Protocolo de tamizaje y tratamiento de lesiones premalignas para la prevención del cáncer cervicouterino / Screening and treatment protocol for premalignant lesions for the prevention of cervical cancer

El cáncer cervicouterino es un problema de salud pública mundial, siendo la cuarta causa más común de incidencia y mortalidad, que cobra la vida de 270, 000 mujeres cada año.1 En América. Latina es el tercer cáncer más frecuente; en Honduras es el segundo y es la principal causa de mortalidad por cáncer en las mujeres, con un estimado de 800 casos nuevos y 480 muertes al año2. Por lo anterior, se considera necesario implementar un método diagnóstico-terapéutico que tenga por objetivo disminuir la incidencia de este tipo de cáncer mediante la prevención secundaria realizando pruebas de tamizaje para el diagnóstico temprano y tratamiento oportuno y efectivo. El presente protocolo está dirigido a los prestadores de servicios de salud público y privado del primer y segundo nivel de atención que brinden asistencia a la población femenina que ha iniciado su vida sexual...(AU)

Herramientas para el tamizaje de aneurisma de aorta abdominal / Tools for abdominal aortic aneurysm screening

Introducción. El aneurisma de la aorta abdominal (AAA) es la dilatación de la aorta abdominal mayor de 1,5 veces el diámetro esperado. Su prevalencia es variable, con tasas reportadas de hasta el 12,5 %. Se considera como causa de muerte de más de 10.000 personas al año en los Estados Unidos. El objetivo de esta revisión de la literatura fue describir los factores de riesgo y las herramientas de tamizaje de AAA. Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura utilizando dos ecuaciones en bases de datos electrónicas, empleando términos seleccionados de "Medical Subject Heading" (MeSH) y "Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud" (DeCS). Se evaluó la calidad de los estudios con la herramienta STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology). Resultados. Se recolectaron 40 artículos y a partir de ellos se construyó el texto de revisión, identificando en estos, los factores de riesgo asociados al desarrollo de AAA, tales como sexo masculino, tabaquismo, hipertensión arterial, antecedente familiar y obesidad, entre otros. La diabetes mellitus parece actuar como factor protector. Dentro de los instrumentos de tamizaje, el ultrasonido abdominal es uno de los más usados. Conclusión. El AAA es una patología multifactorial. En la actualidad la ultrasonografía de aorta es el método de elección para el tamizaje, permitiendo la detección precoz. El tamizaje de AAA con métodos no invasivos, como el ultrasonido, es útil sobre todo en zonas con prevalencia alta de la patología y en pacientes con determinados factores de riesgo.

Introduction. Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a dilation of the abdominal aorta greater than 1.5 times the expected diameter. Its prevalence is variable, with reported rates of up to 12.5%. It is considered the cause of death of more than 10,000 people a year in the United States. The objective of this literature review was to describe risk factors and screening tools for AAA. Methods. A literature search was conducted using two equations in electronic databases, using terms selected from "Medical Subject Heading" (MeSH) and "Descriptors in Health Sciences" (DeCS). The quality of the studies was evaluated with the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) tool. Results. Forty articles were collected and from them the review text was constructed, identifying the risk factors associated with the development of AAA, such as male sex, smoking, high blood pressure, family history and obesity, among others. Diabetes mellitus seems to act as a protective factor. Among the screening instruments, abdominal ultrasound is one of the most used. Conclusion. AAA is a multifactorial pathology. Currently, aortic ultrasonography is the method of choice for screening, allowing early detection. Screening for AAA with non-invasive methods, such as ultrasound, is useful especially in areas with a high prevalence of this pathology and in patients with certain risk factors.

Ocular disorders among stroke patients in Federal Teaching Hospital, Lokoja, Nigeria

Objectives:To determine the pattern of ocular disorders among stroke patients in Federal Teaching Hospital, Lokoja (FTHL).Materials and Methods:Consecutive new stroke patients seen at the Federal Teaching Hospital, Lokoja over a 3-month period were studied. Data was collected with the use of a structured questionnaire divided into four major sections: bio-data, visual history, results of ocular assessment and NEI VFQ-25 quality of life questionnaire. Data analysis was done using SPSS for Windows, version 23.0. Univariate analyses were presented in the form of frequencies, percentages, means, ranges, and standard deviations, charts and tables.Results:Eighty-three patients were recruited with an age range of 40-71 years, a mean age of 55.3(±7.1) years. Thirty-nine patients (47.0%) were between the ages of 51 and 60 years. Thirty-four (41.0%) patients were females while 49(59.0%) were males. Of 46 (55.4%) patients that had neuro-imaging, stroke was ischaemic in 37(80.4%) and haemorrhagic in 9(19.6%). Of the 63 patients with left sided stroke, 2 (2.4%), 4(4.8%) and 57(68.7%) had severe, moderate and mild and normal visual impairment respectively while of the 20 patients with right sided stroke, 3(3.6%) each had severe and moderate visual impairment and 14(16.9%) had normal or mild visual impairment. Other ocular abnormalities included corneal anaesthesia and macular hole in 2(1.2%).Conclusion:Anterior and posterior segments, together with neuro-ophthalmic disorders were found among stroke patients in this study. Many of the ocular abnormalities are as a result of long-standing uncontrolled hypertension which caused the stroke. It is recommended that awareness should be created among the populace about uncontrolled hypertension. It is also advised that internists should refer hypertensive patients for routine ophthalmic screening.

Sobreuso de ecografía transvaginal en un hospital universitario privado de Argentina: estudio de corte transversal / Transvaginal ultrasound overuse in a private university hospital in Argentina: a cross-sectional study

Introducción. Si bien contamos con recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia en contra de realizar tamizaje de cáncer ovárico con ecografía transvaginal debido a que aumenta el riesgo de resultados falsamente positivos y de cascadas diagnósticas, sin disminuir la mortalidad por esta enfermedad, su solicitud en mujeres sanas es frecuente. Sin embargo, no conocemos la magnitud de la implementación de esta práctica, que constituye un cuidado de bajo valor. Objetivo. Documentar el sobreuso de ecografías transvaginales realizadas en forma ambulatoria en un hospital universitario privado de Argentina. Métodos. Estudio de corte transversal de una muestra aleatoria de ecografías realizadas en forma ambulatoria durante 2017 y 2018. Mediante revisión manual de las historias clínicas, la solicitud de cada ecografía fue clasificada como apropiada cuando algún problema clínico justificaba su realización, o inapropiada cuando había sido realizada con fines de control de salud o por una condición clínica sin indicación de seguimiento ecográfico. Resultados. De un total de 1.997 ecografías analizadas, realizadas a 1.954 mujeres adultas (edad promedio 50 años),1.345 (67,4 %; intervalo de confianza [IC] 95 % 65,2 a 69,4) habían sido solicitadas en el contexto de un control de saludo sin un problema asociado en la historia clínica y otras 54 (8,3 %; IC 95 % 6,3 a 10,7), por condiciones de salud para las que no hay recomendaciones de realizar seguimiento ecográfico. Conclusiones. Esta investigación documentó una alta proporción de sobre utilización de la ecografías transvaginales en nuestra institución. Futuras investigaciones permitirán comprender los motivos que impulsan esta práctica y ayudarán a diseñar intervenciones para disminuir estos cuidados de bajo valor. (AU)

Background. Although we have evidence-based recommendations against screening for ovarian cancer with transvaginalultrasound because it increases the risk of false positive results and diagnostic cascades without reducing mortality from this disease, its request in healthy women is frequent. However, we do not know the magnitude of the implementation of this practice, which constitutes low-value care. Objective. To document the overuse of transvaginal ultrasounds performed on an outpatient basis in a private university hospital in Argentina. Methods. Cross-sectional study of a random sample of outpatient ultrasounds performed during 2017 and 2018. Through a manual review of the medical records, the request for each ultrasound was classified as appropriate when a clinical problem justified its performance or inappropriate when it was carried out for health control purposes or for a clinical condition that had no indication for ultrasound follow-up. Results. Of a total of 1997 ultrasounds analyzed, performed on 1954 adult women (average age 50 years), 1,345 (67.4 %;95 % confidence interval [CI] 65.2 to 69.4) had been requested in the context of a health check-up or without a documented problem in the medical history that would support its performance, and another 54 (8.3 %; 95 % CI 6.3 to 10.7), for health conditions for which there are no treatment recommendations to perform ultrasound follow-up. Conclusions. This research documented a high proportion of overuse of transvaginal ultrasound in our institution. Future research will allow us to understand the reasons that drive this practice and will help design interventions to reduce thislow-value care. (AU)

HIV screening among patients with newly diagnosed solid and hematologic malignancies in a Tertiary Hospital in the Philippines

Objectives@#This preliminary study determined the prevalence of HIV infection among patients with newly diagnosed solid and hematologic malignancies at the Philippine General Hospital - Cancer Institute. @*Methods@#Adult Filipinos aged 19 years and above with biopsy- or imaging-confirmed malignancy and for chemotherapy, seen at the adult medical oncology and hematology clinic from January to September 2021 were included. Demographic and clinical data were obtained using a questionnaire. Rapid HIV screening was performed using blood extracted via finger prick. Pre- and post-test counselling were conducted. @*Results@#Of the 124 patients included in our study, majority were female (91, 73.4%), and 45 years old and above with a median age of 49 (20 – 74). Majority had solid tumors (121, 97.6%) with breast cancer being the most common (67, 54.0%) followed by colorectal (18, 14.5%), and head and neck cancer (14, 11.3%). Among those with hematologic malignancies, two had acute myelogenous leukemia and one had multiple myeloma. Six patients had AIDS-defining malignancies (NHL, cervical cancer). HIV risk factors and associated conditions were present in 18 patients (14.5%). Ten patients reported prior HIV testing. None of the patients tested positive for HIV. @*Conclusion@#The absence of HIV cases detected in our cohort may be due to the low prevalence of HIV risk factors and associated conditions. At this time, there is insufficient evidence to routinely recommend HIV testing among newlydiagnosed cancer patients. However, physicians are encouraged to offer HIV testing to cancer patients, especially to those with HIV risk factors, given the benefits of early detection and management of HIV.

Effectiveness Evaluation of Low-dose Spiral Computed Tomography for Lung Cancer Screening in Minhang District of Shanghai / 中国肺癌杂志

BACKGROUND@#Low-dose spiral computed tomography (LDCT) has been recommended for lung cancer screening in high-risk populations. However, evidence from Chinese populations was limited due to the different criteria for high-risk populations and the short-term follow-up period. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness in Chinese adults based on the Lung Cancer Screening Program in Minhang District of Shanghai initiated in 2013.@*METHODS@#A total of 26,124 subjects aged 40 years or above were enrolled in the Lung Cancer Screening Program during the period of 2013 and 2017. Results of LDCT examination, and screen-detected cancer cases in all participants were obtained from the Reporting System of the Lung Cancer Screening Program. The newly-diagnosed cases and their vital status up to December 31, 2020 were identified through a record linkage with the Shanghai Cancer Registry and the Shanghai Vital Statistics. Standardized incidence ratio (SIR) and 95%CI were calculated using the local population at ages of 40 or above as the reference. Proportions of early-stage cancer (stage 0-I), pathological types, and 5-year observed survival rates of lung cancer cases were estimated and compared between the cases derived from the screened and non-screened populations. Cox regression models were applied to evaluate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95%CI of LDCT screening with all-cause death of the lung cancer cases.@*RESULTS@#The crude and age-standardized incidence of lung cancer in screened population were 373.3 (95%CI: 343.1-406.1) and 70.3 per 100,000 person-years, respectively, with an SIR of 1.8 (95%CI: 1.6-1.9), which was observed to decrease with following-up time. The early-stage cancer accounted for 49.4% of all lung cancer cases derived from the screened population, significantly higher than 38.4% in cases from the non-screened population during the same period (P<0.05). The proportion of lung adenocarcinoma (40.7% vs 35.9%) and 5-year survival rate (53.7% vs 41.5%) were also significantly higher in the cases from the screened population (all P<0.05). LDCT screening was associated with 30% (HR=0.7, 95%CI: 0.6-0.8) reduced all-cause deaths of the cases.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The participants of the screening program are at high-risk of lung cancer. LDCT favors the early-detection of lung cancer and improves 5-year survival of the screened cases, indicating a great potential of LDCT in reducing the disease burden of lung cancer in Chinese populations.

Tendência do rastreamento do câncer de colo uterino em Mato Grosso, período de 2014 a 2021 / Trends in cervical cancer screening in the state of Mato Grosso from 2014 to 2021 / La tendencia del seguimiento del cáncer de cuello uterino en Mato Grosso, período de 2014 a 2021

Objetivo: analisar a tendência do rastreamento do câncer de colo uterino em Mato Grosso, entre 2014 a 2021. Método: estudo descritivo, quantitativo, realizado a partir do DATASUS, com mulheres que realizaram o exame citopatológico em Mato Grosso, no período de 2014 a 2021, por meio de análise de regressão linear. Resultados: a partir da análise dos dados foi observado tendência de estabilidade no período para as variáveis analisadas. A faixa etária que mais realizou o exame foi a de 25 a 64 anos, o principal motivo do exame foi o rastreamento do câncer de colo uterino, a maioria das amostras foram adequadas, a maior parte dos exames apresentou representação de zona de transformação e a maior parte dos exames foi entregue com mais de 30 dias. Conclusão: devido a esta estabilidade observada, necessita-se rever a política de atenção oncológica para as mulheres no estado quanto ao câncer de colo uterino.

Objective: analysis of cervical cancer screening trends in the sate of Mato Grosso. Method: a descriptive study with a quantitative approach, conducted using DATASUS data, involving women who underwent cytological screening in Mato Grosso from 2014 to 2021, through linear regression analysis. Results: data analysis revealed a trend of stability during the study period for the variables analyzed. The age group that most frequently underwent the screening was 25 to 64 years old, and the primary reason for the examination was cervical cancer screening. Most of the samples were adequate, the majority of the exams showed transformation zone representation, and the majority of the exams were delivered after a 30-day period. Conclusion: due to this observed stability, there is a need to reconsider the oncological care policy for women in the state regarding cervical cancer.

Objetivos: analizar la tendencia del cribado del cáncer de cuello uterino en el estado de Mato Grosso. Método: un estudio descriptivo con enfoque cuantitativo, realizado utilizando datos de DATASUS, involucrando a mujeres que se sometieron a un cribado citológico en Mato Grosso desde 2014 hasta 2021, a través del análisis de regresión lineal. Resultados: el análisis de datos reveló una tendencia de estabilidad durante el período de estudio para las variables analizadas. El grupo de edad que con mayor frecuencia se sometió al cribado fue de 25 a 64 años, y la razón principal para el examen fue el cribado del cáncer de cuello uterino. La mayoría de las muestras fueron adecuadas, la mayoría de los exámenes mostraron representación de la zona de transformación, y la mayoría de los exámenes se entregaron después de un período de 30 días. Conclusión: debido a esta estabilidad observada, es necesario reconsiderar la política de atención oncológica para las mujeres en el estado con respecto al cáncer de cuello uterino.

Rastreamento da retinopatia diabética pelo médico generalista na Atenção Primária de Saúde do Brasil / Screening of diabetic retinopathy by the physician of Primary Health Care in Brazil

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a acurácia de médicos generalistas em reconhecer a retinopatia diabética por meio da retinografia colorida, com um curso de capacitação com duração de 2 horas, comparando a capacidade de rastrear e classificar a retinopatia diabética em relação ao exame presencial com oftalmologista. Métodos: No primeiro braço do estudo, de 142 pacientes diabéticos incluídos, avaliaram-se 274 olhos, em que esses pacientes foram examinados com oftalmoscópio binocular indireto e classificados quanto ao grau da retinopatia diabética. No segundo braço do estudo, 14 médicos não especialistas em oftalmologia receberam um treinamento de 2 horas para o diagnóstico de retinopatia diabética com a retinografia colorida e se aferiu a acurácia desses profissionais em rastrear a retinopatia diabética antes e depois do curso de capacitação, utilizando as retinografias obtidas na primeira frente do estudo. Resultados: Verificou-se aumento significativo da sensibilidade (82% para 99%) e da especificidade (44% para 83%) na detecção da retinopatia diabética pelos médicos generalistas, com o curso de capacitação. Conclusão: O médico generalista capacitado pode avaliar a retinopatia diabética por meio da retinografia colorida, sendo o programa de rastreamento dessa complicação do diabetes uma proposta viável e benéfica ao país.

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the accuracy of general practitioners in recognizing diabetic retinopathy through color retinal retinography, with a two-hour training course, by comparing the capacity of screening and classifying diabetic retinopathy. Methods: In the first arm of the study, of 142 diabetic patients included, 274 eyes were evaluated, and these patients were examined with an indirect binocular ophthalmoscope and classified according to the degree of diabetic retinopathy. In the second arm of the study, 14 physicians who are not specialists in ophthalmology received two-hour training to diagnose diabetic retinopathy with color retinography, and the accuracy of these professionals in screening for diabetic retinopathy before and after the training course was measured using the photographic images obtained on the first front of the study. Results: There was a significant increase in sensitivity (82% to 99%) and specificity (44% to 83%) in detecting diabetic retinopathy by general practitioners, after attending the training. Conclusion: Qualified general practitioners can assess diabetic retinopathy through color retinography, and the screening program for this diabetes complication is a viable and beneficial proposal for the country.

Diagnóstico da retinopatia diabética por inteligência artificial por meio de smartphone / Diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy by artificial intelligence using smartphone

RESUMO Objetivo: Obter imagens de fundoscopia por meio de equipamento portátil e de baixo custo e, usando inteligência artificial, avaliar a presença de retinopatia diabética. Métodos: Por meio de um smartphone acoplado a um dispositivo com lente de 20D, foram obtidas imagens de fundo de olhos de pacientes diabéticos; usando a inteligência artificial, a presença de retinopatia diabética foi classificada por algoritmo binário. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 97 imagens da fundoscopia ocular (45 normais e 52 com retinopatia diabética). Com auxílio da inteligência artificial, houve acurácia diagnóstica em torno de 70 a 100% na classificação da presença de retinopatia diabética. Conclusão: A abordagem usando dispositivo portátil de baixo custo apresentou eficácia satisfatória na triagem de pacientes diabéticos com ou sem retinopatia diabética, sendo útil para locais sem condições de infraestrutura.

ABSTRACT Introduction: To obtain fundoscopy images through portable and low-cost equipment using artificial intelligence to assess the presence of DR. Methods: Fundus images of diabetic patients' eyes were obtained by using a smartphone coupled to a device with a 20D lens. By using artificial intelligence (AI), the presence of DR was classified by a binary algorithm. Results: 97 ocular fundoscopy images were evaluated (45 normal and 52 with DR). Through AI diagnostic accuracy around was 70% to 100% in the classification of the presence of DR. Conclusion: The approach using a low-cost portable device showed satisfactory efficacy in the screening of diabetic patients with or without diabetic retinopathy, being useful for places without infrastructure conditions.

Plan de acción adulto del Plan nacional de cáncer 2022-2027 / Adult Action Plan of the National Cancer Plan 2022-2027

El Plan de Acción del Plan Nacional de Cáncer para Adultos 2022-2027 se propone el desafío de disminuir la mortalidad prematura por cáncer, aumentar la sobrevida, reducir el incremento observado en las tasas de incidencia, y medir el impacto del cáncer en la calidad de vida de las personas con diagnóstico oncológico y sus familias. Integra tres áreas prioritarias: promoción y protección de la salud; tamizajes; diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento. A estas se suma un área transversal que considera el desarrollo de la red oncológica, la investigación científica, los registros oncológicos y la participación ciudadana.

Utility of Panoramic Radiographs in the Screening of Individuals with Edentulous Arches: A Need-Analysis Study

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the utility of panoramic radiographs in pre-prosthetic screening of edentulous arches. Material and Methods: Panoramic radiographs taken for three years were retrospectively analyzed. Observations from the radiographs shall be categorized and classified into either of the two categories, namely: 'findings with minimal impact on denture fabrication' and 'findings which affect denture fabrication and require further evaluation.' Anatomic variations, jaw pathologies, and residual ridge resorption patterns were assessed. Results: This study included the initial screening of 23,020 panoramic radiographs, out of which 505 (showing either one or both edentulous arches) were included for the study purpose. The age range of the subjects was from 21 to 94 years. 52.6% of the radiographs showed positive findings. More than half of the radiographs belonged to the males (52.5%). Hyperpneumatization of the maxillary sinus, crestal position of the mental foramen, and retained root fragments were the most common entities noted in the radiographs. Changes in the mental foramen were significantly higher in males than females (p=0.002). Conclusion: Observations from this study showed that panoramic radiographs have high utility for screening edentulous arches, and they should be used in routine clinical practice before denture fabrication.

Autoeficacia para el tamizaje de cáncer cervical o de próstata: comparando mujeres y hombres colombianos / Self-efficacy in requesting cervical or prostate cancer screening: comparing Colombian females and males

Introducción: Los cánceres de cuello uterino y próstata tienen una importante carga de morbilidad en países en desarrollo. La autoeficacia para solicitar el tamizaje es un elemento clave en la prevención. Objetivo: Comparar la percepción de hombres y mujeres sobre autoeficacia para el tamizaje de cáncer cervical y de próstata. Métodos: Estudio mixto con 50 mujeres y 50 hombres. Se indagaron datos sociodemográficos. Se aplicó la escala de autoeficacia de detección del cáncer cervical, con una modificación de esta para medición de cáncer de próstata en hombres. La autoeficacia se clasificó por niveles y las variables asociadas a esta se identificaron con regresión robusta. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 27 individuos (18 hombres y 9 mujeres) con baja y alta autoeficacia, así como a individuos de "otra" religión, para conocer las diferencias en la intención del tamizaje. Se crearon tres categorías de análisis basadas en el modelo de creencias en salud. Resultados: Mujeres y hombres fueron similares, excepto en religión, ocupación y antecedentes de Papanicolaou o examen rectal. La autoeficacia fue mayor entre las mujeres (ß aj.:-15,29 IC del 95 %: -18,36 a -12,21) y los no creyentes (ß aj.: -5,38 IC del 95 %: -10,33 a -0,44). Ellas buscan más el tamizaje que los hombres, quienes necesitan tener síntomas para hacerlo, necesitan tener síntomas. La vergüenza e incomodidad son barreras expresadas por ambos sexos. En los hombres, el machismo es una fuerte barrera para solicitar el tamizaje. La religión asocia el sexo con impureza, siendo una barrera entre las mujeres. Los servicios de atención de la salud solo se centran en el cribado femenino. Conclusiones: Los roles de género y elementos de religión son expresiones culturales que determinan la intención de detección del cáncer en hombres y mujeres. Las intervenciones de los servicios de salud deben considerar estos elementos para mejorar la cobertura de detección temprana y reducir la morbimortalidad de estos dos tipos de cáncer.

Introduction: Cervical and prostate cancers have a significant burden of disease in developing countries. Self-efficacy to request screening is a key element in prevention. Objective: To compare the perception of men and women on self-efficacy for cervical and prostate cancer screening. Methods: Mixed study with 50 women and 50 men. Sociodemographic data was investigated. The cervical cancer detection self-efficacy scale was applied, with a modification for measuring prostate cancer in men. Self-efficacy was classified by levels and the variables associated with it were identified with robust regression. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 27 individuals (18 men and 9 women) with low and high self-efficacy and of "other religion" to know the differences in the intention of the screening. Three categories of analysis were created based on the health belief model. Results: Women and men were similar except for religion, occupation, and history of Pap smear or rectal exam. Self-efficacy was higher among women (Adj. ß: -15.29, 95% CI: -18.36 to -12.21) and non-believers (Adj. ß: -5.38, 95% CI: -10.33 to -0.44). They seek screening more than men because they need to have symptoms. Shame and discomfort are barriers expressed by both genders. In men, machismo is a strong barrier to request screening. Religion associates sex with impurity, thus, acts as a barrier among women. Health care services only focus on female screening. Conclusions: gender roles and elements of religion are cultural expressions, which determine the intention of cancer detection in men and women. Health services interventions should consider these elements to improve the coverage of early detection and reduce the morbidity and mortality of these two types of cancer.

Underestimated Cervical Cancer among Women over 65 Years Old: Is It Time to Revise the Screening Target Age Group? / Câncer cervical subestimado entre mulheres com mais de 65 anos: É hora de rever a faixa etária alvo do rastreamento?

Abstract Objective To compare cytological and histological results from women > 64 years old who followed the Brazilian national cervical cancer screening guidelines with those who did not. Methods The present observational retrospective study analyzed 207 abnormal cervical smear results from women > 64 years old in a mid-sized city in Brazil over 14 years. All results were reported according to the Bethesda System. The women were divided into those who followed the screening guidelines and those who did not. Results Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion cytology results were found in 128 (62.2%) cases. Of these, 112 (87.5%) had repeated cytology with positive results. The other 79 (38.1%) with abnormal results should have been referred to colposcopy and biopsy. Out of 41 (51.9%) biopsied women, 23 (29.1%) had a confirmed diagnosis of neoplasia or precursor lesion. In contrast, among the 78 (37.7%) biopsied patients, 40 (51.3%) followed the guideline recommendations, with 9 (22.5%) positive biopsies. Of the 38 (48.7%) women who did not follow the guidelines, there were 24 (63.1%) positive results. Women who did not follow the guidelines demonstrated higher chances of cancer and precursor lesions (odds ratio [OR]: 5.904; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.188-15.932; p = 0.0002). Conclusion Women > 64 years old who did not follow the national screening protocol showed significant differences in the frequency of abnormal results and severity of diagnosis compared with those who followed the protocol.

Resumo Objetivo Comparar os resultados citológicos e histológicos de mulheres > 64 anos que seguiram as diretrizes nacionais brasileiras de rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero com aquelas que não as seguiram. Método O presente estudo observacional retrospectivo analisou 207 resultados anormais de esfregaço cervical de mulheres > 64 anos de idade em uma cidade de médio porte no Brasil durante 14 anos. Todos os resultados foram relatados de acordo com o Sistema Bethesda. As mulheres foram divididas entre as que seguiram as diretrizes de rastreamento e as que não o fizeram. Resultados Resultados citológicos com células escamosas atípicas de significado indeterminado e lesão intraepitelial escamosa de baixo grau foram encontrados em 128 (62,2%) casos. Destes, 112 (87,5%) repetiram a citologia com resultados positivos. Os outros 79 (38,1%) com resultados anormais deveriam ter sido encaminhados para colposcopia e biópsia. Das 41 (51,9%) mulheres biopsiadas, 23 (29,1%) tiveram diagnóstico confirmado de neoplasia ou lesão precursora. Em contrapartida, entre as 78 (37,7%) pacientes biopsiadas, 40 (51,3%) seguiram as recomendações da diretriz, com 9 (22,5%) biópsias positivas. Entre as 38 (48,7%) mulheres que não seguiram as orientações, houve 24 (63,1%) resultados positivos. As mulheres que não seguiram as diretrizes demonstraram maiores chances de câncer e lesões precursoras (odds ratio [OR]: 5,904; intervalo de confiança [IC] de 95%: 2,188-15,932; p = 0,0002). Conclusão Mulheres > 64 anos que não seguiram a diretriz nacional de rastreamento apresentaram diferenças significativas na frequência de resultados anormais e gravidade do diagnóstico em comparação com aquelas que seguiram a diretriz.

Revisión narrativa de escalas para cribado de trastorno obsesivo compulsivo y adaptación cultural uruguaya / Revisione narrativa delle scale di screening dei disturbi disturbo ossessivo compulsivo e adattamento culturale uruguaiano

El trastorno obsesivo compulsivo es diagnosticado tardíamente, factor que empeora su pronóstico. Contar con una escala de cribado facilitaría el diagnóstico oportuno. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron seleccionar la escala más adecuada para cribado de trastorno obsesivo compulsivo en adultos y someterla a un proceso de adaptación cultural uruguaya. Se efectuó una revisión narrativa de escalas diseñadas para cribado de este trastorno en Internet, entre febrero y mayo de 2021. Las escalas fueron analizadas según una lista de criterios preestablecidos, que permitió descartar progresivamente aquellas que no reunían las condiciones: extensión menor a 30 ítems, método autoaplicado, adecuadas propiedades psicométricas, punto de corte establecido para la detección, incluir las temáticas y presentaciones características de la patología. Seleccionado el inventario, se efectuó su traducción directa y reversa, y revisión conceptual por comité de expertas. Fue seleccionada la escala Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (FOCI), que presenta buena apariencia lógica, lenguaje accesible y una sensibilidad del 92 % para detección de trastorno obsesivo compulsivo. De su adaptación cultural se obtuvo una versión preliminar en lenguaje regional. La versión preliminar de FOCI deberá ser testeada cualitativamente en estudio piloto, donde será completada por usuarios con trastorno obsesivo compulsivo, para obtener una versión regional equivalente a la original.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is diagnosed late, a factor that worsens its prognosis. Having a screening scale would facilitate timely diagnosis. The objectives are to select the most appropriate scale for obsessive-compulsive disorder screening in adults and submit it to a process of Uruguaiyan cultural adaptation. Between February and May 2021, a narrative review of scales designed for that disorder screening on the Internet was carried out. The scales were analyzed according to a list of pre-established criteria, which made it possible to progressively discard those that did not meet the conditions: an extension less than 30 items, self-applied method, adequate psychometric properties, cut-off point established for the detection, including the topics and characteristic presentations of the pathology. Once the inventory was selected, its direct and reverse translation was carried out, as well as a conceptual review by a committee of experts. The Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (FOCI) scale was selected, which presents good logical appearance, accessible language and a sensitivity of 92 % for obsessive-compulsive disorder screening. From its cultural adaptation, a preliminary version in regional language was obtained. The preliminary version of FOCI must be qualitatively tested in a pilot study, where it will be completed by users with obsessive-compulsive disorder, in order to obtain a regional version equivalent to the original.

Perfil sociodemográfico e citológico de mulheres em investigação de neoplasia cérvico-uterina em um serviço secundário / Sociodemographic and cytological profile of women undergoing investigation for cervical-uterine neoplasia in a secondary service

Objetivo: analisar o perfil sociodemográfico e comparar as diferenças das características de mulheres com alterações citológicas de alto grau em um serviço da atenção secundária. Método: estudo transversal retrospectivo de 2017 a 2021 realizado em 160 prontuários (CAAE 51800621.3.0000.5240). Resultados: predominaram mulheres com média de idade 40,7 anos, escolaridade abaixo do ensino médio, tiveram um a três filhos, não utilizavam preservativos e anticoncepcionais, não tabagistas e com alterações citopatológicas alto grau. As características com maiores percentuais para lesões citopatológicas de alto grau foram mulheres com quatro ou mais gestações, idade do parto menor ou igual a 18 anos, coitarca menor ou igual a 15 anos e tabagistas. Conclusão: serviços da rede de atenção, especialmente da atenção primária à saúde, devem capacitar permanentemente os profissionais visando cumprimento de fluxos assistenciais preconizadas pelas recomendações das diretrizes brasileiras de rastreamento da neoplasia cérvico-uterina atentando ao perfil encontrado de mulheres encaminhadas a atenção secundária.(AU)

Objective: analyzes the sociodemographic profile and compare the differences in the characteristics of women with high-grade cytological alterations in a secondary care service. Method: retrospective cross-sectional study from 2017 to 2021 carried out in 160 medical records (CAAE 51800621.3.0000.5240). Results: women predominated with a mean age of 40.7 years, education below high school, had one to three children, did not use condoms and contraceptives, non-smokers and with high-grade cytopathological alterations. The characteristics with the highest percentages for high-grade cytopathological lesions were women with four or more pregnancies, age at birth less than or equal to 18 years, coitarche less than or equal to 15 years, and smokers. Conclusion: services of the care network, especially primary health care, should permanently train professionals in order to comply with the care flows recommended by the recommendations of the Brazilian guidelines for screening cervical uterine neoplasia, paying attention to the profile found of women referred to secondary care.(AU)

Objetivo: analizar el perfil sociodemográfico y comparar las diferencias en las características de mujeres con alteraciones citológicas de alto grado en un servicio de segundo nivel de atención. Método: estudio transversal retrospectivo de 2017 a 2021 realizado en 160 historias clínicas (CAAE 51800621.3.0000.5240). Resultados: predominaron las mujeres con edad media de 40,7 años, escolaridad inferior a la secundaria, con uno a tres hijos, no usuarias de preservativo y anticonceptivos, no fumadoras y con alteraciones citopatológicas de alto grado. Las características con mayor porcentaje de lesiones citopatológicas de alto grado fueron mujeres con cuatro o más embarazos, edad al nacer menor o igual a 18 años, coitarquia menor o igual a 15 años y fumadoras. Conclusión: servicios de la red de atención, especialmente la atención primaria a la salud, deben capacitar permanentemente a los profesionales para cumplir con los flujos de atención recomendados por las recomendaciones de las directrices brasileñas para el tamizaje de la neoplasia cérvico-uterina, prestando atención al perfil encontrado de las mujeres referidas atención secundaria.(AU)

Desafios do rastreamento do câncer de mama / Challenges of breast cancer screening

A mamografia é o método de eleição para o rastreamento do câncer de mama, sendo o único que demonstra redução de mortalidade na população de risco habitual. A periodicidade de realização e a idade de início do rastreamento mamográfico são um tema controverso na literatura. Entretanto, dados no nosso país apontam para uma porção significativa de neoplasia de mamas em mulheres abaixo dos 50 anos. A Federação Brasileira das Associações de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (Febrasgo), a Sociedade Brasileira de Mastologia (SBM) e o Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem (CBR) concordam que o rastreamento mamográfico deveria ser realizado, anualmente, por todas as mulheres a partir de 40 anos de idade. No Brasil, há uma distribuição desigual de mamógrafos nas várias regiões. As políticas de rastreamento devem considerar essa desigualdade. A grande maioria dos serviços no Brasil realiza rastreamento oportunístico para o câncer de mama. A implantação de rastreamento organizado por faixa etária e estratificação de risco pode otimizar os custos do sistema público de saúde. Pacientes de alto risco precisam ser rastreadas de forma diferente das pacientes de risco habitual. Essas pacientes precisam ter acesso à ressonância magnética das mamas e também iniciar seu rastreamento em idade mais precoce. O protocolo abreviado da ressonância magnética para rastreamento de pacientes de alto risco para câncer de mama pode melhorar a adesão e o acesso dessas pacientes ao programa de rastreamento. A ultrassonografia das mamas não é método de rastreamento isoladamente. Entretanto, ela tem seu papel como método complementar à mamografia e à ressonância magnética em cenários específicos, bem como em substituição à ressonância magnética em pacientes com contraindicação ao uso desse método. As mamas densas possuem baixa sensibilidade para o rastreamento por mamografia

Is Shoulder Imbalance a Useful Parameter in the Screening of Idiopathic Scoliosis? A Preliminary Study / O desequilíbrio do ombro é um parâmetro útil na triagem da escoliose idiopática? Um estudo preliminar

Abstract Objective The present study aims to analyze the use of shoulder imbalance as a parameter for scoliosis screening as well as its relationship with other parameters of physical examination. Methods This study assesses a smartphone application that analyzes several parameters of the physical examination in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Medical and non-medical examiners applied the screening tool in students in a public school and in a private sports club. After data collection, interobserver correlation was done to verify shoulder imbalance and to compare shoulder imbalance with Adam's bending test and with trunk rotation. Results Eighty-nine participants were examined, 18 of whom were women and 71 of whom were men. Two subjects were excluded from the analysis. The mean age of subjects from the public school was 11.30 years and, for those from the sports club, it was 11.92 years. The examiners had poor-to-slight interobserver concordance on shoulder asymmetry in the anterior and posterior view. No significant statistical correlation was found between shoulder asymmetry and positive Adam's forward bending test. Conclusion Our preliminary study shows that the shoulder asymmetry has a poor correlation with the Adam's forward bending test and measuring trunk rotation using a scoliometer. Therefore, the use of shoulder imbalance might not be useful for idiopathic scoliosis screening. Level of Evidence III; Diagnostic Study

Resumo Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo é analisar o uso da assimetria de ombros como parâmetro para a triagem de escoliose e sua relação a outros parâmetros do exame físico. Métodos Este estudo avalia um aplicativo para smartphone que analisa diversos parâmetros do exame físico de adolescentes com escoliose idiopática. Examinadores médicos e não médicos utilizaram o instrumento de triagem em alunos de uma escola pública e de um clube esportivo privado. Após a coleta de dados, a correlação interobservador foi determinada para verificar a assimetria de ombros e compará-la ao teste de inclinação de Adam e à medição da rotação do tronco. Resultados Oitenta e nove participantes foram examinados, sendo 18 do sexo feminino e 71 do sexo masculino. Dois indivíduos foram excluídos da análise. A média de idade dos participantes da escola pública foi de 11,30 anos e do clube esportivo, 11,92 anos. Os examinadores apresentaram concordância interobservador baixa a branda quanto à assimetria de ombros em incidência anterior e posterior. Não houve correlação estatística significativa entre a assimetria de ombros e o resultado positivo no teste de inclinação do tronco de Adam. Conclusão Nosso estudo preliminar mostra que a assimetria de ombros tem baixa correlação com o teste de inclinação de Adam e assim como com a medição de rotação do tronco com escoliômetro. Portanto, o uso da assimetria de ombros pode não ser útil na triagem da escoliose idiopática. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo Diagnóstico

Recomendações para o rastreamento do câncer de mama no Brasil do Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia, da Sociedade Brasileira de Mastologia e da Federação Brasileira das Associações de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / Recommendations for breast cancer screening in Brazil from the Brazilian College of Radiology, the Brazilian Society of Mastology and the Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations

Objetivo: Apresentar a atualização das recomendações do Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem, da Sociedade Brasileira de Mastologia e da Federação Brasileira das Associações de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia para o rastreamento do câncer de mama no Brasil. Materiais e Métodos: Foram feitas buscas das evidências científicas publicadas nas bases Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, EBSCO, CINAHL e Lilacs, entre janeiro de 2012 e julho de 2022. As recomendações foram baseadas nessas evidências, mediante consenso da comissão de especialistas das três entidades. Recomendações: O rastreamento mamográfico anual é recomendado para as mulheres de risco habitual entre 40 e 74 anos. Acima de 75 anos, deve ser reservado para as que tenham expectativa de vida maior que sete anos. Mulheres com risco maior que o habitual, entre elas as com mamas densas, com história pessoal de hiperplasia lobular atípica, carcinoma lobular in situ clássico, hiperplasia ductal atípica, tratamento de câncer de mama ou de irradiação no tórax antes dos 30 anos ou, ainda, portadoras de mutação genética ou com forte história familiar, beneficiam-se do rastreamento complementar, sendo consideradas de forma individualizada. A tomossíntese é uma evolução da mamografia e deve ser considerada no rastreamento, sempre que acessível e disponível. (AU)

Objective: To present the update of the recommendations of the Brazilian College of Radiology, the Brazilian Society of Mastology and the Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations for breast cancer screening in Brazil. Materials and Methods: Scientific evidence published in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, Ebsco, Cinahl and Lilacs between January 2012 and July 2022 was searched. Recommendations were based on this evidence, by consensus of the expert committee of the three entities. Recommendations: Annual mammographic screening is recommended for women aged between 40 and 74 years old. Above 75 years should be reserved for those with a life expectancy greater than seven years. Women at higher than usual risk, including those with dense breasts, a personal history of atypical lobular hyperplasia, classic lobular carcinoma in situ, atypical ductal hyperplasia, treatment for breast câncer, chest irradiation before age 30, carriers of genetic mutation or with a strong family history, benefit from complementary screening, being considered individually. Tomosynthesis is an evolution of mammography and should be considered in screening, whenever accessible and available. (AU)

Guía de Práctica Clínica Basada en la Evidencia para el Tamizaje, Detección y Tratamiento de Lesiones Precancerosas del Cuello Uterino. Versión Resumida / Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guide for Screening, Detection and Treatment of Precancerous Cervical Lesions. Summary Version

Las recomendaciones presentadas en esta guía fueron discutidas y aceptadas en un panel multidisciplinario de profesionales, con participación de pacientes, sociedades médicas y expertos en el tema, del Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud (SNIS), quienes contribuyeron a definir la fuerza de las recomendaciones, validando cada una de ellas con la calidad de la evidencia y fuerza de la recomendación siguiendo el sistema GRADE .Ponemos este documento a la disposición y alcance de los profesionales de la salud para su uso en la práctica diaria ya que debe ser prioridad, ofrecer a las pacientes una detección temprana de las lesiones premalignas del cérvix y brindar un tratamiento oportuno

The recommendations presented in this guide were discussed and accepted in a multidisciplinary panel of professionals, with the participation of patients, medical societies and experts in the subject, of the National Integrated Health System (SNIS), who contributed to defining the strength of the recommendations, validating each of them with the quality of the evidence and strength of the recommendation following the GRADE system. We make this document available and accessible to health professionals for use in daily practice as it should be a priority, offer patients early detection of premalignant lesions of the cervix and provide timely treatment

A New Brazilian Device for Cervical Cancer Screening: Acceptability and Accuracy of Self-sampling / Um Novo Dispositivo Brasileiro para Diagnóstico de Câncer Cervical: Aceitabilidade e Precisão da Autoamostragem

Abstract Objective To evaluate the accuracy and patient acceptability toward self-sampling using a new device - SelfCervix® - for detecting HPV-DNA. Methods A total of 73 women aged 25-65 who underwent regular cervical cancer screening from March to October 2016 were included. Women performed self-sampling followed by a physician-sampling, and the samples were analyzed for HPV-DNA. After that, patients were surveyed about their acceptability of self-sampling. Results HPV-DNA detection rate of self-sampling presented high accuracy and was similar to physician-collection. Sixty-four (87.7%) patients answered the acceptability survey. Most patients (89%) considered the self-sampling comfortable, and 82.5% preferred self-sampling to physician-sampling. The reasons cited were time-saving and convenience. Fifty-one (79.7%) reported that they would recommend self-sampling. Conclusion Self-sampling using the new Brazilian device SelfCervix® is not inferior in HPV-DNA detection rate compared with physician-collection, and patients are supportive of the method. Therefore, it might be an option to reach under-screened populations in Brazil.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a acurácia e aceitabilidade da auto-coleta utilizando um novo coletor - SelfCervix® - para a detecção de DNA de HPV. Métodos Foram incluídas no estudo 73 mulheres com idade entre 25-65 anos que realizaram seu rastreamento regular do câncer de colo do útero entre Março e Outubro de 2016. Estas mulheres realizaram a auto-coleta, seguida de coleta profissional e as amostras foram analisadas paraa presença de DNA de HPV. Após, elas responderam um questionário sobre a experiência da auto-coleta. Resultados As taxas de detecção de DNA de HPV por auto-coleta foram altas e similares as da coleta profissional. Sessenta e quatro (87,7%) pacientes responderam o questionário de experiência. A maioria (89%) considerou a auto-coleta confortável, e 82,5% preferiram o método comparado a coleta profissional. As razões citadas foram economia de tempo e conveniência. Cinquenta e uma (79,7%) mulheres confirmaram que recomendariam a auto-coleta. Conclusão Auto-coleta utilizando o novo coletor desenvolvido no Brasil não é inferior na detecção de DNA de HPV quando comparada a coleta profissional, e apresenta uma boa aceitabilidade pelas mulheres. Desta maneira, pode ser uma opção para alcançar populações que não realizam o rastreamento padrão.