Produzindo evidências e respostas rápidas no TCC / Producing evidence and quick answers in the undergraduate thesis

Este produto visa orientar todo processo de elaboração de uma resposta rápida para desenvolver um produto que seja de interesse para seu local de trabalho e incorporação dos resultados à dinâmica do serviço. Ele foi pensado e construído para que você possa elaborar o seu produto de resposta rápida com bastante tranquilidade e segurança. Apresenta conteúdos bem explicativos de cada uma das etapas exemplificados, além de indicações de materiais complementares, os quais você poderá acessar para ampliar o seu conhecimento.

This product aims to guide you through the process of developing a rapid response product that is of interest to your workplace and incorporating the results into the dynamics of the service. It has been designed and constructed so that you can develop your rapid response product with a great deal of peace of mind. It contains explanatory content for each of the stages, as well as indications of complementary materials that you can access to broaden your knowledge.

Evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias para la toma de decisiones en Latinoamérica: principios de buenas prácticas / Health technology assessment for decision-making in Latin America: good practice principles / Avaliação de tecnologias em saúde para a tomada de decisão na América Latina: princípios de boas práticas

RESUMEN Objetivo Identificar los principios de buenas prácticas en la Evaluación de las Tecnologías Sanitarias (ETESA) más relevantes, aplicables y prioritarios en Latinoamérica; y las potenciales barreras para implementarlos en la región. Métodos Se identificaron los principios de buenas prácticas en ETESA postulados a nivel mundial y luego se exploraron mediante un proceso deliberativo en un Foro de evaluadores, financiadores y productores de tecnologías. Resultados El Foro contó con la participación de 42 representantes de diez países Latinoamericanos. Los principios de buenas prácticas postulados a nivel internacional fueron considerados válidos y potencialmente aplicables en Latinoamérica. Cinco principios fueron identificados como prioritarios y con mayor potencial para ser profundizados en estos momentos: transparencia en los procesos de realización de ETESA; Involucramiento de actores relevantes en el proceso de ETESA; existencia de mecanismos de apelación de las decisiones; existencia de mecanismos claros para el establecimiento de prioridades en ETESA; y existencia de un vínculo claro entre la evaluación y la toma de decisión. El principal reto identificado fue encontrar un equilibrio entre la aplicación de estos principios y los recursos disponibles para prevenir que las mejoras a introducir atenten contra los tiempos de producción de informes y la adecuación a las necesidades de los decisores. Conclusiones La principal recomendación fue avanzar gradualmente en mejorar la ETESA y su vínculo con la toma de decisión desarrollando procesos apropiados para cada país, sin pretender imponer a corto plazo estándares tomados de ejemplos a nivel internacional sin la adecuada adaptación al contexto local.

ABSTRACT Objective Identify the most relevant, applicable, and priority good practice principles in health technology assessment (HTA) in Latin America, and potential barriers to implementing them in the region. Methods HTA good practice principles postulated worldwide were identified and then explored through a deliberative process in a forum of evaluators, funders, and technology producers. Results Forty-two representatives from ten Latin American countries participated in the forum. The good practice principles postulated at the international level were considered valid and potentially applicable in Latin America. Five principles were identified as priorities and as having greater potential to be expanded at this time: transparency in carrying out HTA; involvement of stakeholders in the HTA process; existence of mechanisms to appeal decisions; existence of clear mechanisms for HTA priority-setting; and existence of a clear link between assessment and decision-making. The main challenge identified was to find a balance between application of these principles and available resources, to prevent the planned improvements from jeopardizing report production times and failing to meet decision-makers' needs. Conclusions The main recommendation was to gradually advance in improving HTA and its link to decision-making by developing appropriate processes for each country, without attempting to impose, in the short term, standards taken from examples at the international level without adequate adaptation to the local context.

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar os princípios das boas práticas na avaliação de tecnologias em saúde (ATS) mais relevantes, aplicáveis e prioritárias na América Latina e as potenciais barreiras para implementação destes princípios na Região. Métodos Foram identificados os princípios das boas práticas na ATS propostos ao nível mundial e explorados em um processo deliberativo em um fórum de examinadores, financiadores e produtores de tecnologia. Resultados O fórum teve a participação de 42 representantes de 10 países latino-americanos. Considerou-se que os princípios das boas práticas propostos ao nível internacional são válidos e potencialmente aplicáveis na América Latina. Identificaram-se cinco princípios prioritários com maior potencial para serem aprofundados: transparência nos processos de ATS; envolvimento de atores relevantes no processo de ATS; disponibilidade de mecanismos de apelação das decisões; mecanismos distintos para determinação das prioridades em ATS; e vínculo evidente entre avaliação e tomada de decisão. Verificou-se que o principal desafio é encontrar um equilíbrio entre a aplicação dos princípios e os recursos disponíveis a fim de evitar que as melhorias a serem introduzidas sejam um obstáculo ao tempo de produção de relatórios e à adequação às necessidades dos responsáveis pela tomada de decisão. Conclusões A principal recomendação é avançar gradualmente para aperfeiçoar a ATS e o vínculo com a tomada de decisão, desenvolvendo processos adaptados a cada país, sem pretender impor a curto prazo padrões tidos como exemplares ao nível internacional sem a correta adaptação ao contexto local.

Doenças crônicas não transmissíveis no Brasil: prioridade para enfrentamento e investigação / Chronic non-communicable diseases in Brazil: priorities for disease management and research / Enfermedades crónica no transmisibles en Brasil: prioridad para enfrentar e investigar

As Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis representam a maior carga de morbimortalidade no Brasil. Em 2011, o Ministério da Saúde lançou seu Plano de Ações Estratégicas para o Enfrentamento das Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis, enfatizando ações populacionais para controlar as doenças cardiovasculares, diabetes, câncer e doença respiratória crônica, predominantemente pelo controle do fumo, inatividade física, alimentação inadequada e uso prejudicial de álcool. Apesar da produção científica significativa sobre essas doenças e seus fatores de risco no Brasil, poucos são os estudos de coorte nessa temática. Nesse contexto, o Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) acompanha 15.105 servidores públicos do País. Seus dados espelham a realidade brasileira de altas prevalências de diabetes e hipertensão e dos fatores de risco. A diversidade das informações produzidas permitirá aprofundar o entendimento causal dessas doenças e subsidiar políticas públicas para seu enfrentamento.

Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases are the main source of disease burden in Brazil. In 2011, the Brazilian Ministry of Health launched the Strategic Plan of Action for Management of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases focusing on population-based interventions to manage cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases mainly through fighting tobacco use, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity and the harmful use of alcohol. Although a significant number of scientific studies on chronic diseases and their risk factors have been undertaken in Brazil, few are of cohort design. In this context, the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), a cohort study of 15,105 Brazilian public servants reflects the reality of high prevalences of diabetes, hypertension and the main chronic diseases risk factors. The diversity of information that the Study will produce can provide important input to better understand the causes of chronic diseases and to support public policies for fighting them.

Las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles representan la mayor carga de morbimortalidad en Brasil. En 2011, el Ministerio de Salud Brasileño lanzó un Plan de Acciones Estratégicas para Enfrentar las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, enfatizando acciones poblacionales para controlar las enfermedades cardiovasculares, diabetes, cáncer y enfermedad respiratoria crónica, predominantemente por el control del cigarro, inactividad física, alimentación inadecuada y uso perjudicial de alcohol. A pesar de la producción científica significativa sobre tales enfermedades y sus factores de riesgo en Brasil, pocos son los estudios de cohorte en este tema. En este contexto, el Estudio Longitudinal de la Salud del Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) acompaña 15.105 servidores públicos del país. Sus datos reflejan la realidad brasileña de altas prevalencias de diabetes e hipertensión y de los factores de riesgo. La diversidad de las informaciones producidas permitirá profundizar el entendimiento causal de tales enfermedades y subsidiar políticas públicas para enfrentarlas.

Proceso para priorizar las líneas de investigación esencial de interés para el Ministerio de Salud de Chile / Definition of priorities in health research for the Ministry of Health

Health research oriented to solve the most relevant sanitary problems in Chile must be encouraged. In 2001, the National Health Research Fund (FONIS) was created by the National Research Council of the Ministry of Health and the National Scientifc Research Commission, to stimulate relevant health research that contributes to develop health care policies. In 2008 an experts meeting proposed eighty research areas. These areas were grouped in twelve thematic containers. Each of these containers were classifed as having maximal, intermediate or minimal priority. The seven most important containers were grouped in three areas. Among the latter, two were selected. One is evaluation of the Ministry programs and, within this area, with the following priorities in decreasing importance: primary prevention, health care priorities, and diseases included in the Explicit Guarantees plan. The second area corresponds to diseases with high prevalence, incidence, costs or impact, including the following priorities in diminishing importance: mental health, diseases of high prevalence and problems with social impact.

Evaluación del proceso de priorización en salud en Colombia: perspectiva de grupos de investigación ubicados en Bogotá / Evaluating how health is prioritised in Colombia from the point of view of Bogotá-based research groups

Objetivo Evaluar el proceso de priorización de investigaciones en salud llevado a cabo en el país a partir de las metodologías internacionales y desde la perspectiva de los grupos de investigación en salud, categoría A, ubicados en Bogotá. Métodos: A partir de un enfoque cualitativo, se realizaron 14 entrevistas semies­tructuradas a líderes de los grupos seleccionados a través de una muestra propositiva. Con el programa de análisis de información cualitativa Atlas Ti se generaron categorías para comparación. Resultados Cada grupo posee diferentes experiencias en investigación en el campo de la salud. Algunos manifestaron sus propias concepciones sobre la salud y sobre la priorización a partir de sus marcos epistemológicos. Diferentes líderes de los grupos expresaron que hay una fuerte orientación biomédica en los procesos de priorización y de las metodologías utilizadas para tal fin. Un número importante de ellos ha reconocido la importancia de la participación de otros actores sociales en la definición de las prioridades para la investigación en salud, además de los mismos investigadores, dentro de un escenario de dialogo y de concertación. Por último, los líderes entrevistados plantearon algunos cuestionamientos frente a la definición de prioridades y sugirieron la importancia de fomentar un proceso más participativo e incluyente comenzando por los mismos investigadores en salud. Discusión Los hallazgos muestran la enorme heterogeneidad de posiciones frente a la temática de la priorización de investigaciones en salud y las dificultades para alcanzar consensos entre los mismos investigadores.

Objective Assessing how priorities are established in Colombia in line with international methodologies and from the perspective of Bogotá-based Category A health research groups. Methods This study used a qualitative approach; 14 leaders from groups selected via a propositive sample were given semi-structured interviews to obtain a compre­hensive interpretation of priority-setting in Colombia. ATLAS Ti software was used for organising information and producing categories from transcripts. Results Each group had a different research background and came from health research areas such as basic science, clinical science and the wide field of public health. Some talked about their own definitions of health and establishing priorities as related to their own epistemological frameworks. Other leaders stressed that a bio­medical approach still predominated in health research, priority-setting and the inter­national methodologies used for such end. Many recognised the importance of differ­ent social actors (i.e. apart from researchers) becoming involved in defining health research priorities within a scenario emphasising dialogue and coming to agreement. The leaders criticised the national health science and technology system raising questions regarding defining priorities; they stated that dialogue and involvement must be promoted. Discussion These findings revealed enormous heterogeneity regarding prioritising health research as every researcher has a different point of view due to their experi­ence and backgrounds and the difficulties in researchers' reaching consensus.

Setting research priorities by applying the combined approach matrix.

Background & objectives: Priority setting in health research is a dynamic process. Different organizations and institutes have been working in the field of research priority setting for many years. In 1999 the Global Forum for Health Research presented a research priority setting tool called the Combined Approach Matrix or CAM. Since its development, the CAM has been successfully applied to set research priorities for diseases, conditions and programmes at global, regional and national levels. This paper briefly explains the CAM methodology and how it could be applied in different settings, giving examples and describing challenges encountered in the process of setting research priorities and providing recommendations for further work in this field. Methods: The construct and design of the CAM is explained along with different steps needed, including planning and organization of a priority-setting exercise and how it could be applied in different settings. Results: The application of the CAM are described by using three examples. The first concerns setting research priorities for a global programme, the second describes application at the country level and the third setting research priorities for diseases. Interpretation & conclusions: Effective application of the CAM in different and diverse environments proves its utility as a tool for setting research priorities. Potential challenges encountered in the process of research priority setting are discussed and some recommendations for further work in this field are provided.

Avaliação de custo-utilidade como mecanismo de alocação de recursos em saúde: revisão do debate / Cost-utility analysis as a mechanism for allocation of health care resources: a review of the debate

Estabelecer prioridades em saúde traduz-se em escolhas entre programas alternativos e/ou entre pacientes ou grupos de pacientes. Tradicionalmente, os economistas da saúde propuseram a agregação dos ganhos de saúde, avaliados em QALYs, como forma de estabelecer prioridades e maximizar o bem-estar social. Isso requer que o valor social dos ganhos de saúde seja um produto dos ganhos em anos de vida, qualidade de vida e número de pessoas tratadas. Resultados da revisão de literatura sugerem que nem os potenciais ganhos de saúde são, por si só, um determinante significativo de valor nem a regra da maximização dos ganhos de saúde parece suficiente. O valor social de um ganho de saúde parece não ser uma função linear dos ganhos de mortalidade e morbidade, nem parece neutral às características dos doentes ou à distribuição final de saúde entre a população. Paralelamente à revisão do debate sobre o papel e limitação dos QALYs para a priorização dos recursos da saúde, o artigo procura justificar a controvérsia de alguns resultados empíricos, em particular, no que se refere à formação e manifestação das preferências sociais.

Priority setting in health care involves choosing between alternative health care programs and/or patients or groups of patients who will receive care. Traditionally, health economists have proposed maximizing the additional health gain measured in QALYs as a way of setting priorities and maximizing social welfare. This requires that the social value from health improvements be a product of gains in years of life, quality of life, and number of people treated. The results of a literature review suggest that potential health gain is not a single relevant determinant of value, nor is the rule of maximizing this gain sufficient. The social value of a health gain appears not to be linear in terms of mortality and morbidity, or neutral vis-à-vis people's characteristics or the ultimate distribution of health in society. In parallel with the review of the debate on the role and limitation of QALYs for prioritizing health care resources, the article attempts to justify the controversy over some empirical results, particularly in relation to the construction and expression of social preferences.

Integrated Diseases Surveillance Project (IDSP) through a consultant's lens.

India has long experienced one of the highest burdens of infectious diseases in the world, fueled by factors including a large population, high poverty levels, poor sanitation, and problems with access to health care and preventive services. It has traditionally been difficult to monitor disease burden and trends in India, even more difficult to detect, diagnose, and control outbreaks until they had become quite large. In an effort to improve the surveillance and response infrastructure in the country, in November 2004 the Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) was initiated with funding from the World Bank. Given the surveillance challenges in India, the project seeks to accomplish its goals through, having a small list of priority conditions, many of which are syndrome-based at community and sub center level and easily recognizable at the out patients and inpatients care of facilities at lowest levels of the health care system, a simplified battery of laboratory tests and rapid test kits, and reporting of largely aggregate data rather than individual case reporting. The project also includes activities that are relatively high technology, such as computerization, electronic data transmission, and video conferencing links for communication and training. The project is planned to be implemented all over the country in a phased manner with a stress on 14 focus states for intensive follow-up to demonstrate successful implementation of IDSP. The National Institute of Communicable Diseases chosen to provide national leadership may have to immediately address five issues. First, promote surveillance through major hospitals (both in public and private sector) and active surveillance through health system staff and community, second, build capacity for data collation, analysis, interpretation to recognize warning signal of outbreak, and institute public health action, third, develop a system which allows availability of quality test kits at district and state laboratories and/or culture facilities at identified laboratories and a national training program to build capacities for performing testing and obtaining high quality results, fourth, there must be a process established by which an appropriate quality assurance program can be implemented and fifth, encourage use of IT infrastructure for data transmission, analysis, routine communication (E-mail etc) and videoconferencing for troubleshooting, consultations and epidemiological investigations. These five activities must be addressed at the national level and cannot be left up to individual states/districts.

Fijación de prioridades en investigación en VIH/Sida. Uso de la matriz de estrategias combinadas, herramienta recomendada por el Foro Global de Investigación en Salud / Research priority setting in HIV/AIDS using the comined approach matrix, a tool recommended by TH Global Forum For Health Research

A partir de la aplicación de la matriz de estrategias cominadas, un equipo interdisciplinario de investigadores elaboró un diagnóstico sobre la epidemia de VIH/Sida en Argentina... En el taller se discutieron la situación epidemiológica argentina en VIH/SIDA, sus determinantes y las eventuales intervenciones útiles para mejorar o revertir dicha situación. Estas opiniones junto con las respuestas obetenidas de la encuesta y el material provisto por el equipo interdisciplinario, ayudaron a completar la matriz desde la cuál se elaboró un listado de prioridades en investigación en VIH/SIDA.

The combined approach matrix, tool recommended by the Global Forum for Health Research to set priorities for selection, organises information from different sources to establish the current situation on any sanitary problem form the point of view of the individual, the family, the community, the ministry of health, other institutions related or not to health and macroeconomic politics. By the application of the combined approach matrix, an interdisciplinary teams of researchers elaborated a diagnosis on HIV/aids epidemics in Argentina.

Research priority setting of Shaheed Beheshti medical university and tropical medicine research center in 2007

It is obvious that because of the lack of resources, we should devote our limited resources to priorities in order to reach an acceptable level of health. The objective of this study was research priority setting of infectious diseases using COHRED [Council on Health Research for Development] model. First of all, the stakeholders were identified and the situation of the field of infectious diseases was analyzed. Then, research areas and titles were specified using announcement, infectious diseases sources, [International Classification of Diseases 10] ICD10 and consensual qualitative techniques including brainstorming sessions, focal group discussion and Delphi. Finally, research priorities were specified by giving scores according to the criteria. Twenty-five research areas were obtained as priorities of infectious diseases and tropical medicine. These areas are HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, drugs, infections in special hosts, avian flu, nosocomial infections, infections due to needle stick injury, malaria, viral hepatitis, viral hemorrhagic fevers, surgical- and burn- related infections, fever, central nervous system infections, effectiveness of vaccination, bloodstream infections, influenza, lower respiratory tract infections, gastrointestinal infections due to Entamoeba histolytica, bone and joint infections due to brucella, bioterrorism, brucellosis, hydatidosis, anthrax, botulism, and the role of migrants in the distribution of infectious diseases in Iran. Three subheadings including treatment, prevention and control and diagnosis methods got the most priorities, respectively. Although about half of the priorities are related to two subheadings including treatment and diagnosis methods, research priorities of prevention and control methods [22% of all priorities] indicate the importance of prevention for clinicians who gave scores to the titles

A Comparison of Smoking Control Strategies in Korea and the United States / 간호학회지

The purpose of this study was to compare smoking control strategies between Korea and the United States. Korea and other developing countries may learn from the experience of the United States in dealing with the growing epidemic of cigarettes. In particular, smoking control objectives, structures, laws and regulations, funds, programs and activities, research, and surveillance systems were compared. The comparison was conducted at the federal, states/provincial, and county levels of the two countries. The data were collected through various governmental websites, contact with people directly, and a literature review. Based on the comparison, seven recommendations for smoking control strategies were made primarily for Korea.

Ambient noise strategy: a solution for noise control?

The British Government earlier this year undertook a consultation on its proposal, announced in the Rural White Paper, to develop an Ambient Noise Strategy in England. The proposals envisage a three phase approach: In phase 1 we would aim to establish three key sets of information: information on the ambient noise climate in the country--i.e. the number of people affected by different levels of noise, the source of that noise (road, rail, airports and industry) and the location of the people affected, by producing noise maps of the main sources of noise; methods which the Government might use to assess the effects of noise--particularly regarding people's quality of life and tranquility; the techniques available to take action to improve the situation where bad or preserve it where good. In phase 2 we would aim to evaluate and identify options for prioritising the various alternatives from phase 1 in terms not only of costs and benefits but also time-scales and synergies and conflicts with other Government priorities including economic and social issues. An optimal policy reduces noise at lowest net cost, whilst capturing as many synergistic benefits, and minimising any potentially adverse impacts. Decision makers need to ensure that the impacts of the noise policies do not cost society more than the benefits expected. A recent study undertaken by the Government, looked at how a cost-benefit type framework could be used, with noise maps, to help inform such decisions. Finally, in phase 3, the Government would need to agree on the necessary policies to move towards the desired outcome--i.e. the National Ambient Noise Strategy itself. The results of the consultation are expected to be published later this year.

Role of academia and professional associations in support of health for all

Health for all is facing many challenges at present, such as increasing global population, the widening gap between the rich and poor and the inequitable distribution of health services. The World Health Organization has always recognized that the achievement of health for all required the input of many partners, not simply the ministries of health. This paper outlines the role academia and professional associations can play in supporting health for all. It discusses, in particular, the areas of intervention, such as training human resources, planning and setting health priorities and strategies and conducting health systems research