Estado poblacional del pepino de mar (Clase Holothuroidea) en el Caribe de Guatemala / Population status of Sea Cucumber (Class Holothuroidea) in the Caribbean of Guatemala

Los holoturoideos o pepinos de mar pertenecen al filo Echinodermata, e incluyen animales con cuerpo vermiforme alargado y blando que viven en los fondos de los mares de todo el mundo. Ecológicamente estos organismos son recicladores eficientes de sedimentos en el ambiente. En los últimos años han cobrado alto valor comercial en el mercado asiático, por lo que su pesquería se ha expandido hacia muchos países. En Guatemala se decretó una veda precautoria en el 2010 por cinco años, al terminar esta se extendió por dos años más, pero con el compromise de obtener información científica durante dicho período. Con este fin, se realizó una evaluación poblacional del pepino de mar a través de transectos lineales de 60 m2, en siete puntos de la bahía de Amatique y la zona expuesta del mar Caribe de Guatemala, durante abril, junio y septiembre del 2016. Se evaluaron 6,300 m2, encontrando un total de 64 individuos de pepinos de mar. La riqueza de holotúridos está representada por siete especies, siendo las más abundantes Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867) y Holothuria mexicana (Ludwig, 1875). Los sitios con mayor abundancia fueron Faro Rojo y King Fish (p = .004). En base a los resultados de esta evaluación se puede determinar que la explotación comercial de los pepinos de mar en el Caribe guatemalteco no es viable, y que para aprovechar el valor comercial de estas especies se podría impulsar la acuicultura y comercializarlo a través de un sistema eficiente de trazabilidad.

Holothurians or sea cucumbers belong to the filum Equinodermata, which includes animals with long soft vermiform bodies that live on the ocean bottom of the entire world. Ecologically these organisms are efficient recyclers of sediments in the environment. In recent years, they have gained high commercial value in the Asian market, so their fishery has expanded to many countries. In Guatemala, a precautionary ban was decreed in 2010 for five years, when it ended it was extended for two more years, but with the commitment to obtain scientific information during that period. For this purpose, a population assessment of sea cucumber was carried out through linear transects of 60 m2, in seven points of Amatique Bay and the exposed zone of the Caribbean Sea of Guatemala, during April, June and September of 2016. 6300 m2 were evaluated, founding 64 organisms. The holothurians richness is represented by seven species, being the most abundant Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867) and Holothuria mexicana (Ludwig, 1875). The most abundant sites were Faro Rojo and King Fish (p = .004). Based on the results of this evaluation, it can be determined that the commercial exploitation of sea cucumbers in the guatemalan Caribbean is not viable, and that to take advantage of the commercial value of these species, aquaculture could be promoted and marketed through an efficient traceability system.

Por um diálogo de saberes entre pescadores artesanais, marisqueiras e o direito ambiental do trabalho / Towards a dialogue of knowledge between subsistence fishermen, shellfish gatherers and environmental labor law

O diálogo de saberes entre pescadores artesanais e marisqueiras sobre o direito a um meio ambiente de trabalho saudável se estabelece como um novo processo de reivindicação para as melhorias das condições de trabalho de populações afetadas por problemas ambientais em geral, e especialmente na Baía de Todos os Santos (BTS). As comunidades do entorno da BTS queixam-se ao Ministério Público Estadual dos efeitos danosos à saúde e ao ambiente das indústrias instaladas no Centro Industrial de Aratu e Porto de Aratu. Diversos pesquisadores das áreas de química, toxicologia, oceanografia, biologia e medicina da Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA) vêm aprofundando estudos sobre os efeitos da contaminação da BTS em variadas publicações científicas. O objetivo deste artigo é refletir sobre a contribuição desse diálogo na área do direito ambiental do trabalho (DAT) no Brasil. A metodologia deste estudo envolveu entrevistas semiestruturada, observação participante, análise documental. Conclui-se que legislação ambientalista/trabalhista do Brasil necessita incluir o diálogo de saberes para garantir o acesso a um meio ambiente de trabalho saudável para pescadores artesanais e marisqueiras.

The dialogue of knowledge between subsistence fishermen and shellfish gatherers on the right to a healthy working environment is established as a new process for claims for an improvement in working conditions by populations affected by environmental problems, and especially in Todos os Santos Bay (BTS). The communities surrounding the BTS have complained to the State Public Prosecutor about the harmful effects to health and the environment caused by the Aratu Industrial Complex and the Port of Aratu. Researchers in the fields of, chemistry, toxicology, oceanography, biology and medicine from the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA) have demonstrated the effects of contamination on the BTS in sundry scientific publications. The scope of this article is to reflect on the contribution of that dialogue on environmental labor law (DAT) in Brazil. The methodology of this study involved semi-structured interviews, participant observation and document analysis. The conclusion reached is that environmental labor law in Brazil must include the dialogue of knowledge to ensure access to a healthy working environment for subsistence fishermen and shellfish gatherers.

The importance of the marine ornamental reef fish trade in the wider Caribbean

The marine ornamental fish trade began in the 1930s in Sri Lanka, spread to Hawaii and the Philippines in the 1950s, and expanded to a multi-million dollar industry in the 1970s with fisheries established throughout the tropical Pacific, Indian and Atlantic Oceans. Currently, 45 countries supply global markets an estimated 14-30 million fish annually, with an import value of US$28-44 million. The largest suppliers are Indonesia and the Philippines, followed by Brazil, Maldives, Vietnam, Sri Lanka and Hawaii. In the tropical Western Atlantic, 16 countries have export fisheries, including the U.S. (Florida and Puerto Rico). The U.S. is the world's largest buyer, followed by the European Union and Japan. The global trade consists of over 1400 species of reef fishes, of which only about 25 are captive bred on a commercial scale. Damselfish, anemonefish, and angelfish constitute over 50% of the global volume; butterflyfish, wrasses, blennies, gobies, triggerfish, filcfish, hawkfishes, groupers and basselets account for 31% of the trade, and the remaining 16% is represented by 33 families. The most important fishes from the Caribbean are angelfish (six species), seahorses (two species), royal gramma, jawfish, queen triggerfish, redlip blenny, puddingwife, bluehead wrasse, and blue chromis. The Caribbean currently supplies a small percentage of the global trade in marine ornamental species, but ornamental fisheries in this region represent important emerging industries. It is critical that effective ornamental fishery management plans and regulations are developed and enforced, and fishery-dependent and fishery-independent data are collected and utilized in decision making processes to ensure sustainable ornamental fisheries throughout the region

Development of management policy for the marine ornamental fish and invertebrate fishery in puerto rico: a case study

In recent years the collection of tropical marine organisms for the aquarium trade has become perceived as an activity with an unsustainable history as well as obvious potential for rehabilitation through resource-based fisheries management and consumer-oriented product certification. In the case of Puerto Rico, collection of ornamentals has existed for decades, though unregulated due to a weak fisheries law dating from the 1930's. The new Fisheries Law 278 of 1998 enabled new regulatory approaches for marine ornamentals, which were met with serious challenges rooted in (1) an information gap concerning the fishery regarding participant numbers, collection methods and export volumes, and (2) the absence of consultation of fishers by agency regulators. The information gap led to worst-case assumptions of impact by regulators, and a closure of the fishery, which set the stage for threatening personal confrontations and lawsuits, the latter leading to de facto resource management by judicial order. To redress these issues and move management back into the arena of science and public policy, regulators have initiated a three-phase program: (1) characterize fisher numbers, methods and exports, (2) describe populations and biology of commercial species, and (3) propose appropriate fisheries management approaches. This paper describes only the first phase of this program