Surgical Treatment of Carotid-cavernous Fistula Performed through the Brazilian Unified Health System

Introduction The carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) is an abnormal communication between the arterial carotid system and the cavernous sinus. In most cases, spontaneous fistulas are due to the rupture of intracavernous carotid artery aneurisms. Traumatic fistulas occur in 0.2% of head injuries, and 75% of all CCFs are caused by automobile accidents or penetrating traumas. Objective To identify the data regarding the number of annual procedures, hospital expenses, length of hospital stay, and the number of deaths of patients admitted by the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS, in the Portuguese acronym), in the period between 2007 and 2017, using the surgical code of the surgical treatment for CCF. Methods The present was an ecological study whose data were obtained by consulting the database provided by the Department of Computer Sciences of the Brazilian Unified Health System (Datasus, in Portuguese). Results A total of 85 surgical procedures were performed for the treatment of CCFs from January 2007 to October 2017 through the Unified Health System (SUS, in Portuguese), and there was a reduction of 71.42% in this period. The annual incidence of patients undergoing this surgical treatment during the period observed remained low, with 1 case per 13,135,714 in 2007, and 1 case per 51,925,000 in 2017. Conclusion Despite the low annual incidence of the surgical treatment of CCFs performed by the SUS in Brazil in the period of 2007­2017, based on the data obtained on the average length of stay and expenditures in hospital services, it is necessary that we develop an adequate health planning.

Tlif-mis vs tlif-open: cost evaluation / Tlif-mis vs tlif-open: evaluação de custos / Tlif mis vs tlif-open: evaluación de costos

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the direct costs of transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) and minimally invasive surgery (MIS) or open technique (OPEN). Methods: The present study is descriptive and retrospective. Sixteen patients with degenerative spinal pathology operated on with the TLIF MIS technique and TLIF OPEN were included over a 13-month period. Days of hospital stay, blood loss, surgical time, medical care and costs were compared. Results: The mean number of days of hospital stay was 6.7 ± 4.3 days with TLIF MIS and 11.1 ± 6.5 days with TLIF OPEN. The blood loss was 307 ± 81.6 ml (range 200400 ml) with TLIF MIS and 803 ± 701.3 ml (range 200-1800 ml) with TLIF OPEN. The surgical time was 320 ± 92.6 minutes (range 210-500 minutes) in TLIF MIS and 372 ± 95.2 minutes (280-540 minutes) in TLIF OPEN. Conclusions: The difference in surgical costs and time between the two procedures was not statistically significant. There was less bleeding during the TLIF-MIS surgery, as well as a correlation between shorter days of hospital stay proportional to bleeding and surgical time, which translates into a reduction in the cost of these items. Level of Evidence III; Analysis based on alternatives and limited costs.

RESUMO Objetivo: Garantir benefícios económicos diretos de cada procedimento cirúrgico. Metodologia: apresentar um estudo descritivo e retrospectivo. Dezesseis pacientes com patologia degenerativa de colônias operados com a técnica TLIF MIS e TLIF OPEN foram incluídos durante um período de 13 meses. Foram comparados os dias de internação, perda de sangue, tempo cirúrgico, assistência médica e custo. Resultados: O número de dias hospitalares para 6,7 ± 4,3 dias no TLIF MIS e 11,1 ± 6,5 dias no TLIF OPEN. Quanto à diferença entre a exigência de resultados da imagem e o número de cirurgias. A perda de sangue foi de 307 ± 81,6 ml (intervalo de 200-400 ml) com TLIF MIS e 803 ± 701,3 ml (intervalo de 200 - 1800 ml) com TLIF OPEN. O tempo cirúrgico de 320 ± 92,6 minutos (intervalo 210-500 minutos) em TLIF MIS e 372 ± 95,2 minutos (280-540 minutos) em TLIF OPEN. Conclusões: A diferença entre os procedimentos cirúrgicos e o tempo entre os procedimentos não é estatisticamente significativa. Houve menos sangria durante a cirurgia do TLIF-MIS, assim como uma correlação entre menos dias de internação proporcional ao sangramento e ao tempo cirúrgico, que se traduziu em uma redução dos custos dos itens. Nível de Evidência III; Análise baseada em alternativas e custos limitados.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar los costos directos de la fusión intersomática lumbar transforaminal (TLIF) de mínima invasión (MIS) o técnica abierta (OPEN). Métodos: El presente estudio es descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se incluyeron 16 pacientes con patología degenerativa de columna intervenidos con la técnica TLIF MIS y TLIF OPEN en un período de 13 meses. Se compararon días de estancia hospitalaria, pérdida sanguínea, tiempo quirúrgico, atención médica y costos. Resultados: La media de días de estancia hospitalaria fue de 6,7 ± 4,3 días con TLIF MIS y de 11,1 ± 6,5 días con TLIF OPEN. La pérdida sanguínea fue de 307 ± 81,6 ml (rango 200-400 ml) con TLIF MIS y de 803 ± 701,3 ml (rango 200-1800 ml) con TLIF OPEN. El tiempo quirúrgico fue de 320 ± 92,6 minutos (rango 210-500 minutos) en TLIF MIS y de 372 ± 95,2 minutos (280-540 minutos) en TLIF OpEN. Conclusiones: La diferencia de costos y tiempo quirúrgico entre ambos procedimientos no fue estadísticamente significativa. Se mostró un menor sangrado durante la cirugía TLIF-MIS, así como una correlación entre menores días de estancia hospitalaria proporcional con el sangrado y tiempo quirúrgico, lo cual traduce una reducción del costo en esos rubros. Nivel de Evidencia III; Análisis basados en alternativas y costos limitados.

Custo-Efetividade Incremental do Tratamento Cirúrgico vs. Percutâneo da Persistência do Canal Arterial com o Amplatzer® Duct Occluder em Crianças: Revisão Sistemática / Incremental Cost-Effectiveness of Surgical vs. Percutaneous Treatment of Patent Ductus Arteriosus with the AmplatzerTM Duct Occluder in Children: A Systematic Review

Introdução: A persistência do canal arterial (PCA) é uma cardiopatia congênita relativamente comum e as alternativas para o tratamento de canais > 2,5 mm são a cirurgia ou a oclusão percutânea com próteses do tipo rolha. Essas últimas, apesar de consideradas o método de escolha, não estão previstas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Nosso objetivo foi comparar a razão de custo-efetividade incremental (RCEI) de ambas as estratégias. Métodos: Revisão sistemática em relação a desfechos clínicos e criação de modelo de decisão para avaliação da RCEI do Amplatzer® Duct Occluder (ADO) em comparação ao tratamento cirúrgico, para o fechamento da PCA. Os custos para ambos os métodos foram aqueles reembolsados pelo SUS em 2010, e o custo do conjunto (dispositivo + materiais de apoio) foi estimado em R$ 10.000,00. Foi considerado como limiar uma disposição para pagar equivalente a três vezes o Produto Interno Bruto brasileiro, resultando em R$ 57.000,00 por ano de vida salvo. Resultados: As duas técnicas foram seguras e eficazes, com menor morbidade e tempo de internação no fechamento percutâneo. A expectativa de vida ajustada foi similar nos dois grupos, sendo um pouco melhor para o ADO. O custo total foi calculado em R$ 8.507,00 para cirurgia e em R$ 11.000,00 para o ADO. A RCEI foi calculada em R$ 71.380,00 por ano de vida ganho. Uma análise de limiar demonstrou que a redução do valor do conjunto completo do ADO em R$ 492,65 traria a RCEI para o limiar aceitável para incorporação ao SUS nos dias de hoje. Conclusões: O tratamento percutâneo apresentou morbidade e tempo de internação menores, além de efetividade incremental semelhante àquela do tratamento cirúrgico. Com os...

Background: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a relatively common congenital heart disease and the alternatives for the treatment of PDA > 2.5 mm are surgery or percutaneous occlusion with plugs. The latter, although considered the method of choice, are not provided by the Brazilian National Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS). Our objective was to compare the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of both strategies. Methods: Systematic review of clinical outcomes and development of a decision-making algorithm to evaluate the ICER of AmplatzerTM Duct Occluder (ADO) vs. surgical treatment for the closure of PDA. Costs for both methods were calculated based on the reimbursement figures paid by the SUS in 2010 and the cost of the percutaneous kit (device + support materials) was estimated at R$ 10,000.00. We used as a threshold the willingness to pay the equivalent of three times the Brazilian Gross Domestic Product, i.e., R$ 57,000.00 per year of life saved. Results: Both techniques were safe and effective with less morbidity and shorter hospitalization time for percutaneous closure. Adjusted life expectancy was similar in both groups, and slightly better for the ADO group. Total cost was calculated as R$ 8,507 for surgery and R$ 11,000.00 for ADO. ICER was calculated as R$ 71,380.00 per year of life saved. A threshold analysis showed that a reduction of R$ 492.65 in the cost of the ADO kit would reduce the ICER to an acceptable value for the incorporation of this technology by the SUS. Conclusions: Percutaneous occlusion was associated with less morbidity and shorter hospital stay with similar incremental effectiveness when compared to the surgical treatment. With the direct costs used in this study and considering that the entire population with PDA is treated with the ADO, percutaneous occlusion was less cost-effective. However, a slight reduction in the costs of the percutaneous kit would result...

[Resection and reconstruction of small intestine with ligasure and linear stapler: a comparative study]

Regarding the limited number of studies on the feasibility of resection and repair of the small intestine by ligasure, we performed this study to compare ligasure with linear stapler for the previously mentioned operation. This phase 1 clinical trial study was performed in Ghaem Hospital, an educational hospital affiliated to Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, from 2010 to 2011. After obtaining permission from the University's ethics committee and a written informed consent from each patient, we recruited 18 patients. The participants who had morbid obesity and were candidates for laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery were randomly allocated to two stapler and ligasure groups. The data were collected and analyzed by three statistical tests, including Mann-Whitney U test, by SPSS 16. All patients were female with the age range of 20-65 years. Cost in the stapler group ranged between 29,500,000 to 40,000,000 Rial [mean 31,830,000 +/- 3,500,000 Rials] and in ligasure group it was between 24,000,000 to 35,000,000 Rials [mean 26,720,000 +/- 3,290,000 Rials]. There was a significant difference between the two groups in cost [P=0.004]. Duration of the operations were 200 +/- 3.4 and 240 +/- 10 minutes in the stapler and ligasure groups, respectively. The difference in duration was significant between the two groups [P=0.043]. No significant differences were observed in complications. Application of ligasure in resection and reconstruction of small intestine is more cost-effective than stapler, although duration of surgery is longer

Fraturas do fêmur proximal no idoso: estudo de custo da doença sob a perspectiva de um hospital público no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Hip fractures in the elderly: cost of illness study in a public hospital perspective, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

O artigo visa a estimar o custo direto médico do tratamento hospitalar de pacientes idosos com fraturas de fêmur proximal, no Hospital Municipal Lourenço Jorge, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Estudo observacional, prospectivo, para estimar a utilização de recursos e custos diretos médicos associados à hospitalização por fratura de fêmur proximal em idosos, em 2007 e 2008, sob a perspectiva do prestador de serviços. Foi utilizado um instrumento de coleta de dados através do qual foram registrados recursos identificados na revisão prospectiva dos prontuários. Aos recursos utilizados foram atribuídos custos em reais (R$) baseando-se em valores do ano 2010. Foram realizadas análises descritivas dos custos e utilização de recursos, bem como avaliada a associação de variáveis clínicas e demográficas com o custo final observado. Foram incluídos 82 pacientes, 81,7 por cento do sexo feminino, idade média de 76,96 anos, hospitalização média de 12,66 dias. A mediana de custo por paciente foi de R$ 3.064,76 (IC95 por cento: 2.817,63 a 3.463,98). Hospitalização clínica e procedimento cirúrgico foram responsáveis por 65,61 por cento e 24,94 por cento dos custos, respectivamente. Pacientes submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico até o quarto dia de hospitalização apresentaram mediana de custos menor do que pacientes submetidos após o quarto dia (R$ 2.136,31 e R$ 3.281,45, p<0,00001). Observou-se também diferença significativa nos custos finais por tipo de procedimento cirúrgico realizado. O custo do tratamento das fraturas de fêmur proximal no idoso foi significativamente maior nos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia após o quarto dia de hospitalização. Hospitalização clínica e procedimento cirúrgico foram os principais componentes do custo final observado.

This paper aims to assess direct medical costs associated to hospital treatment of hip fractures in the elderly in the Municipal Hospital Lourenço Jorge (HMLJ), Rio de Janeiro. Observational, prospective study to assess resource utilization and direct medical costs associated to elderly hip fracture hospitalization in 2007 and 2008, under the health care provider perspective. A standard data collection instrument was used to register identified resources during prospective medical charts review. The resource utilization was converted into Brazilian Real (R$), based on 2010 prices. Descriptive analysis of costs and resource utilization and their association with clinical and demographic variables were performed. Eighty two patients were included, 81.7 percent female, mean age of 76.96 years, hospitalization mean time of 12.66 days. Median total costs per patient were R$ 3,064.76 (IC95 percent: 2,817.63 - 3,463.98). Clinical hospitalization and surgical procedure were responsible for 65.61 percent and 24.94 percent of costs, respectively. Median costs for patients submitted to surgical procedure until the fourth day of hospitalization were lower than median costs for patients submitted after the fourth day (R$ 2,136.45 and R$ 3,281.45, respectively, p<0.00001). A significant difference in average costs per type of surgical procedure was also observed. Cost associated to inpatient treatment of hip fractures in the elderly was higher in patients who performed surgery after the fourth day of hospitalization. Clinical hospitalization and surgical procedure were the main cost components observed.

Cirugía en mayores de 80 años: evolución clínica y costos asociados / Surgical complications and costs among octogenarians

Background: Old age is a negative prognostic factor among patients subjected to surgical procedures. Aim: To assess the clinical profile and hospital stay costs among patients aged 80 years or more in a surgical department. Material and Methods: Retrospective review of medical records of 115 surgical patients aged 84 +/- 4 years (67 percent males), hospitalized during 2007. Clinical presentation, surgical treatment, functional status on admission and discharge and hospitalization costs, was analyzed. Results: Ninety percent of patients had associated diseases and 83 percent had previous surgical procedures. On admission, 88 percent of patients had a normal functional status. Hernia was the most common surgical diagnosis in 17 percent. Thirty percent required emergency surgery. Mean hospital stay was 11 days, 47 percent required admission to the critical patients unit, 20 percent had complications, 8 percent required a second operation and two patients died. At discharge, 27 percent had a functional impairment. Hospitalization costs were 3.8 times greater among those that had complications, 3.1 times higher among those that required a second intervention and 1.8 times higher among those classified as III or IV according to American Surgical Association physical status classification, compared with those classified as I or II. Conclusions: Surgical patients aged more than 80 years, are more prone to complications and their hospitalization costs are higher.

Introducción: Los octogenarios son un grupo demográficamente emergente, que han generado cambios en la epidemiología del paciente quirúrgico, asociándose a mayores tasas de complicaciones, mortalidad y costos de atención. Objetivo: Estudiar el perfil clínico y costos de hospitalización de los pacientes octogenarios atendidos el año 2007 en nuestro departamento de cirugía. Material y Método: Revisión retrospectiva de los registros clínicos de pacientes quirúrgicos mayores de 80 años durante el año 2007. Se analizó la presentación clínica, tratamiento quirúrgico, evolución postoperatoria y status funcional (escala KATZ) al ingreso y alta. Se analizó además los costos asociados a la hospitalización y tratamiento. Resultados: Serie de 115 pacientes con edad promedio de 83,7 años. Un 89,5 por ciento presentaron comorbilidades y 85,2 por ciento cirugías previas. Al ingreso un 87,7 por ciento eran autovalentes (KATZ A-B). El diagnóstico quirúrgico más frecuente fue Hernia (16,87 por ciento). Un 29,5 por ciento se intervino de urgencia. La estadía total promedio fue 10,6 días, requiriendo un 47 por ciento de los pacientes Unidad de Pacientes Críticos (UPC). Un 20 por ciento sufrió complicaciones (principalmente delirium), 7,8 por ciento requirió reintervención, y dos pacientes fallecieron. Un 26,7 por ciento presentó deterioro funcional al alta. El costo de hospitalización fue 3,75 veces mayor en los complicados, 3,1 veces mayor en los re-operados, 3,69 veces mayor en los que requirieron UPC, y 1,77 veces mayor en los ASA III-IV respecto a los I-II. Conclusión: Las complicaciones fueron en su mayoría no-quirúrgicas asociándose a hospitalizaciones prolongadas y de alto costo económico, con alta tasa de permanencia en UPC. Los factores asociados a mayor costo fueron complicación postoperatoria, re-operación, estadía prolongada en UPC y ASA III-IV.

Surgery cancelling at a teaching hospital: implications for cost management / Cancelamiento de cirugías en un hospital-escuela: implicaciones para la gestión de costos / Cancelamento cirúrgico em um hospital escola: implicações sobre o gerenciamento de custos

This study discusses the problem of surgery cancellation on the economic-financial perspective. It was carried out in the Surgical Center Unit of a school hospital with the objective to identify and analyze the direct costs (human resources, medications and materials) and the opportunity costs that result from the cancellation of elective surgeries. Data were collected during three consecutive months through institutional documents and a form elaborated by the researchers. Only 58 (23.3 percent) of the 249 cancelled scheduled surgeries represented costs for the institution. The cancellations direct total cost was R$ 1.713.66 (average cost per patient R$ 29.54); distributed as follows: expenses with consumption materials R$ 333.05; sterilization process R$201.22; medications R$149.77 and human resources R$1,029.62. The human resources costs represented the greatest percentile in relation to the total cost (60.40 percent). It was observed that most of the cancellations could be partially avoided. Planning on management; redesigning work processes, training the staff and making early clinical evaluation can be strategies to minimize this occurrence.

Este artículo discute la problemática del cancelamiento de cirugías bajo una perspectiva económico-financiera. Fue llevado a cabo en la Unidad del Centro Quirúrgico de un hospital-escuela con objeto de identificar y analizar los costos directos (recursos humanos, recursos materiales y medicamentos) e indirectos ocasionados por el cancelamiento de cirugías no urgentes. Los datos fueron recogidos durante tres meses consecutivos mediante documentos institucionales y un cuestionario elaborado por las investigadoras. Solamente 58 (23,3 por ciento) de las 249 operaciones previstas y que fueron canceladas resultaron en costos para la institución. El costo directo total de los cancelamientos fue R$ 1.713,66 (costo medio por paciente de R$ 29,54), repartidos así: gastos con materiales de consumo R$ 333,05 y proceso de esterilización R$ 201,22, medicamentos R$ 149,77 y recursos humanos R$ 1.029,62. El costo de los recursos humanos repesentó el mayor porcentaje en relación al costo total (60,1 por ciento). Se constató que la mayor parte de los cancelamientos podría haber sido evitada. Planificación administrativa, rediseño de los procesos de trabajo, medidas educativas del personal y evaluaçión clínica previa constituyen estrategias recomendadas para reducción de los casos de cancelamiento.

Este estudo discute a problemática do cancelamento de cirurgias sob a perspectiva econômico-financeira. Foi realizado na Unidade de Centro Cirúrgico de um hospital de ensino, com o objetivo de identificar e analisar os custos diretos (recursos humanos, medicamentos e materiais) e custo de oportunidade gerados pelo cancelamento de cirurgias eletivas. Os dados foram coletados durantes três meses consecutivos, utilizando-se documentos institucionais e formulário elaborado pelas pesquisadoras. Apenas 58 (23,3 por cento) das 249 cirurgias programadas canceladas representaram custos para a instituição. O custo direto total dos cancelamentos foi de R$ 1.713,66 (custo médio por paciente de R$ 29,54), assim distribuídos: despesas com materiais de consumo R$ 333,05; processo de esterilização R$ 201,22; medicamentos R$ 149,77 e recursos humanos R$ 1.029,62. O custo com recursos humanos representou o maior percentual em relação ao custo total (60,1 por cento). Observou-se que a maior parte dos cancelamentos eram potencialmente evitáveis. Planejamento administrativo, redesenho dos processos de trabalho, medidas educativas de pessoal e avaliação clínica prévia constitue em estratégias recomendadas para minimização da ocorrência.

Cost accounting in a surgical unit in a teaching hospital--a pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: Economic constraints remain one of the major limitations on the quality of health care even in industrialised countries. Improvement of quality will require optimising facilities within available resources. Our objective was to determine costs of surgery and to identify areas where cost reduction is possible. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 80 patients undergoing routine major and intermediate surgery during a period of 6 months were selected at random. All consumables used and procedures carried out were documented. A unit cost was assigned to each of these. Costing was based on 3 main categories: preoperative (investigations, blood product related costs), operative (anaesthetic charges, consumables and theatre charges) and post-operative (investigations, consumables, hospital stay). Theatre charges included two components: fixed (consumables) and variable (dependent on time per operation). RESULTS: The indirect costs (e.g. administration costs, 'hotel' costs), accounted for 30%, of the total and were lower than similar costs in industrialised nations. The largest contributory factors (median, range) towards total cost were, basic hospital charges (30%; 15 to 63%); theatre charges fixed (23%; 6 to 35%) and variable (14%; 8 to 27%); and anaesthetic charges (15%; 1 to 36%). CONCLUSION: Cost reduction in patients undergoing surgery should focus on decreasing hospital stay, operating theatre time and anaesthetic expenditure. Although definite measures can be suggested from the study, further studies on these variables are necessary to optimise cost effectiveness of surgical units.

Hernioplastía inguinal con malla: técnica anterior / Mesh in hernia repair: anterior technique

Antecedentes: El tratamiento quirúrgico convencional de las hernias inguinales, reparando el defecto de la pared con sus propios tejidos ha presentado un número elevado de recidivas, lo que ha conducido a la búsqueda de otros métodos operatorios. Al momento actual dos técnicas se disputan la preferencia de los cirujanos, ambas con el uso de mallas, la vía abierta anterior y la vía posterior laparoscópica. Objetivo: Evaluar el uso de mallas por vía abierta anterior sin tensión en la reparación de hernias inguinales. Diseño: Estudio prospectivo que abarca todos los pacientes portadores de hernia inguinal, no seleccionados, entre el 1 de enero de 1997 y el 31 de diciembre de 2001. Material y método: Se operaron 254 pacientes con 263 hernias inguinales a los cuales se les colocó una malla sin tensión y un tapón. Para el seguimiento alejado se han seleccionado 190 que han cumplido más de 2 años de operados, de los cuales se han perdido 15 para el control. Se han colocado 27 mallas de PTFEe y 236 de polipropileno. Resultados: El mayor número de complicaciones inmediatas cuando se usó la malla de PTFEe, de un 48,14 por ciento (13 de 27) comparado con el 13,98 por ciento (33 de 236) cuando se utilizó la de polipropileno nos indujo a discontinuar el uso de la malla de PTFEe. El índice global de recidiva ha sido de 0,57 por ciento, 1 caso en una hernia recidivada; 3,03 por ciento de las recidivas. No ha habido mortalidad en esta serie, con un índice global de complicaciones menores inmediatas del 17,49 por ciento (46 de 263). El alta laboral ha sido promedio a los 14 días, entre 8 y 30 días. Conclusiones: La vía anterior con malla sin tensión es una técnica simple que puede ser aplicada en distintos tipos de hernias. Tiene un bajo índice de recidivas que en esa serie ha sido del 0,57 por ciento con un seguimiento entre 2 y 5 años

Problemática actual del paciente con ostomía / Present problem of the patient with ostomy

Las ostomías constituyen procedimientos estándar en la práctica de la cirugía, con gran repercusión sobre los pacientes y sus familiares por los inconvenientes económicos, sociales, laborales y los efectos psicológicos que producen. En esta revisión se reflexiona sobre estos aspectos que en ocasiones el profesional de la salud no analiza de forma integral y precisamente el éxito de la rehabilitación está en la educación. Además se compara la situación actual de Cuba con otros países. Se dan instrucciones especiales sobre la dieta, aseo, deportes, ejercicios, viajes. Se concluye de que el diagnóstico precoz es factible de realizar gracias al sistema de salud cubano y constituye la única forma de poder disminuir las ostomías

Complicaciones de la cirugia vaginal / Vaginal surgery complications

Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en 339 pacientes que fueron sometias a cirugía ginecológica vaginal; entre enero 1989 y diciembre 1990, en el Servicio de Ginecología del Hospital Arzobispo Loayza, con la finalidad de determinar los factores de riesgo implicados en la ocurrencia de complicaciones. Se complicaron 55.75 por ciento de las pacientes, demostrándose asociación estadísticamente significativa con los siguientes factores: Grado de enfermedad, hemoglobina pre-operatoria, profilaxis antibiótica, técnica operatoria, tiempo operatorio, volumen de sangrado estimado, hemoglobina post-operatoria, diferencia ente hemoglobina pre y post-operatoria y días de hospitalización post-operatorios. La complicación más frecuente fue la infección de tracto urinario, aportado el 44.7 por ciento de los casos, siendo factores determinantes además de los mencionados, la presencia de la sonda mayor de 4 días y la necesidad de recateterizarla. No hubo diferencia significativa con respecto a : edad, pariedad, estado hormonal, estado nutricional, tratamiento estrogénico, asepsia vaginal, días de hospitalización pre-operatorios y experiencia del cirujano

Análisis costo - Beneficio en cirugía / Cost-benefit analysis in surgery

Luego de definir los términos componentes, se exponen los fundamentos, metodología y aplicabilidad del análisis costo/beneficio o costo/efecto en el campo de la cirugía. Un acento especial se ha puesto en su utilización en relación con las tecnologías diagnósticas. Diversos ejemplos ilustran sus ventajas al demostrar, sin reducir beneficios, ser más eficiente en el uso de los recursos. Se aporta una valiosa herramienta que permite cumplir con el imperativo social de administrar medios en relación con el derecho a la atención de la salud. Esta metodología es un isntrumento que puede enriquecer la información, reducir la incertidumbre y racionalizar las decisiones exigiendo que sun utilización se haga dentro del más absoluto respeto por la justicia. La tendencia universal muestra la conveniencia de que los profissionales se familiaricen con este análisis por lo cual sería altamente conveniente que su conocimiento fuera impartido en las etapas básicas de la carrera médica