Importância da proteína C-reativa no diagnóstico e no prognóstico intra-hospitalar em pacientes com dor torácica na sala de emergência / C-reactive protein diagnostic and prognostic value in patients presenting at the emergency room with chest pain / C-reactive protein diagnostic and prognostic value in patients presenting at the emergency room with chest pain

OBJETIVO: Testar os valores diagnóstico e prognóstico imediatos da proteína C-reativa (PCR) nos pacientes admitidos na sala de emergência (SE) com dor torácica (DT) e sem elevação do segmento ST no eletrocardiograma (ECG). MÉTODOS: De janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2003, 980 pacientes consecutivos foram atendidos com DT suspeita de síndrome coronariana aguda na SE (idade = 64,9 ± 14,3 anos, homens = 55 por cento, diabéticos = 18 por cento, ECG normal = 84 por cento). Dosou-se a PCR na admissão, a creatinofosfoquinase MB fração massa (CKMB) e a troponina I seriadas, além de se registrar ECG seriados. As medidas da PCR foram padronizadas (PCR-p) pelo valor do limite superior da normalidade (LSN) do teste utilizado (3,0 mg/L para a PCR de alta sensibilidade-PCR-AS e 0,1 mg/dl para PCR titulada-PCR-t). RESULTADOS: Foi diagnosticado infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) em 125 pacientes, e seus valores para a PCR-p foram 1,31 ± 2,90 (mediana = 0,47) versus 0,79 ± 1,39 (0,30) nos sem IAM (p = 0,031). A PCR-p > 1,0 apresentou sensibilidade de 30 por cento, especificidade de 80,4 por cento, valores preditivos positivo e negativo de 6,1 por cento e de 96,7 por cento, para o diagnóstico de IAM. Houve quarenta eventos cardíacos intra-hospitalares (óbitos = dezesseis, revascularizações de urgência = 22, IAM = dois). No 1° quartil da PCR-p (< 0,10) registraram-se três eventos, enquanto no 4° quartil (> 0,93) ocorreram quinze eventos (p = 0,003). Na regressão logística foram preditores independentes para eventos cardíacos a insuficiência ventricular esquerda, o sexo masculino e a PCR-p > 0,32, com razão de chances de 7,6, 2,8 e 2,2, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Nos pacientes atendidos com DT na SE, a PCR-p: 1) Não foi um bom marcador de IAM, apesar de um valor normal praticamente afastar esse diagnóstico; 2) Um valor superior a um terço do seu limite superior da normalidade (LSN) (>1 mg/L da PCR-AS ou >0,33 mg/dl da PCR-t) foi preditor de eventos cardíacos adversos intra-hospitalares.

OBJECTIVE: To test immediate diagnostic and prognostic values of C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients admitted to the emergency room (ER) with chest pain (CP) without ST-segment elevation on the electrocardiogram (ECG). METHODS: From January 2002 to December 2003, 980 patients were consecutively seen in the ER with CP suggestive of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (age = 64.9 ± 14.3, men = 55 percent, diabetic = 18 percent, normal ECG = 84 percent). Serial CRP, creatine kinase MB mass (CKMB-mass) and troponin I determinations were performed on admission, in addition to serial ECG. CRP measurements were standardized (s-CRP) by the upper limit of normal (ULN) of the test used (3.0 mg/L for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP] and 0.1 mg/dL for titrated CRP [t-CRP]). RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-five patients were diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and their s-CRP values were 1.31 ± 2.90 (median = 0.47) compared to 0.79 ± 1.39 (0.30) in no-AMI patients (p = 0.031). The s-CRP > 1.0 showed 30 percent sensitivity and 80 percent specificity, plus negative and positive predictive values of 6.1 percent and 96.7 percent, respectively, for AMI diagnosis. There were forty in-hospital cardiac events (16 deaths, 22 urgent revascularizations, and 2 acute myocardial infarction). In the first quartile of the s-CRP (< 0.10), three events were recorded, while in the fourth quartile (> 0.93) 15 events (p = 0.003) occurred. In the logistic regression model, masculine gender and s-CRP > 0.32 (odds ratio 7.6, 2.8 and 2.2, respectively) were independent predictors of cardiac events and left ventricular failure. CONCLUSION: In patients with chest pain presenting at the emergency room, s-CRP was not a good marker of AMI, although this diagnosis is virtually excluded by a normal value; in addition, values one-third above the upper limit of normal (>1 mg/L for hs-CRP or >0.33 mg/dL for t-CRP) were predictive of in-hospital adverse cardiac events.

Análise de marcadores de estabilização da placa aterosclerótica após evento coronariano agudo / Inflammatory markers of atherosclerotic plaque stabilization after acute coronary event - temporal trends

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o tempo para a estabilização da placa aterosclerótica nas síndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA) utilizando-se marcadores inflamatórios. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo, quarenta pacientes com SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST versus quarenta indivíduos sem doença coronariana. Proteína C-reativa (PCR), fibrinogênio, fator VIIIc, interleucina-6 e TNF (fator de necrose tumoral)-alfa foram coletados na internação, na alta hospitalar e após três e seis meses. RESULTADOS: Comparada ao controle, a PCR foi significativamente maior na internação e na alta, mas não após três e seis meses. Os níveis de fibrinogênio não apresentaram variações, exceto aos seis meses, quando foi significativamente menor que o controle. O fator VIIIc não diferiu do controle na internação, mas foi significativamente maior na alta, e sem diferenças aos três e seis meses. A IL-6 foi significativamente maior que o controle em todos os períodos. Entretanto, houve queda significativa dos seus níveis entre a alta e três meses. O TNF-alfa não foi significativamente diferente do controle em nenhum momento. Somente a IL-6 se correlacionou significativa e independentemente com eventos cardiovasculares futuros. CONCLUSÃO: Quanto a PCR e fator VIIIc, sugere-se estabilização da placa em até três meses; a análise da IL-6 sugere estabilização a partir do terceiro mês, apesar de permanecer elevada em relação ao controle em até seis meses. Apenas a IL-6 mostrou valor prognóstico de eventos futuros em um ano.

Leptin is not associated independently with hypertension in Japanese-Brazilian women

We evaluated the relationship of leptin with hypertension adjusted for body mass index (BMI) and/or waist circumference in a population of Japanese-Brazilian women aged > or = 30 years with centrally distributed adiposity. After excluding diabetic subjects, the study subjects - who participated in a population-based study on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome - showed prevalence rates of obesity (BMI > or = 25 kg/m²) and central adiposity (waist > or = 80 cm) of 32.0 and 37.8 percent, respectively. The hypertensive group (N = 162) was older, had higher BMI (24.9 ± 4.2 vs 23.3 ± 3.4 kg/m², P < 0.001), waist circumference (81.1 ± 10.1 vs 76.3 ± 8.2 cm, P < 0.001) and insulin levels (8.0 ± 6.2 vs 7.1 ± 4.9 æU/mL, P < 0.05) than the normotensive group (N = 322) and showed an unfavorable metabolic profile (higher 2-h plasma glucose, C-reactive protein and non-HDL cholesterol levels). Leptin did not differ between groups (8.2 ± 6.8 vs 7.2 ± 6.6 ng/mL, P = 0.09, for hypertensive vs normotensive, respectively) and its levels correlated significantly with anthropometric variables but not with blood pressure. Logistic regression analysis indicated that age and waist were independently associated with hypertension but not with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance or leptin levels. The lack of an independent association of hypertension with metabolic parameters (2-h glucose, C-reactive protein and non-HDL cholesterol) after adjustment for central adiposity suggested that visceral fat deposition may be the common mediator of the disturbances of the metabolic syndrome. Our data indicate that age and waist are major determinants of hypertension in this population of centrally obese (waist > or = 80 cm) Japanese-Brazilian women, but do not support a role for leptin in the elevation of blood pressure.

Effect of hepatitis C serology on C-reactive protein in a cohort of Brazilian hemodialysis patients

Hepatitis C (HCV) is not an uncommon feature in hemodialysis (HD) patients and may be a cause of systemic inflammation. Plasma cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is mainly produced by circulating and peripheral cells and induces the hepatic synthesis of C-reactive protein (CRP), which is the main acute phase reactant. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of HCV on two markers of systemic inflammation, serum CRP and IL-6, in HD patients. The study included 118 HD patients (47 percent males, age 47 ± 13 years, 9 percent diabetics) who had been treated by standard HD for at least 6 months. The patients were divided into two groups depending on the presence (HCV+) or absence (HCV-) of serum antibodies against HCV. Serum albumin (S-Alb), plasma high sensitivity CRP (hsCRP), IL-6, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were measured and the values were compared with those for 22 healthy controls. Median hsCRP and IL-6 values and hsCRP/IL-6 ratio were: 3.5 vs 2.1 mg/l, P < 0.05; 4.3 vs 0.9 pg/ml, P < 0.0001, and 0.8 vs 2.7, P < 0.0001, for patients and controls, respectively. Age, gender, S-Alb, IL-6 and hsCRP did not differ between the HCV+ and HCV- patients. However, HCV+ patients had higher ALT (29 ± 21 vs 21 ± 25 IU/l) and had been on HD for a longer time (6.1 ± 3.0 vs 4.0 ± 2.0 years, P < 0.0001). Moreover, HCV+ patients had a significantly lower median hsCRP/IL-6 ratio (0.7 vs 0.9, P < 0.05) compared to the HCV- group. The lower hsCRP/IL-6 ratio in HCV+ patients than in HCV- patients suggests that hsCRP may be a less useful marker of inflammation in HCV+ patients and that a different cut-off value for hsCRP for this population of patients on HD may be required to define inflammation.

Dialysis water treated by reverse osmosis decreases the levels of C-reactive protein in uremic patients

Atherosclerosis is a major complication of chronic renal failure. Microinflammation is involved in atherogenesis and is associated with uremia and dialysis. The role of dialysate water contamination in inducing inflammation has been debated. Our aim was to study inflammatory markers in patients on chronic dialysis, before and 3 to 6 months after switching the water purification system from deionization to reverse osmosis. Patients had demographic, clinical and nutritional information collected and blood drawn for determination of albumin, ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in both situations. Acceptable levels of water purity were less than 200 colony-forming units of bacteria and less than 1 ng/ml of endotoxin. Sixteen patients died. They had higher median CRP (26.6 vs 11.2 mg/dl, P = 0.007) and lower median albumin levels (3.1 vs 3.9 g/l, P < 0.05) compared to the 31 survivors. Eight patients were excluded because of obvious inflammatory conditions. From the 23 remaining patients (mean age ± SD: 51.3 ± 13.9 years), 18 had a decrease in CRP after the water treatment system was changed. Overall, median CRP was lower with reverse osmosis than with deionization (13.2 vs 4.5 mg/l, P = 0.022, N = 23). There was no difference in albumin, cytokines, subjective global evaluation, or clinical and biochemical parameters. In conclusion, uremic patients presented a clinically significant reduction in CRP levels when dialysate water purification system switched from deionization to reverse osmosis. It is possible that better water treatments induce less inflammation and eventually less atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patients.