Effects of therapeutic approach on the neonatal evolution of very low birth weight infants with patent ductus arteriosus / Efeitos da abordagem terapêutica da persistência de canal arterial sobre a evolução neonatal de recém-nascidos de extremo baixo peso

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of treatment approach on the outcomes of newborns (birth weight [BW] < 1,000 g) with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), from the Brazilian Neonatal Research Network (BNRN) on: death, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH III/IV), retinopathy of prematurity requiring surgical (ROPsur), necrotizing enterocolitis requiring surgery (NECsur), and death/BPD. METHODS: This was a multicentric cohort study, retrospective data collection, including newborns (BW < 1000 g) with gestational age (GA) < 33 weeks and echocardiographic diagnosis of PDA, from 16 neonatal units of the BNRN from January 1, 2010 to Dec 31, 2011. Newborns who died or were transferred until the third day of life, and those with presence of congenital malformation or infection were excluded. Groups: G1 - conservative approach (without treatment), G2 - pharmacologic (indomethacin or ibuprofen), G3 - surgical ligation (independent of previous treatment). Factors analyzed: antenatal corticosteroid, cesarean section, BW, GA, 5 min. Apgar score < 4, male gender, Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology Perinatal Extension (SNAPPE II), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), late sepsis (LS), mechanical ventilation (MV), surfactant (< 2 h of life), and time of MV. Outcomes: death, O2 dependence at 36 weeks (BPD36wks), IVH III/IV, ROPsur, NECsur, and death/BPD36wks. Statistics: Student's t-test, chi-squared test, or Fisher's exact test; Odds ratio (95% CI); logistic binary regression and backward stepwise multiple regression. Software: MedCalc (Medical Calculator) software, version 12.1.4.0. p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: 1,097 newborns were selected and 494 newborns were included: G1 - 187 (37.8%), G2 - 205 (41.5%), and G3 - 102 (20.6%). The highest mortality was observed in G1 (51.3%) and the lowest in G3 (14.7%). The highest frequencies of BPD36wks (70.6%) ...

OBJETIVO: Analisar os efeitos da terapêutica adotada para o canal arterial (CA) em recém-nascidos (RN) < 1.000gadmitidos em unidades neonatais (UN) da Rede Brasileira de Pesquisas Neonatais (RBPN), sobre os desfechos: óbito, displasia broncopulmonar (DBP), hemorragia intraventricular grave (HIVIII/IV), retinopatia da prematuridade cirúrgica (ROPcir), enterocolite necrosante cirúrgica (ECNcir) e o desfecho combinado óbito e DBP. MÉTODOS: Estudo multicêntrico, de coorte, coleta de dados retrospectiva, incluindo RN de 16 UN da RBPN de 01/01/2010 a 31/12/2011, PN < 1.000 g, idade gestacional (IG) < 33 semanas e diagnóstico ecocardiográfico de PCA. Excluídos: óbitos ou transferências até o terceiro dia de vida, infecções congênitas ou malformações. Grupos:G1 - conservadora (sem intervenção medicamentosa ou cirúrgica), G2 - farmacológica (indometacina ou ibuprofeno) e G3 - cirúrgico (com ou sem tratamento farmacológico anterior). Analisou-se: uso de esteroide antenatal, parto cesárea, PN, IG, Apgar5' < 4, sexo masculino, SNAPPE II, síndrome do dDesconforto respiratório (SDR), sepse tardia, ventilação mecânica (VM), surfactante < 2 horas de vida, tempo de VM e os desfechos: óbito, dependência de oxigênio com 36 semanas (DBP36s), HIV III/IV, ROPcir, ECNcir e óbito/DBP36s. Estatística: Teste t-Student, Qui-Quadrado ou teste Exato de Fisher. Testes de Regressão Binária Logística e Regressão Múltipla Stepwise Backward. MedCalc (Medical Calculator) software, versão 12.1.4.0.p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Foram selecionados 1.097 RN e 494 foram incluídos: G1-187 (37,8%), G2-205 (41,5%) e G3-102 (20,6%). Verificou-se: maior mortalidade (51,3%) no G1 e menor no G3(14,7%); maior frequência DBP36s (70,6%) e ROPcir (23,5%) ...

Tratamento cirúrgico da persistência do canal arterial na população adulta / Surgical treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in adults

OBJETIVO: Analisar uma série de 34 pacientes adultos submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico da persistência do canal arterial. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, com coleta de dados dos prontuários de 34 pacientes consecutivos, com idade superior a 18 anos, com persistência do canal arterial submetidos a correção cirúrgica, no período de 1997 a 2008, no Instituto do Coração da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. RESULTADOS: A idade média foi de 28,7 (18 a 53) anos e 22 (64,7%) pacientes eram do sexo feminino. O sintoma mais frequente foi dispneia (76,5%). A toracotomia lateral esquerda foi utilizada em 33 (97,1%) pacientes e o canal arterial foi seccionado e suturado em 25 (73,5%). A circulação extracorpórea (CEC) foi necessária em um paciente. Observou-se calcificação em oito (23,5%) pacientes e 12 (35,3%) haviam sido submetidos à tentativa de fechamento percutâneo. A incidência de complicações foi de 32%, sendo uma permanente, com paralisia de corda vocal (2,9%). Dois (5,8%) pacientes permaneceram com shunt residual e três (8,8%) apresentaram paralisia de corda vocal esquerda transitória. A cirurgia realizada efetivamente levou à melhora da classe funcional (P< 0,0001). Não houve óbitos. CONCLUSÃO: Nesta série de pacientes, o tratamento cirúrgico do canal arterial com técnica convencional em adultos pode ser realizado com baixa morbidade e baixa incidência de complicações.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze 34 patients submitted to surgical treatment of patent arterial duct with age beyond 18 years old. METHODS: Retrospective data collected from patient's charts with more than eighteen years old, submitted to surgical correction of patent arterial duct between 1997 and 2008 at Instituto do Coração da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. RESULTS: The mean age was 28.7 (18 a 53) years and 22 (64.7%) were female. The more prevalent symptom was dyspnea (76.5%). Left lateral thoracotomy was used in 33 (97.1%); the DA was sectioned and sutured in 25 (73.5%) cases and one patient needed cardiopulmonary bypass support. There were eight (23.5%) calcified arterial duct and 12 (35.3%) previous treatment with transcatheter devices were performed. The complication rate was 32%, with one (2.9%) permanent vocal cord palsy. Two (5.8%) patients had residual shunt less than 2mm. Transient left cord voice palsy was observed in 3 (8.8%) The procedure improves functional class (P< 0.0001) and no mortality was observed. CONCLUSION: In this series, the surgical treatment of patent arterial duct in adults could be done without mortality and low incidence of complications.

Patent Ductus Arteriosus Closure in Prematurities Weighing Less than 1 Kg by Subaxillary Mini-thoracotomy

The surgical closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is provided more frequently in extremely low birth weight babies who are usually deemed unsuitable for pharmacological closure. We have adopted subaxillary mini-thoracotomy in order to lessen surgical trauma in these babies; and its clinical results were analyzed. From April 2004 to August 2008, out of 50 babies at the neonatal intensive care unit who underwent the surgical closure of PDA, 22 premature babies weighing less than 1 kg at operation were included in the study. Eleven babies were males and mean gestational age was 27 weeks ranging from 23(+3) to 30(+2) weeks. Mean body weight at operation was 816 g ranging from 490 to 989 g and average age at operation was 17.9+/-11.9 days. Of them, 17 babies (72%) were ventilator dependent preoperatively, as compared with 13 out of 28 (46%) babies that weighed more than 1 kg (P<0.05). Four babies did not survive to discharge. Among 28 babies who were heavier than 1 kg, there were only one death. However, the mortality difference was not statistically significant (P=0.11). All mortalities were caused by inherent problems of prematurity and co-morbidities. Out of 17 babies who had been ventilator dependent preoperatively, 13 weaned off successfully at 17.0+/-23.9 days after the operation. The baby patients heavier than 1 kg weaned at 6.0+/-5.3 days (P=0.27). Surgical outcome of simple and less invasive subaxillary mini-thoracotomy was satisfactory; the surgery is highly recommended for ductal closure in extremely low weight premature babies.

Importancia del manejo del ductus arterioso persistente en la XII Región al implementar el diagnóstico ecográfico y tratamiento quirúrgico a nivel local / Surgical management of persistent ductus arteriosus in the Xllth Region of Chile

Introducción: El Ductus Arterioso Persistente (DAP) representa un problema muy importante en los Recién Nacidos de Pretérmino (RNPT) menores de 1500 g. Diversos adelantos en el Servicio de Pediatría del Hospital Regional de Punta Arenas desde 1997 hicieron posible que iniciáramos la resolución local de ésta patología, tanto en Neonatos como en pacientes Pediátricos. Objetivo: Mostrar la experiencia obtenida después de 9 a±os de iniciado el diagnóstico y cirugía del DAP a nivel regional. Metodología: Evaluación prospectiva-retrospectiva de todos los pacientes operados de DAP desde Septiembre de 1997 hasta Agosto de 2006, recolectando información clínica, técnica quirúrgica y complicaciones, seguimiento y sobrevida. Se separan los pacientes en 2 grupos, los RNPT (Grupo A) y los niños de edad pediátrica (Grupo B). Resultados: Se han intervenido quirúrgicamente 16 pacientes del Grupo A y 10 pacientes del Grupo B. La edad al momento de la operación fluctuó entre 9 días y los 6 años 3 meses. En el grupo A, el peso al momento de la cirugía se encontraba entre 527 g y 2062 g. Para el diagnóstico ecocardiográfico se utilizó desde envío de imágenes por video hasta telemedicina con ecocardiografistas experimentados, hasta lograr la experiencia local. El equipo quirúrgico fue apoyado inicialmente por Cirujano Infantil con experiencia en cirugía Ductal, siendo parte del equipo en el 20 por ciento de las cirugías en el grupo A y en el 60 por ciento del grupo B. Se abordó el tórax por vía transpleural en 4 casos y extrapleural en 22 casos, sin dejar drenajes pleurales. No hubo complicaciones significativas. El tiempo de seguimiento varió entre 2 meses y 9 años, y la sobrevida fue de un 96 por ciento, con 1 paciente fallecido hasta Diciembre 2006. Conclusiones: La resolución quirúrgica de ésta patología es posible en el ámbito local, lo cual tiene gran importancia en los casos en que el traslado sea imposible o riesgoso por las condiciones de los enfermos...

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) accounts is a very important problem for extreme premature newborns < 1500 g due to a high associated morbi-mortality in this group of patients. After the arrival of a pediatric cardiac surgeon and training in appropriate echocardiography diagnosis, surgical treatment of this condition began at the Regional Hospital in Punta Arenas, Chile. Aim. to repon local results of PDA surgical treatment in neonates and children during a 9 year period. Method. All patients operated on for closure of PDA from September 1997 to August 2006 were included. A retrospective recollection of data, age weight at time of surgery (preterm neonates), means used to diagnose PDA, co-morbidity, surgical technique, complications and survival, was performed. A separate analysis of preterm neonates (PTN) and pediatric age patients (PA) was carried out. Results. 16 PTN and 10 PA patients were operated on. Overall, age at operation ranged from 9 days to 6 years. Weight of PTN ranged from 572 to 2062 g. Diagnosis was confirmed by echocardiography in all but one patient. Echocardiographic findings were discussed via tele-medicine with experienced specialists in many cases. The local surgical team was supported by an experienced surgeon in 20 percent of PTN and 60 percent of PA patients. A transpleural approach was used in 4 and an extrapleural approach in 22 patients; no pleural drainage was used. There were no significant complications. Only 1 patients has died in follow-up ranging from 2 months to 9 years. Conclusions. Local resolution of PDA in neonates and small children has been made possible in Punta Arenas, avoiding dangerous transfer of these patients. Assistance by trained specialists was essential to accomplish this goal. Use of tele-medicine proved to be an important factor to increase safety in the management of PDA.

Tratamento da persistência de canal arterial em recém-nascidos prematuros: análise clínica e cirúrgica / Patent ductus arteriosus treatment in the premature newborn: clinical and surgical analisys

FUNDAMENTO: O tratamento cirúrgico da persistência de canal arterial é indicado quando a intervenção clínica fracassa. No entanto, esse tratamento não é livre de complicações. OBJETIVO: Analisar aspectos clínicos e cirúrgicos envolvidos no tratamento da persistência do canal arterial, em recém-nascidos prematuros. MÉTODOS: No período de janeiro de 2000 a junho de 2006, foram analisados 22 recém-nascidos prematuros submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico para persistência de canal arterial. Do total de pacientes, 77,3 por cento eram do sexo feminino, com peso médio ao nascimento de 952,5 g e idade gestacional média de 27 semanas. O uso de agentes vasoativos, indometacina, parâmetros ecocardiográficos e complicações, nos períodos pré e pós-operatórios, foi avaliado. RESULTADOS: Na casuística avaliada, 59,1 por cento dos pacientes necessitaram de intubação orotraqueal ao nascimento; 77,3 por cento, de surfactante; e 59,1 por cento usaram agentes vasoativos no pré-operatório. O número médio de aplicações de indometacina foi de 3,4, com dosagem variando de 0,1 a 0,25 mg/kg/dia. O calibre médio do canal arterial foi de 1,96 mm. O procedimento cirúrgico foi realizado por abordagem extrapleural em 59,1 por cento dos casos, e no pós-operatório o tempo médio de intubação foi de 30,9 dias, com emprego de agentes vasoativos em 50 por cento dos pacientes. Observaram-se 18,1 por cento de complicações pós-operatórias não-fatais. CONCLUSÃO: Mais da metade dos pacientes necessitou de intubação orotraqueal ao nascimento, emprego de surfactante e agentes vasoativos no período pré-operatório. Houve maior prevalência de abordagem extrapleural durante o ato operatório. No período pós-operatório, houve menor demanda de agentes vasoativos e não houve óbitos diretamente relacionados ao procedimento cirúrgico.

BACKGROUND: The surgical treatment of patency ductus arteriosus is indicated when the clinical intervention fails. However, this treatment may have some complications. OBJECTIVE: To analyze clinical and surgical aspects involved on the treatment of patency ductus arteriosus in premature newborn. METHODS: Twenty two premature newborns, submitted to surgical treatment for patency ductus arteriosus from January, 2000 to June, 2006, were evaluated. There were 77,3 percent female patients, the mean birth weight was 952,5g and the mean gestational age was 27 weeks. The use of vasoactive drugs, indometacin, echocardiograph parameters and complications, in the pre and postoperative periods were evaluated. RESULTS: In this casuistic 59,1 percent patients needed intratracheal intubation at birth, 77,3 percent needed surfactants, 59,1 percent used vasoactive drugs preoperative. The mean doses of indometacin were 3,43, with dose range 0,1 to 0,25 mg/Kg/day. The mean caliber of arterial duct patent was 1,96 mm. The surgical procedure was carried out through extrapleural approach in 59.1 percent of the patients, the mean time of postoperative intubation was 30,9 days, and 50 percent of the patients used vasoactive drugs postoperative. There were 18,1 percent postoperative complications (postoperative non-fatal complications). CONCLUSION: More than the half of the patients needed intratracheal intubation at birth, surfactant use and vasoactive drugs in the preoperative period. There was greater prevalence of the extrapleural approach during the surgery. In the postoperative period, there was less demand of vasoactive use and there was not deaths related to the surgical procedure.

Morbilidad de neonatos con enfermedad de membrana hialina, con y sin aplicación de surfactante exógeno / The hialine membrane disease and morbility in neonates

Se presentan los resultados de un estudio realizado con el propósito de conocer la morbilidad y mortalidad de 18 recién nacidos (RN) prematuros con enfermedad de membrana hialina (EMH) a los cuales se les aplicó surfactante exógeno (grupo A) comparados con un grupo histórico de 20 niños sin surfactante (grupo B). Al confrontar las diversas variables en estudio no se encontró una diferencia estadística en cuanto a edad de gestación (29.0 ñ 2.5 ñ 3.2 semanas) y peso (1,210 ñ 350 vs 1,120 + 330g); tampoco hubo diferencias en cuanto a la vía de nacimiento, Apgar, sexo y trofismo. En relación a la morbilidad y letalidad, se encontró una mayor frecuencia de niños con persistencia del conducto arterioso en el grupo A (p<0.01) al igual que para neumonía (p<0.01). Hubo mayor letalidad en el grupo B (p<0.01) y mayor incidencia de displasia broncopulmonar. Se concluye que el uso de surfactante exógeno es imperativo para modificar el curso de la EMH en neonatos con deficiencia de surfactante; con su uso disminuye la letalidad y la displasia broncopulmonar