A leptospirose humana como doença duplamente negligenciada no Brasil / Human leptospirosis as a doubly neglected disease in Brazil

Resumo O objetivo do presente artigo é analisar as discrepâncias e lacunas informacionais que produzem uma versão duplamente negligenciada da leptospirose humana na política pública de saúde brasileira. Para alcançar esse objetivo, comparamos dados de morbidade, mortalidade, custos hospitalares e sociais, perfis populacionais, hábitos dos vetores, determinantes sociais de saúde e práticas diagnósticas relacionadas à leptospirose com outra doença de maior reconhecimento no país: a dengue. Nossa análise mostra que a arbitrariedade dos critérios para atribuições de prioridades de intervenção em saúde, a invisibilidade do perfil populacional da leptospirose humana nos dados oficiais da política de saúde e seu caráter clínico mimético corroboram para a produção de uma versão da leptospirose humana que é invisível e, portanto, duplamente negligenciada pela política pública de saúde brasileira. Concluímos que essas discrepâncias e lacunas informacionais relacionam-se ao fato de que a leptospirose humana acomete uma população que o Estado não tem interesse em manter viva.

Abstract The aim of this article is to analyze discrepancies and informational gaps which produce a doubly neglected version of human leptospirosis in the Brazilian public health policy. To achieve this goal, we compared data on morbidity, mortality, hospital and social costs, population profiles, vector habits, social health determinants and diagnostic practices related to leptospirosis with another disease of higher recognition in Brazil: dengue fever. Our analysis shows that the arbitrariness of criteria for assigning health priorities, the invisibility of the population profile of human leptospirosis in official data and its mimetic character in clinic corroborate the production of a version of human leptospirosis that is invisible and, because of that, doubly neglected by the Brazilian public health policy. We conclude that these discrepancies and informational gaps are related to the fact that human leptospirosis affects a population which the State has no interest in keeping alive.

Interdistrict variations in child health status and health services utilization: Lessons for health sector priority setting and planning from a cross-sectional survey in rural India.

Background. There are limited data on interdistrict variations in child health status and health services utilization within the states of India. We conducted this study to identify and understand district-wise variations in child morbidity, mortality, healthcare seeking, and the status of health facilities in India. Methods. A cross-sectional population-based cluster survey was conducted from April to July 2007 in 16 districts of eight states in India. Two districts with similar demographic profile and health criteria were selected from each study state. Results. A total of 216 794 households and 24 812 under-5 children were surveyed. There were wide interdistrict variations in the health status of children within the same state and between different states across India. Interdistrict difference of >5 points/1000 live-births was found for infant mortality rate and under-5 mortality rate in all eight study states, while in six out of eight states this difference was >10 points/1000 live-births. Four states had a difference of >10 points/1000 live-births between respective districts for neonatal mortality rate. The interdistrict differences were also noted in childhood morbidity and health-seeking behaviour. Analysis of proportion of health facilities conforming to Indian public health standards revealed that the difference was m10% for availability of vaccines in five states, emergency services in three, laboratory services and logistics in four each, and referral facility in three of the eight study states. Conclusion. This study underscores an important information gap in the country where planners seem to rely heavily on a few selected national-level databases that may not be adequate at the micro level. The current process of sporadic health surveys also appears inadequate and inappropriate. There is a need for district-specific data for planning, improving quality of service and generating demand for health service utilization to improve child survival in India. The findings of this study may prove useful for child health programme planning in India.

Um exame dos fluxos financeiros do Ministério da Saúde em pesquisa e desenvolvimento (2003-2005), segundo a Agenda Nacional de Prioridades de Pesquisa em Saúde / An analysis of financial flows from the Brazilian Ministry of Health for research and development in 2003-2005 according to the National Agenda for Health Research Priorities

O trabalho mapeou a aplicação dos recursos financeiros em pesquisa e desenvolvimento em saúde (P&D/S) pelo Ministério da Saúde no período 2003-2005, conforme a Agenda Nacional de Prioridades de Pesquisa em Saúde (ANPPS), estabelecida em 2004. Utilizaram-se dados procedentes de pesquisa realizada com a finalidade primária de mensurar esses fluxos de investimento no período. Foi computado apenas o financiamento direto e efetivamente pago em pesquisas, excluindo-se dispêndios com salários. As pesquisas foram categorizadas segundo as 24 subagendas da ANPPS por dois pesquisadores independentes, com as discordâncias resolvidas por consenso. Foram aplicados cerca de R$ 409,7 milhões, com uma concentração nas subagendas: doenças transmissíveis, complexo produtivo da saúde, pesquisa clínica, assistência farmacêutica e doenças não-transmissíveis (79 por cento do total). Todas as subagendas receberam algum financiamento no período. O estudo estabelece um marco zero para avaliações do potencial indutor deste instrumento e da aproximação entre os investimentos em P&D/S e as necessidades sanitárias.

This study mapped the application of financing in research and development in health (R&D/H) by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2003-2005, according to the National Agenda for Health Research Priorities, created in 2004. The analysis was based on data from a study aimed primarily at measuring these investment flows during the same period. The calculations included only direct financing with actual outlays in research, including payroll expenditures. The studies were categorized according to the 24 sub-agendas of the national priority agenda by two independent researchers, and disagreements were resolved by consensus. Research and development expenditures in health totaled 409.7 million reais, concentrated mainly in the following sub-agendas: transmissible diseases, the health industry complex, clinical research, pharmaceutical care, and non-communicable diseases (79 percent of the total). All 24 sub-agendas received some financing during the period. The study established a baseline for subsequent evaluations of this financing instrument's inductive capacity and the relationship between R&D/H investments and the population's health needs.

Prevalence of dental health problems among school going children in rural Kerala.

The purpose of this study was to know the prevalence and pattern of dental health problems in rural school children of Kerala and to identify the priority area for dental health education programmes. The children were examined and findings recorded. the findings show that more than 50% of the children in the 12 to 15 years of age group in rural Kerala suffers from some form of dental diseases. Males and females are equally affected and dental caries is the most common problem encountered.

Salud mental y reforma del sector salud: el proceso de priorizaciones en salud, la determinación de intervenciones costo-efectivas y de mecanismo de asignación financiera / Mental health and health sector reform: health priorization process, determination of cost-effective interventions and mechanisms of financial allocation

Se describen secuencialmente los aspectos conceptuales que ha incluido el proceso de planificación de salud, llevado a cabo fundamentalmente en la división técnica del Ministerio respectivo, durante el año 1996, específicamente relacionado al área de la salud mental. A partir del estudio de carga de enfermedad, se definieron 16 prioridades de salud para el país, entre las que se incluyó el área de la salud mental y los problemas derivados del consumo de alcohol, tabaco y drogas. Luego, para cada una de ellas, se seleccionaron, según criterios de magnitud y vulnerabilidad a las intervenciones, 5 problemas específicos a abordar en el curso de los próximos años. Posteriormente de acuerdo a la disponibilidad de evidencias acerca de su utilidad, análisis costo-efectividad cuando era posible y disponibilidad y grado de preparación de recursos, se definieron cinco acciones específicos para cada problema seleccionado. Finalmente, se revisan algunas formas de financiamiento utilizables, en particular, dentro del sistema público de salud, para entregar estas actividades