Síndrome urémico hemolítico atípico asociado a neumococo / Pneumococcal hemolytic uremic syndrome

RESUMEN El síndrome urémico hemolítico (SUH) es una entidad caracterizada por la tríada de insuficiencia renal aguda, anemia hemolítica no inmune y trombocitopenia. Se distinguen 2 tipos: el SUH típico o D (+) asociado a toxina Shiga y el atípico o D(-) entre los que se encuentra el SUH asociado a neumococo. Ésta es una patología poco común con alta morbimortalidad. Se presenta el caso clínico de un lactante que desarrolló un SUH asociado a neumococo en el marco de enfermedad neumocóccica invasiva

ABSTRACT Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is an entity characterized by the triad of acute renal failure, nonimmune hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. Two types are distinguished: the typical HUS or D (+) related to Shiga toxin and the atypical or D (-) among which the HUS associated with pneumococcus. This is an uncommon pathology with high morbidity and mortality. We present the case of an infant who developed an HUS associated with pneumococcus in the contex of invasive pneumococcal disease

Streptococcus pneumoniae-associated pneumonia complicated by purulent pericarditis: case series / Pneumonia por Streptococcus pneumoniae complicada por pericardite purulenta: uma série de casos

AbstractObjective: In the antibiotic era, purulent pericarditis is a rare entity. However, there are still reports of cases of the disease, which is associated with high mortality, and most such cases are attributed to delayed diagnosis. Approximately 40-50% of all cases of purulent pericarditis are caused by Gram-positive bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae in particular.Methods: We report four cases of pneumococcal pneumonia complicated by pericarditis, with different clinical features and levels of severity.Results: In three of the four cases, the main complication was cardiac tamponade. Microbiological screening (urinary antigen testing and pleural fluid culture) confirmed the diagnosis of severe pneumococcal pneumonia complicated by purulent pericarditis.Conclusions: In cases of pneumococcal pneumonia complicated by pericarditis, early diagnosis is of paramount importance to avoid severe hemodynamic compromise. The complications of acute pericarditis appear early in the clinical course of the infection. The most serious complications are cardiac tamponade and its consequences. Antibiotic therapy combined with pericardiocentesis drastically reduces the mortality associated with purulent pericarditis.

ResumoObjetivo:Na era dos antibióticos, a pericardite purulenta é uma entidade rara. Entretanto, ainda há relatos de casos da doença, associados a alta mortalidade, muitos deles atribuídos ao diagnóstico tardio. Aproximadamente 40-50% de todos os casos de pericardite purulenta são causados por bactérias gram-positivas, particularmente Streptococcus pneumoniae.Métodos:Relatamos quatro casos de pneumonia pneumocócica complicada por pericardite, com diferentes características clínicas e níveis de gravidade.Resultados:Em três dos quatro casos, a principal complicação foi tamponamento cardíaco. A pesquisa microbiológica (teste de antígeno urinário e cultura de líquido pleural) confirmou o diagnóstico de pneumonia pneumocócica grave complicada por pericardite purulenta.Conclusões:Em casos de pneumonia pneumocócica complicada por pericardite, o pronto diagnóstico é de extrema importância para evitar comprometimento hemodinâmico grave. As complicações da pericardite aguda aparecem no início do curso clínico da infecção. As complicações mais graves são tamponamento cardíaco e suas consequências. A antibioticoterapia com pericardiocentese reduz sobremaneira a mortalidade associada à pericardite purulenta.

Predictores clínicos de bacteriemia en adultos inmunocompetentes hospitalizados por neumonía adquirida en la comunidad / Clinical predictors of bacteremia in immunocompetent adult patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia

Background: The clinical usefulness of blood cultures in the management of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is controversial. Aim: To determine clinical predictors of bacteremia in a cohort of adult patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia. Material and Methods: A prospective cohort of 605 immunocompetent adult patients aged 16 to 101 years (54% male) hospitalized for CAP was studied. The clinical and laboratory variables measured at admission were associated with the risk of bacteremia by univariate and multivariate analysis using logistic regression models. Results: Seventy seven percent of patients had comorbidities, median hospital stay was 9 days, 7.6% died in hospital and 10.7% at 30 days. The yield of the blood cultures was 12.6% (S. pneumoniae in 69 patients, H. influenzae in 3, Gram negative bacteria in three and S. aureus in one). These results modified the initial antimicrobial treatment in one case (0.2%). In a multivariate analysis, clinical and laboratory variables associated with increased risk of bacteremia were low diastolic blood pressure (Odds ratio (OR): 1.85, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.02 to 3.36, p < 0.05), leukocytosis e" 15,000/mm³ (OR: 2.18, 95% CI 1.22 to 3.88, p < 0.009), serum urea nitrogen e" 30 mg/dL (OR: 2.23, 95% CI 1.22 to 4.05, p < 0.009) and serum C-reactive protein e" 30 mg/dL (OR: 2.20, 95% CI 1.22 to 3.97, p < 0.01). Antimicrobial use before hospital admission significantly decreased the blood culture yield (OR: 0.14, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.46, p < 0.002). Conclusions: Blood cultures do not contribute significantly to the initial management of patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia. The main clinical predictors of bacteremia were antibiotic use, hypotension, renal dysfunction and systemic inflammation.

Impacto de la bacteriemia en una cohorte de pacientes con neumonía neumocócica / Impact of bacteremia in a cohort of patients with pneumococcal pneumonia

OBJETIVO: Bacteriemia es la forma invasiva más común de neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) por Streptococcus pneumoniae. Investigamos si la bacteriemia en NAC neumocócica empeora los resultados y si ella guarda relación con la vacunación antineumocócica (VAN). MÉTODOS: Análisis secundario de una cohorte de pacientes con NAC neumocócica confirmada por cultivo de sangre o esputo o antígeno urinario. Se registraron datos demográficos, clínicos, radiográficos y de laboratorio, escores Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) y pneumonia severity index (PSI), comorbilidades y antecedente de VAN. Se compararon pacientes con NAC neumocócica bacteriémica (NNB) vs. no bacteriémica (NNNB). RESULTADOS: Cuarenta y siete pacientes tenían NNB y 71 NNNB (45 por cultivo de esputo y 26 por antígeno urinario); 107 tenían alguna indicación de VAN. Ningún paciente con NNB, pero 9 con NNNB, habían recibido VAN (p = 0,043). Los pacientes con NNB eran mayores (76,4 ± 11,5 vs. 67,5 ± 20,9 años), tenían mayor APACHE II (16,4 ± 4,6 vs. 14,1 ± 6,5) y PSI (129,5 ± 36 vs. 105,2 ± 45), más frecuentemente cardiopatía e insuficiencia renal crónica e internación en UTI (42,5% vs. 22,5%) y menor hematocrito (35,7 ± 5,8 vs. 38,6 ± 6,7%) y sodio plasmático (133,9 ± 6,0 vs. 137,1 ± 5,5 mEq/L). La mortalidad fue similar (29,8% vs. 28,2%). CONCLUSIONES: Los niveles de VAN (8,4%) en esta población con alto riesgo de NAC por S. pneumoniae fueron extremadamente bajos. Los pacientes con NNB estaban más graves, pero la mortalidad fue similar entre los dos grupos. La VAN reduce la incidencia de NNB y es razonable incrementar el nivel de vacunación de la población en riesgo.

OBJECTIVE: Bacteremia is the most common presentation of invasive disease in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) due to Streptococcus pneumoniae. We investigated whether bacteremia in pneumococcal CAP worsens outcomes and whether it is related to pneumococcal vaccination (PV). METHODS: Secondary analysis of a cohort of patients with pneumococcal CAP confirmed by blood culture, sputum culture, or urinary antigen testing. Demographic, clinical, radiographic, and biochemical data were collected, as were Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) and pneumonia severity index (PSI) scores, comorbidities, and PV history. We drew comparisons between patients with bacteremic pneumococcal CAP (BPP) and those with non-bacteremic pneumococcal CAP (NBPP). RESULTS: Forty-seven patients had BPP, and 71 had NBPP (confirmed by sputum culture in 45 and by urinary antigen testing in 26); 107 had some indication for PV. None of the BPP patients had received PV, compared with 9 of the NBPP patients (p = 0.043). Among the BPP patients, the mean age was higher (76.4 ± 11.5 vs. 67.5 ± 20.9 years), as were APACHE II and PSI scores (16.4 ± 4.6 vs. 14.1 ± 6.5 and 129.5 ± 36 vs. 105.2 ± 45, respectively), as well as the rate of ICU admission for cardiopathy or chronic renal failure (42.5% vs. 22.5%), whereas hematocrit and plasma sodium levels were lower (35.7 ± 5.8 vs. 38.6 ± 6.7% and 133.9 ± 6.0 vs. 137.1 ± 5.5 mEq/L, respectively), although mortality was similar (29.8% vs. 28.2%). CONCLUSIONS: In this population at high risk for CAP due to S. pneumoniae, the PV rate was extremely low (8.4%). Although BPP patients were more severely ill, mortality was similar between the two groups. Because PV reduces the incidence of BPP, the vaccination rate in at-risk populations should be increased.

Antibiotic-induced Severe Neutropenia with Multidrug-Dependent Antineutrophil Antibodies Developed in A Child with Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection

Drug-induced neutropenia (DIN), particularly that in which antibiotic-dependent antineutrophil antibodies have been detected, is a rare disorder. We report the case of a child with pneumococcal pneumonia, who experienced severe neutropenia during various antibiotic treatments. We detected 4 kinds (cefotaxim, augmentin, vancomycin, and tobramycin) of antibiotic-dependent antineutrophil antibodies by using the mixed passive hemagglutination assay (MPHA) technique with this child.

Identificación de otros agentes infecciosos en casos sospechosos de síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavirus / Identification of infectious agents in cases suspicious of Hantavirus infection but with negative serology

Background: The diagnosis of acute respiratory illness caused by Hantavirus is based in the rapid and progressive clinical course, epidemiological background and the serological confirmation of the virus. When the presence of the virus is not confirmed a differential diagnosis must be made with other infections. Between 1999 and 2001, the Chilean Public Health Institute received 1063 blood samples from patients with a suspicious clinical picture, to study the presence of Andes strain of Hantavirus. In 134 of these samples, the presence of the virus was confirmed. Aim: To study the presence of other infections in sera from patients with suspected Hantavirus acute respiratory illness but serologically negative for Hantavirus. Material and methods: A retrospective study of 98 serum samples, received at the National Public Health Institute, of patients with negative serology for Hantavirus. The presence of antibodies against influenza virus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Leptospira and Streptococcus pneumoniae was determined using Latex techniques. Results: Leptospira was detected in 23 patients, influenza virus in 13, Streptococcus pneumoniae in six and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in one case. Leptospira infections were confirmed in four cases by ELISA determination of IgM antibodies. Influenza virus infection was confirmed in three cases by Hemmaglutation Inhibition Assay. Conclusions: In suspected cases of Hantavirus acute respiratory infection, but with negative serology, other infectious agents such as Leptospira, influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, must be sought.

Neumonía neumocócica adquirida en la comunidad en adultos hospitalizados / Community acquired pneumococcal pneumonia in hospitalized adult patients

BACKGROUND: S pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia. AIM: To evaluate the clinical characteristics, antibiotic resistance, management and prognostic factors in pneumococcal pneumonia. METHODS: Prospective evaluation in 46 adults (age +/- sd: 68 +/- 17 years) hospitalized with pneumococcal pneumonia confirmed by sputum, blood or pleural fluid cultures. Clinical and radiographic variables, risk factors for antibiotic resistance, and hospital mortality rate were recorded. RESULTS: Heart disease (39 per cent), COPD/asthma (25 per cent), and diabetes mellitus (18 per cent) were the most frequent underlying diseases. None of the patients had previously received pneumococcal vaccine. Only 17 per cent of the patients had the classic triad of chills, fever and productive cough. At admission, interestingly, 17 per cent presented with congestive heart failure. Resistance of pneumococci to penicillin, cefotaxime or erythromycin was 15 per cent, 6 per cent and 11 per cent, respectively. Antibiotic use prior to admission was significantly associated with antibiotic resistance (OR = 6; CI 95 per cent = 1.1-32; p < 0.05). Fifty per cent of the patients were admitted to intermediate or intensive care units, 15 per cent were mechanically ventilated, 20 per cent developed septic shock, 20 per cent developed acute renal failure and 13 per cent died in the hospital. Clinical factors significantly associated with higher mortality were systolic hypotension (< or = 90 mmHg), ICU admission and BUN > 30 mg per dL. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that pneumococcal pneumonia is still a severe infection with high mortality; hence, efforts should be made at prevention using pneumococcal immunization.

Síndrome hemolítico urémico y streptococcus pneumoniae / Hemolytic uremic syndrome after an infection caused by streptococcus pneumoniae

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is an uncommon complication of pneumococcal infection. Highly suggesting findings in a patient with Streptococcus pneumoniae infection are: microangyopatic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure. We report a 41 years old woman, admitted to the hospital due to a severe pneumonia, that required the surgical drainage of an empyema. On admission, a drop in packed red cell volume from 41 to 25 percent, the presence of schistocytes in the blood smear, an elevation of LDH to 1,700 IU/L, a fall in haptoglobin to 5.8 mg/dL and a thrombocytopenia of 72,000 per mm3 were detected. These alterations coincided with an oliguric acute renal failure. She was treated with hemodialysis and the hemolytic syndrome was managed with plasmapheresis. She was discharged 35 days after admission and in the follow up, after 2.5 months, her serum creatinine is 1.2 mg/dL and her packed red cell volume is 41 percent

Doce casos de absceso pulmonar en pediatría: revisión clínica / 12 cases of lung abscesses in paediatrics: clinical review

El absceso pulmonar (AP) se define como un área de supuración que desarrolla necrosis central y cavitación del parénquima pulmonar, rodeado por una pared gruesa de tejido inflamatorio. Con el objeto de describir las características clínicas, tratamiento y evolución de los pacientes con AP, revisamos los 12 pacientes con AP egresados del Servicio de Pediatría del Hos. Clínico de la U. Católica, durante un período de 10 años (1990 a 1999) cinco pacientes eran hombres; tenían una edad promedio de 4,3 años (5 meses a 8 años); los síntomas principales fueron fiebre, tos, dificultad respiratoria y compromiso del estado general, 7 habían usado antibióticos previo al ingreso. En 10/12 se observó leucocitosis (promedio: 20 136 cel/mmü), aumento de la VHS (promedio: 78 mm/h) y elevación de la PCR (promedio: 31 mg/di). La localización más frecuente fue el LSD (7 casos), LID (2 pacientes), LII (2 casos) y 1 tenía compromiso de LSD y LID. En 7 casos se observó concomitantemente derrame pleural, 4 presentaron atelectasia y 2 neumotórax. Se aisló germen en 4 pacientes, Streptococcus pneumoniae en 3/4 (uno asociado a Stafilococcus aureus) y Streptococcus beta hemolítico grupo A en 1 caso. Todos recibieron tratamiento con 1 o más antibióticos, 2 requirieron lobectomía por alteración anatómica predisponente (secuestro pulmonar o quiste pulmonar simple). La evolución fue hacia la mejoría en todos, con una estadía hospitalaria promedio de 14,8 días y desaparición de las imágenes cavitarias entre la cuarta semana y tercer mes posterior al alta. En nuestro estudio encontramos que el AP es poco frecuente, que tiene una evolución favorable con resolución clínica y radiológica, requiriendo la gran mayoría de las veces solo tratamiento médico

Fatores de risco e medidas profiláticas nas pneumonias adquiridas na comunidade / Risk factors and prophylaxis of community-acquired pneumonias

Este artigo revisa os efeito do envelhecimento, tabagismo, DPOC, insuficiência cardíaca, colonizaçäo da orofaringe, aspiraçäo (micro e macro), alcoolismo, cirrose hepática, deficiência nutricional, imunossupressäo e fatores ambientais sobre o risco de adquirir pneumonia na comunidade e sua gravidade. Na segundo parte, é feito revisäo sobre a açäo profilática das vacinas antiinfluenza e antipneumococo, assim como a açäo das drogas antivirais, na profilaxia e tratamento das pneumonias adquiridas na comunidade

Neumonía, hemolisis e insuficiencia renal. A propósito de un caso / Pneumonia, hemolysis and renal failure. Apropos of a case

Se presenta un caso de una niña de 18 meses portadora de una neumonía complicada con pioneumotorax, anemia severa, hemólisis, plaquetopenia e insuficiencia renal, con test de látex positivo para neumococo en líquido pleural. Se postula el diagnóstico de sindrome hemolítico urémico (SHU) asociado a estreptococo pneumoniae descartándose otras entidades. Se analiza esta rara asociación a la luz de la bibliografía y se efectúan consideraciones respecto del diagnóstico, fisiopatología y manejo relacionándolas con el caso presentado. Se concluye que el caso analizado podría tratarse de una forma menor de SHU asociado a neumococo que hubiera requerido de metodología diagnóstica que no estuvo al alcance de los autores (dosificación de actividad de neuraminidasa plasmática)

Primary community-acquired pneumonia by Escherichia coli: case report and review of the literature

Lactente de dois anos, sexo feminino, convulsiva cronica, foi admitida por pneumonia com seis dias de evolucao. Ao RX: pneumonia lobar superior direita. Colhidas culturas de liquido pleural e sangue e iniciados oxacilina e cloranfenicol. Apesar do tratamento, a crianca foi a obito no terceiro dia de internacao. Os resultados das culturas colhidos a admissao (liquido pleural e sangue), foram positivos para Escherichia coli. Nenhum outro foco foi identificado. Os autores discutem os aspectos clinicos e fisiopatologicos da pneumonia por Escherichia coli, e fazem uma revisao bibliografica sobre o tema

Pericarditis purulenta: relato de un caso / Purulent pericarditis: report of a case

Se presenta un paciente de 51 años, alcoholista y fumador intenso, que en el curso de una neumopatía aguda, sufre una pericarditis aguda supurada, que evolucionó en una semana al taponamiento cardíaco. A pesar del drenaje quirúrgico efectuado, se desarrolló en un lapso de semanas un cuadro clínico y hemodimámico típico de pericarditis constrictiva. La pericardiectomía total logró la curación del paciente. A propósito del caso, se comentan aspectos clínicos, patológicos y terapéuticos

Role of infection and exchange transfusion in fulminant hepatic failure.

We report three patients with fulminant hepatic failure following sepsis managed by exchange transfusion. The literature on the role of infection in the pathogenesis of fulminant liver failure and of exchange transfusions in its management is reviewed.

Pneumonias fulminantes / Overwhelming pneumonias

Säo conceituadas as pneumonias fulminantes e o entendimento de sua origem é brevemente especulado. Os principais agentes etiológicos säo discutidos e enfatizadas algumas características clínicas e radiológicas. A importância do diagnóstico etiológico é ressaltada, assim como da conduta terapêutica inicial desde que as possibilidades etiológicas, mesmo aquelas adquiridas na comunidade, têm mudado de forma nítida nas últimas duas décadas. Ainda näo säo conhecidos os mecanismos envolvidos na progressäo das pneumonias fulminantes para etapas mais severas e para a morte

Pneumonia por Salmonella typhimurium: relato de caso / Pneumonia due to Salmonella typhimurium: report of a case

É relatado um caso de pneumonia supurativa por Salmonella typhimurium em adulto, predisposto `a infecçäo devido a diabetes melito e desnutriçäo, diagnosticada através de punçäo pulmonar. O tratamento se prolongou por 2 e 1/2 meses com cura do processo