Availability and storage of hazardous products in households in the metropolitan region of manaus: a population-based survey, 2015 / Disponibilidade e armazenamento de produtos perigosos em domicílios da região metropolitana de manaus: estudo de base populacional, 2015

ABSTRACT Objective: The availability of hazardous products in households increases the risks of poisoning. The present study aimed to assess the frequency and associated factors of the availability and storage of hazardous products in residences in the metropolitan region of Manaus. Methods: Population-based and cross-sectional study conducted in 2015 with adults selected with three-stage probabilistic sampling. Participants were interviewed face-to-face. Prevalence ratio (PR) of the presence of hazardous products (presence of chumbinho [illegal anti-cholinesterase rodenticide], artisanal cleaning products, and unsafe storage of these products and medications) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated with Poisson regression with robust variance, weighted by the complex sampling method adopted. Results: A total of 4,001 participants was included, of which 53.0% (95%CI 51.5-54.6) reported presence of hazardous products in their households, 36.3% (95%CI 34.8-37.8) had unsafe storage, 16.2% (95%CI 15.1-17.4) had artisanal cleaning products, and 8.2% (95%CI 7.4-9.1) had chumbinho. Households with children ≤5 years old had safer storage (PR=0.78; 95%CI 0.71-0.86) and more artisanal products (PR=1.30; 95%CI 1.11-1.51). Presence of artisanal products was higher in lower educational levels (PR=2.20; 95%CI 1.36-3.57) and lower economic classifications (PR=1.63; 95%CI 1.25-2.13). Conclusions: Over half of the households in the metropolitan region of Manaus kept hazardous products; one-third stored them unsafely. Artisanal cleaning products and chumbinho were frequently present. Households with children had safer storage of products, and socioeconomic factors affected the availability of such hazardous products.

RESUMO Objetivo: A disponibilidade de produtos perigosos em domicílios aumenta os riscos de intoxicações. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a frequência e os fatores associados à disponibilidade e armazenamento de produtos perigosos em residências da Região Metropolitana de Manaus. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional realizado em 2015 com adultos selecionados por amostragem probabilística em três estágios. Os participantes foram entrevistados pessoalmente. A razão de prevalência (RP) da presença de produtos perigosos (presença de chumbinho [rodenticida anticolinesterase ilegal], produtos de limpeza artesanais e armazenamento inseguro desses produtos e de medicamentos) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) foram calculados por regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, ponderada pela amostragem complexa adotada. Resultados: 4.001 participantes foram incluídos, dos quais 53,0% (IC95% 51,5-54,6) reportaram a presença de produtos perigosos em seus domicílios, 36,3% (IC95% 34,8-37,8) apresentaram armazenamento inseguro, 16,2% (IC95% 15,1-17,4) possuíam produtos de limpeza artesanais e 8,2% (IC95% 7,4-9,1) possuíam chumbinho. Os domicílios com crianças menores de 5 anos apresentaram armazenamento mais seguro (RP=0,78; IC95% 0,71-0,86) e mais produtos artesanais (RP=1,30; IC95% 1,11-1,51). Presença de produtos artesanais foi maior em menores níveis de escolaridade (RP=2,20; IC95% 1,36-3,57) e menores classificações econômicas (RP=1,63; IC95% 1,25-2,13). Conclusões: Mais da metade dos domicílios da Região Metropolitana de Manaus possuía produtos perigosos; um terço os armazenava sem segurança. Produtos de limpeza artesanais e chumbinho estavam frequentemente presentes. Os domicílios com crianças apresentaram armazenamento mais seguro de produtos e fatores socioeconômicos afetaram a disponibilidade de tais produtos perigosos.

Accidental intoxication of the infant-juvenile population in households: profiles of emergency care / Intoxicación Accidental En La Población infanto-juvenil En Ambiente Domiciliario: Perfil De Las Atenciones De Emergencia / Intoxicação acidental na população infanto-juvenil em ambiente domiciliar: perfil dos atendimentos de emergência

OBJECTIVE Analyzing profiles of intoxication and accidental poisoning of infant-juvenile population (0-24 years) in the household, treated at a reference facility for Emergency and Primary Care, during the year 2013. METHOD A descriptive, cross-sectional study. Data were analyzed using Epi-Info, by way of simple and bivariate analyzes. The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (protocol 405.578). RESULTS There were 45 intoxications, with a prevalence of males (60.0%), aged 1-4 years (71.1%). Among children under one, there was a higher frequency of pesticide poisoning (66.6%), between the ages of 1-4 by cleaning products (34.4%), and between 5-9 years of age by pharmacological substances (66.6%). The primary assistance was provided only at health institutions, with hospital admissions in 24.4% of the cases. CONCLUSION The importance of prevention through legislation is evident, in order to ensure greater safety in packaging of various products, and community awareness to eliminate risks in the household environment. .

OBJETIVO Analizar el perfil de intoxicación y envenenamiento accidental en ambiente domiciliario en la población infanto-juvenil (0-24 años) atendida en un servicio de referencia en urgencia y emergencia, durante el año 2013. MÉTODO Estudio descriptivo, transversal. Los datos fueron valorados por Epi-Info, mediante análisis sencillos y bivariados. Aprobó el proyecto el Comité de Ética en Investigación (protocolo 405.578). RESULTADOS Hubo 45 intoxicaciones, de las que prevaleció el sexo masculino (60,0%) y edades entre 1-4 años (71,1%). Entre los menores de un año hubo mayor frecuencia de intoxicación por pesticidas (66,6%), entre 1-4 años por productos de limpieza (34,4%) y 5-9 años por farmacológicos (66,6%). La primera atención fue prestada solo en instituciones de salud, habiendo ingreso hospitalario en el 24,4% de los casos. CONCLUSIÓN Se evidencia la importancia de la prevención mediante legislación que asegure una mayor seguridad en los embalajes de diversos productos, además de la concientización de la comunidad, a fin de eliminar riesgos en el ambiente domiciliario. .

OBJETIVO Analisar o perfil de intoxicação e envenenamento acidental em ambiente domiciliar na população infanto-juvenil (0-24 anos) atendida em um serviço de referência em urgência e emergência, durante o ano de 2013. MÉTODO Estudo descritivo, transversal. Os dados foram analisados pelo Epi-Info, por meio de análises simples e bivariadas. O Projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (protocolo 405.578). RESULTADOS Houve 45 intoxicações, das quais prevaleceu o sexo masculino (60,0%) e idades entre 1-4 anos (71,1%). Entre os menores de um ano houve maior frequência de intoxicação por pesticidas (66,6%), entre 1-4 anos por produtos de limpeza (34,4%) e 5-9 anos por farmacológicos (66,6%). O primeiro atendimento foi prestado apenas em instituições de saúde, havendo internação em 24,4% dos casos. CONCLUSÃO Evidencia-se a importância da prevenção através de legislação que garanta maior segurança em embalagens de diversos produtos, além da conscientização da comunidade para eliminar riscos no ambiente domiciliar. .

[ estimation of household demand for going to cinema in provinces of Iran]

The demand and consumtion of cultural products in Iran including movies and going to cinema will rise in future because average economic growth rate in recent years in Iran has been 5 present and this means the demand for going to cinema will rise in future and since government protects movie making and distribution in Iran and pay them benefits or independenty act in this area, the study of factors influencing household demand and income and price elasticities, and price of related products will help policy makers to respond to increasing demand for cinema and provide facilities and conditions to meet futurer demands. In this article we use the Almost Ideal Demand System, proposed by Deaton and Muellbauer [1980] to estimate household demand for cinema. The main reason why Almost Ideal Demand System is used is for its simplicity which enable researchers to test homogencity or heterogenity restrictions and symmetries. The provinces under study are: 1- Booshehr; 2- Kohgilooyeh va Boyrahmad; 3- ChaharMahalo Bakhtiary; 4- Isfahan; 5- Ilam; 6- Fars; 7- Ghazvin; 8- Gilan; 9- Hamedan; 10- Hormozgan; 11- Kerman: 12- Kerinanshah; 13- Khorasan, 14- Kurdistan: 15- Lorestan; 16- Markazi; 17- Mazandaran; 18- Semnan; 19- Sistan: 20- Tehran: 21- Yazd: 22- Zanjan; 23- Eastern Azerbaijan; 24- Western Azerbaijan. In this article the demand functions for going to cinema, in different provinces, are estimated. based on the statistics and data pertaining to household expenditures. Considering different formulas of price and income elasticity, the price and income elasticity calculated for all different provinces. According to the obtained resultants, with exception of Isfahan, Hormozgan, Kerman. Kurdistan, Mazandaraii and Eastern Azerbaijan, the price elasticity is less than one, which means demand is not sensitive to the price variations. The same elasticity for the entire country is -0.91 which is the almost equal to one and shows low elasticity of the commodity in household consumption. The amount of the elasticity shows that in case of a 100% increase in the ticket price for cinema, keeping other factors constant, demand for going to cinema would be decreased by 91 percent. Cross elasticity of price for journals and cinema in 9 provinces of Kohgilooyeh va Boyrahmad, Chahar Mahalo Bakhtiary, Isfahan, Ilam, Fars, Gilan, Hamedan, Yazd and Zanjan are negative, which means these two commodities could substitute each other in consumption. But, in other provinces the elasticity is positive; that means these two commodities complement each other in consumption. The important point is that in both states the absolute value of the elasticity is very small and almost zero that means the relation between journals and cinema is very weak. The same elasticity for the entire country is -0.12 that means in the country, in general, two commodities of cinema and journals substitute each other in consumption. In fact, if the journal price is increased by 100%, the demand for cinema is reduced by 11%. Crossed elasticity of price between book and cinema, in every province, is negative. This means in all the provinces these two commodities substitute for each other. This elasticity for provinces of Chaharmahalo Bakhtiary, Isfahan, Fars, Gilan, Hamedan, Kurdistan, Lorestan, Tehran and Zanjan is more than other provinces. The amount of the cross elasticity between the two commodities in demand function of cinema in the entire country is almost -47% that shows if book price increases by 100% and all other factor are kept constant, demand for cinema will decrease by 47%. In other words these two goods are complementary in consumption. The income elasticity in each of the provinces is positive; it is between zero and one. The income elasticity expresses the degree of sensitivity of demand in proportion to variations in household income. The amount of income elasticity for this commodity in the entire country is equal to 0.57 that means if income of a household increases by 100%, demand for this commodity would increase by 57%. On this basis, this is a necessary commodity and if the household income increases, the expenditures for cinema would increase by a lesser amount. Noting income elasticity of household demand for cinema and the average growth rate in recent years ahead, it is forcasted that the following income rise of about 2.1 times, [170 percent growth of incomes], demand for cinema will rise 96.9 percent [about 2 times] in fact, if government and policy makers want to meet this increase in demand, it is necessery to develop and increase cinemas and related facilities and conditions