Insufficiency of kerosine as solvent to pyrethroids [tetramethrih and permethrin] in the formulation of insecticides and its influence on blood parameter in adult albino rats

This investigation involved the effect of Kerosine for long time [288 days in these concentrations] as a stress hazardous influence that caused unfavorable manifestations. The direct effect was on hemobiotic system which was concluded from the MCHC and was more indicated in the females than males and that was more clear in the Neutrophiles / lymphocytic ratios. This investigation showed also the hormonal affection as for the cortisol, testosterone leading to a more hazard insufficiency of the testicular functions. Thus it is clear that this formulation has a damaging effect on the productive system as well as the haemopoetic system affecting the blood initiating cells as revealed from the peripheral blood studies. Thus it is necessary to avoid the production of this formulation due to its direct effect on the blood forming system as well as the hormonal profiles in both male and female in individual animals

Malaria control using deltamethrin impregnated bed nets in a cantonment area at Allahabad (U. P.).

The study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of deltamethrin impregnated mosquito nets on malaria incidence, mosquito density, any adverse side effect among users and collateral effects on bed bugs and houseflies. A field trial was carried out over a period of three years in two adjacent military stations at Allahabad (UP), keeping one as a trial and other as a control station. During first year, baseline data were collected and during next two years residual spray was replaced with use of deltamethrin impregnated mosquito nets in trial station. The use of deltamethrin-treated bed nets resulted in a significant decline in malaria incidence and annual parasite index (API). The average mosquito density of anopheline mosquitoes decreased by 67.8% and culicine by 49.7%. The insecticide was found safe for use amongst troops and had favourable collateral effects against bed bugs and flies. Use of deltamethrin impregnated bed nets has beneficial impact on integrated control of malaria.

Atrial fibrillation caused by dermal application of permethrin

Acute toxicity causing an arrhythmia from transcutaneous exposure to permethrin has not been previously reported in the medical literature as far as the author is aware. A case of atrial fibrillation secondary to hypokalemia following the inappropriate dermal application of "Piff-Paff' powder is described. Piff-Paff powder is an insecticide containing permethrin

Biomonitoring of pesticides formulators: frequency of micronuclei, protein carbonyls, epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor

The frequency of micronucleus formation [FMN] in circulating lymphocytes, plasma basic fibroblast growth factor [bFGF], epidermal growth factors [EGF] and protein carbonyls [CP] was measured in the blood of 25 pesticide [fenvalerate and deltamethrin] manufacture exposed workers versus 20 controls. The pesticide workers showed an increase in the levels of the FMN [4.8 +/- 4 vs. 3 +/- 1.1%, t = 2.14], bFGF [6.3 +/- 4.9 vs. 1.9 +/- 1.36 ng/ml] and EGF [4.8 +/- 1.5 vs. 1.02 +/- 0.2 ng/ml] and PC [0.9 +/- 0.4 vs. 0.54 +/- 0.2]. It can be concluded that the occupational exposure to pyrethroid pesticides during formulation induces an oxidative stress that can consequently induce genotoxicity

Fenvalerate-induced macromolecular changes in the catfish, Clarias batrachus.

The effects of sublethal concentration of fenvalerate on DNA, RNA, RNA/DNA ratio and protein contents were estimated in gill and kidney tissues of an air breathing fish, Clarias batrachus. Fenvalerate reduced the DNA content in gill, whereas it did not produce any significant effect on DNA in kidney. This tissue-specific change in DNA content may be due to differential effects of fenvalerate or its metabolite(s) on synthesis and/degradation of DNA in gill and kidney cells of the fish. RNA and protein contents declined substantially in both the tissues in response to fenvalerate treatment. However, RNA/DNA ratio remains unchanged. It indicates that decrease in protein content in response to fenvalerate treatment might have been brought about by reduce rate of translation of messenger (mRNA) without a decrease in concentration of ribosomes.

Neurophysiological alterations following fluvalinate administration in mice.

Median lethal dose (LD50) of fluvalinate (Marvik 25EC) was 105 (94.6-116.5 mg/kg, ip) in albino mice. Gross observable signs were dose dependent and indicative of central and peripheral nervous system stimulation. Fluvalinate, at 10.5 and 21.0 mg/kg, ip doses in mice, facilitated maximal electroshock seizures, reduced reaction time in analgesic test and enhanced duration of ether anaesthesia. Acute and subacute (7 days) treatment at lower and higher doses enhanced pentobarbitone sleeping time. Acute and subacute treatment (7 days) with phenobarbitone (50 mg/kg, ip) prior to fluvalinate enhanced toxicity of fluvalinate.

Preliminary evaluation on safety aspects in mosquito net impregnation with lambdacyhalothrin.

A preliminary evaluation was undertaken on the safety aspects in mosquito net impregnation with lambdacyhalothrin, on the operators and users of the treated nets. The detection by HPLC of one of the principal metabolites of lambdacyhalothrin, 3-phenoxy benzoic acid (3-PBA) in blood samples of the users and operators in very small quantities (0.01 to 0.02 ng/microliters) showed that absorption of the insecticide was minimum. Clinical examination and analysis of different biochemical parameters in blood and serum samples showed in spite of the minimal absorption of the insecticide, there was no immediate adverse effect.

Clinico-biochemical use of serum acetylcholine esterase following treatment with synthetic pyrethroids, cypermethrin and fenvalerate, in cattle and buffalo experimentally infested with Boophilus microplus.

Following treatment, cypermethrin and fenvalerate, were found to have inhibitory effect on serum acetylcholine esterase (AchE) activity of cattle and buffalo experimentally infested with B. microplus. The pattern of AchE activity in infested-pyrethroid-treated group was found to be significantly different from either healthy or tick-infested control. There was transient increase in the enzyme activity initially, followed by gradual decline and subsequent increase leading to normal level within 7 days of pyrethroid treatment. The enzyme activity was found to be low in buffalo than in cattle and the values remained below normal level up to day 7 in tick-infested group. The reversion of AchE activity to normal level in pyrethroid-treated group indicated that these compounds are prompt and safe ixodicides with least residual effect. The present investigation concludes that estimation of serum AchE might help in the clinico-biochemical diagnosis of tick toxin and pyrethroid toxicity in cattle and buffalo treated with these pyrethroids against tick infestation.

Medicamentos ectoparasiticidas: risco e benefício / Ectoparasiticides drugs: risk and benefit

A escolha de produtos ectoparasiticidas para uso humano deve obedecer certos critérios, principalmente envolvendo a relaçäo risco-benefício, desde que muitos säo substâncias capazes de destruir formas de vida. As relaçöes adversas, os efeitos colaterais, a toxicidade, aliados a fatores como formulaçöes, interaçäo medicamentosa, incompatibilidades, freqüência das aplicaçöes e outras vias de penetraçäo orgânica devem ser avaliados. O trabalho se propöe a atualizar e revisar os dados farmacológicos e toxicológicos dos ectoparasiticidas mais freqüentemente utilizados para adequar a sua escolha