Current Concepts in Primary Effusion Lymphoma and Other Effusion-Based Lymphomas

Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a human herpes virus 8 (HHV8)-positive large B-cell neoplasm that presents as an effusion with no detectable tumor in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus infection or other immune deficiencies. PEL is an aggressive neoplasm with a poor prognosis. PEL cells show diverse morphologies, ranging from immunoblastic or plasmablastic to anaplastic. The immunophenotype of PEL is distinct, but its lineage can be misdiagnosed if not assessed thoroughly. PEL cells usually express CD45, lack B- and T-cell-associated antigens, and characteristically express lymphocyte activation antigens and plasma cell-associated antigens. Diagnosis of PEL often requires the demonstration of a B-cell genotype. HHV8 must be detected in cells to diagnose PEL. In most cases, PEL cells also harbor the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome. Similar conditions associated with HHV8 but not effusion-based are called "extracavitary PELs." PELs should be differentiated from HHV8-negative, EBV-positive, body cavity-based lymphomas in patients with long-standing chronic inflammation; the latter can occur in tuberculous pleuritis, artificial pneumothorax, chronic liver disease and various other conditions. Despite their morphological similarity, these various lymphomas require different therapeutic strategies and have different prognostic implications. Correct diagnosis is essential to manage and predict the outcome of patients with PEL and related disorders.

Application of artificial pneumothorax in semi-prone position to the video-assisted thoracic surgery of esophageal carcinoma / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the safety and effectiveness of artificial pneumothorax in semi-prone position applied to video-assisted thoracoscopic resection of esophageal cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinical data of 59 patients with esophageal cancer, who underwent thoracoscopic resection of esophageal cancer during April 2010 to April 2011, were reviewed and analyzed retrospectively to evaluate the operation time, lymph node dissection and metastatic nodes, post-operative complications, and comparison of the pre- and post-operative TNM staging. There were 9 cases of the upper thoracic esophagus, 44 of the thoracic segment esophagus, and 6 of the lower thoracic segment esophagus. One case of esophageal adenocarcinoma and 1 case of esophageal small cell carcinoma were treated by 2 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The patients were in semi-prone position, and an artificial pneunothorax was created with injection of CO2 (at a pressure of 6 - 8 mmHg) via the trocar. The entire thoracic esophagus was dissociated, mediastinal lymph nodes dissected by thoracoscopy, stomach dissociated, abdominal lymph nodes were dissected through abdominal incision, and esophagogastric anastomosis was performed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the 59 patients, 51 patients completed the thoracoscopic surgery, and 8 were converted to thoracotomy, due to azygos arch bleeding in two cases, membranous tracheal perforation in one case, inferior vena cava bleeding in one case, bronchial artery bleeding in one case, and dense pleural adhesions in three cases. The average operation time of the thoracoscopic surgery was 220.3 (180 - 330) min, and the average operation time for the operation in the thoracic part was 96.6 (80 - 120) min. The average blood loss was 220.8 (100 - 300) ml, the postoperative chest tube was placed for 2 to 4 days (average 3.2), postoperative drainage volume was: 60 - 300 ml (201.6 ml in average) in the 1st day, 30 - 280 ml in the 2nd day, and 0 - 160 ml in the 3rd day. The length of hospital stay was 11.5 days (9 - 14 d). No mortality, anastomotic fistula, and chylothorax occurred in our patient group. One case of arrhythmia, two cases of transient hoarseness, and two cases of pulmonary infection were all improved under symptomatic treatment. The overall complication rate was 9.8% (5/51). 714 lymph nodes were dissected in the 51 patient-group, with an average 14 lymph nodes per patient, including 512 chest lymph nodes (10 on average). The pathology report showed right recurrent laryngeal nerve lymph node metastasis in 6 cases, left recurrent laryngeal nerve lymph node metastasis in 3 cases, subcarinal lymph node metastasis in 2 cases, lesion lymph node metastasis in 1 case, and esophagogastric junction lymph node metastasis in 1 case.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) conducted in semi-prone position combined with artificial pneumothorax for the treatment of esophageal cancer is technically feasible and safe, as effective as open thoracic surgery, not only to maintain the intact thorax, significantly lighter postoperative pain, and reduces perioperative complication, but also better wound appearance. The operation is welcomed by patients and meets the requirements of the development of esophageal surgery, and it is a quite ideal treatment of early and intermediate stage esophageal cancer.</p>

Management of diaphragmatic injury during transperitoneal laparoscopic urological procedures

INTRODUCTION: Carbon dioxide pneumothorax is a rare complication in laparoscopic urology, but with the widespread use of laparoscopy and the increasing surgical pathologies managed by this technique this infrequent complication has become a potential risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 786 laparoscopic transperitoneal urologic operations were reviewed at our institution. All procedures were performed by the same surgeon and included 213 adrenalectomies, 181 simple nephrectomies, 143 lymphadenectomies, 118 radical nephrectomies, 107 partial nephrectomies and 24 nephroureterectomies. Mean patient age was 53.2 years (range 24 to 70). Mean BMI was 28.15 Kg/m2 (range 20 to 48.9). RESULTS: A total of 6 cases (0.7 percent) of diaphragmatic injury were found. All reported patients had additional factors that may have contributed to diaphragmatic injury. Diaphragmatic repair was always carried out by intracorporeal suturing and only one case required chest tube placement. All patients evolved uneventfully. CONCLUSIONS: Repair of diaphragmatic injuries should always be attempted with intracorporeal suture since this is a feasible, reproducible and reliable technique.

Effects of Insufflation on Hemodynamics and Arterial Blood Gas during Thoracoscopic Surgery / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: To visualize adequately the intrathoracic structures, creation of an artificial pneumothorax by carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation under positive pressures has been advocated during thoracoscopic surgery. We hypothesized that positive-pressure insufflation during thoracoscopy would cause significant hemodynamic and ventilatory compromise. METHODS: Thirty patients underwent general anesthesia with a single lumen endotracheal tube and placement of an arterial line. Noninvasive cardiac output monitoring was done on both the side of the neck and chest. Baseline measurements of hemodynamic indices and arterial blood gas analysis (ABGA) were taken before CO2 insufflation. Data was obtained at 5 minutes after CO2 insufflation. ABGA was taken 5 minutes after CO2 deflation. RESULTS: Insufflation of CO2 resulted in an increase in heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI). Whereas cardiac index (CI), accelerated contractility index (ACI), PH, and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) were decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Positive pressure insufflation of CO2 during thoracoscopy resulted in hemodynamic and arterial blood gas changes. Therefore, we propose that low pressure (< 10 mmHg) insufflation is a safe adjunct to routine thoracoscopic surgical procedures.

Lesión pulmonar inducida por ventilación mecánica / Pulmonary injury induced by mechanical ventilation

En los últimos 30 años, la ventilación mecánica ha sido un instrumento indispensable en el manejo de la insuficiencia respiratoria. No obstante, la ventilación mecánica per se también puede iniciar o exacerbar una lesión pulmonar, contribuyendo a la morbimortalidad del paciente. Esta revisión trata de examinar los mecanismos por los cuales se puede producir lesión inducida por la ventilación mecánica incluyendo aquellos que afectan la pared alveolar así como los más recientemente descritos que involucran mediadores celulares que pueden provocar lesión pulmonar.

Effects of Carbon Dioxide Insufflation on Hemodynamics and Arterial Blood Gas Tension during Thoracoscopy under General Anesthesia / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Video-assisted thoracic surgical procedure via thoracoscopy has recently gained popularity, as it avoids a thoracotomy, reducing intraoperative blood loss, postoperative pain, respiratory dysfunction and hospital stay. However, to visualize adequately the intrathoracic structures, creation of artificial pneumothorax by carbon dioxide insufflation during thoracoscopy would cause significant hemodynamic compromise. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of CO2 insufflation into the pleural cavity on the hemodynamics and the arterial blood gas tension under general anesthesia. METHODS: Twenty-five patients, after intubation with single lumen endotracheal tube, underwent enflurane (1~2%) and N2O-O2 (1:1) general anesthesia. Before placement of a thoracoscope, the baseline mean arterial pressure and heart rate were obtained. Measurements were taken at 5, 10, and 20 min. after the beginning of carbon dioxide insufflation (3~5 mmHg) and 10 min. after gas evacuation. Blood gas analyses were done before, during CO2 insufflation and after CO2 evacuation. Data were analyzed using Student t-test. RESULTS: Positive-pressure CO2 insufflation (3~5 mmHg) caused a decrease of mean arterial pressure (5~7%) and an increase of airway pressure (1.5 times) and heart rate (13~20%) throughout the gas insufflation period (p<0.05). Blood gas analyses revealed no significant change. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that low CO2 insufflation pressures (3~5 mmHg) may cause cardiovascular depression during thoracoscopy. Therefore careful monitorings should be done during this procedure.

A case of successful treatment by artificial pneumothorax in cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis with treatment failure / 결핵

No abstract available.

CT staging of lung cancer: the role of artificial pneumothorax

No abstract available.

Paresia diafragmática adquirida como complicación del drenaje de neumotórax por toracotomía cerrada / Diaphragmatic paresia acquired as complication of pneumothorax drainage by closed thoracotomy

La parálisis diafragmática traumática secundaria al drenaje pleural para la evacuación de un neumotórax hipertensivo es una rara complicación pero que debe ser tenida en cuenta ya que agrava la insuficiencia respiratoria del paciente, prolonga el tiempo de asistencia respiratoria e incrementa los riesgos relacionados a internaciones prolongadas. Es importante la comprobación de la ubicación del catéter en la radiografía post drenaje y la inmediata corrección de la misma en caso que ésta sea inadecuada. Si se comprueba paresia/parálisis diafragmática debe colocarse al paciente en Trendelenburg invertido. De persistir la parálisis la consulta quirúrgica determinará la oportunidad y beneficio de la plicatura.