specially in women, because of its clinical presentation with ascites, weight loss and similar radiological sings. The phenomenon of migration, the increased use of immunosuppressive therapy and the epidemic of AIDS have contributed to a resurgence of this disease. We present the clinical case of a Haitian woman who presented ascites, abdominal pain and weight loss with radiological signs that suggested peritoneal carcinomatosis, in which further studies of ascitic fluid showed elevated adenosindeaminase, a specific and sensitive finding for tuberculosis. (AU)

A Case of Tuberculous Peritonitis Presenting as Small Bowel Obstruction / 대한소화기학회지

The peritoneum is one of the common extrapulmonary sites of tuberculosis infection. Patients with underlying end-stage renal or liver disease are frequently complicated by tuberculous peritonitis; however, the diagnosis of the tuberculous peritonitis is difficult due to its insidious nature, well as its variability in presentation and limitation of available diagnostic tests. Once diagnosed, the preferred treatment is usually antituberculous therapy in uncomplicated cases. However, surgical treatment may also be required for complicated cases, such as small bowel obstruction or perforation. An 85-year-old woman was referred our hospital for abdominal pain with ileus. Despite medical therapy, prolonged ileus and progression to sepsis were shown, she underwent surgery to confirm the diagnosis and relief of mechanical ileus. Intraoperative peritoneal biopsy and macroscopic findings confirmed tuberculous peritonitis. Therefore, physicians should consider the possibility of tuberculous peritonitis in patients with unexplained small bowel obstruction.

Tuberculous peritonitis in the first trimester of pregnancy

Tuberculous peritonitis in pregnancy is a rare form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis that is not easily diagnosed. The clinical presentations of tuberculous peritonitis are usually non-specific and mimic those of other diseases, such as ovarian malignancy or chronic liver disease, and this non-specificity can cause diagnostic delays and complications. The authors report the case of a 31-year-old primigravida woman who presented with uncontrolled fever, dyspnea, elevated liver enzymes, and mild abdominal distension at 13+2 weeks of gestation. At 14+2 weeks, a therapeutic abortion was conducted and tuberculous peritonitis was confirmed by laparoscopic excisional biopsy of peritoneal nodules and histopathologic examination. The patient recovered on antituberculosis therapy and abdomen and chest follow up radiographic findings have confirmed improvement.