The role of ischemic preconditioning in the expression of apoptosis-related genes in a rat model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury

Abstract Purpose: To analyze the effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in the expression of apoptosis-related genes in rat small intestine subjected to ischemia and reperfusion. Methods: Thirty anesthetized rats underwent laparotomy and were drive into five groups: control (CG); ischemia (IG); ischemia and reperfusion (IRG); IPC and ischemia (IG+IPC); IPC and ischemia and reperfusion (I/RG+IPC). Intestinal ischemia was performed by clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 60 minutes, whereas reperfusion lasted for 120 minutes. IPC was carried out by one cycle of 5 minutes of ischemia followed by 10 minutes of reperfusion prior to the prolonged 60-minutes-ischemia and 120-minutes-reperfusion. Thereafter, the rats were euthanized and samples of small intestine were processed for histology and gene expression. Results: Histology of myenteric plexus showed a higher presence of neurons presenting pyknotic nuclei and condensed chromatin in the IG and IRG. IG+IPC and I/RG+IPC groups exhibited neurons with preserved volume and nuclei, along with significant up-regulation of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2l1 and down-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes. Moreover, Bax/Bcl2 ratio was lower in the groups subjected to IPC, indicating a protective effect of IPC against apoptosis. Conclusion: Ischemic preconditioning protect rat small intestine against ischemia/reperfusion injury, reducing morphologic lesions and apoptosis.

Effect of microRNA-21 on the proliferation of human degenerated nucleus pulposus by targeting programmed cell death 4

This study aims to explore the effect of microRNA-21 (miR-21) on the proliferation of human degenerated nucleus pulposus (NP) by targeting programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) tumor suppressor. NP tissues were collected from 20 intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) patients, and from 5 patients with traumatic spine fracture. MiR-21 expressions were tested. NP cells from IDD patients were collected and divided into blank control group, negative control group (transfected with miR-21 negative sequences), miR-21 inhibitor group (transfected with miR-21 inhibitors), miR-21 mimics group (transfected with miR-21 mimics) and PDCD4 siRNA group (transfected with PDCD4 siRNAs). Cell growth was estimated by Cell Counting Kit-8; PDCD4, MMP-2,MMP-9 mRNA expressions were evaluated by qRT-PCR; PDCD4, c-Jun and p-c-Jun expressions were tested using western blot. In IDD patients, the expressions of miR-21 and PDCD4 mRNA were respectively elevated and decreased (both P<0.05). The miR-21 expressions were positively correlated with Pfirrmann grades, but negatively correlated with PDCD4 mRNA (both P<0.001). In miR-21 inhibitor group, cell growth, MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA expressions, and p-c-Jun protein expressions were significantly lower, while PDCD4 mRNA and protein expressions were higher than the other groups (all P<0.05). These expressions in the PDCD4 siRNA and miR-21 mimics groups was inverted compared to that in the miR-21 inhibitor group (all P<0.05). MiR-21 could promote the proliferation of human degenerated NP cells by targeting PDCD4, increasing phosphorylation of c-Jun protein, and activating AP-1-dependent transcription of MMPs, indicating that miR-21 may be a crucial biomarker in the pathogenesis of IDD.

Exploring the in vivo wound healing effects of a recombinant hemolin from the caterpillar Lonomia obliqua

Hemolin proteins are cell adhesion molecules from lepidopterans involved in a wide range of cell interactions concerning their adhesion properties. However, hemolins roles in cell proliferation and wound healing are not fully elucidated. It has been recently reported that rLosac, a recombinant hemolin from the caterpillar Lonomia obliqua, presents antiapoptotic activity and is capable of improving in vitro wound healing. Therefore, this study aimed to explore rLosacs in vivo effects using a skin wound healing model in rats. Methods Circular full-thickness wounds in the rat dorsum skin were treated either with rLosac, or with saline (control), allowing healing by keeping the wounds occluded and moist. During the wound healing, the following tissue regeneration parameters were evaluated: wound closure and collagen content. Furthermore, tissue sections were subjected to histological and immunohistochemical analyses. Results The rLosac treatment has demonstrated its capacity to improve wound healing, as reflected in findings of a larger number of activated fibroblasts, proliferation of epithelial cells, increase of collagen type 1, and decrease of inflammatory infiltrate. Conclusion The findings have indicated the rLosac protein as a very promising molecule for the development of new wound-healing formulations.

Técnicas para la detección de apoptosis y senescencia celular in vitro y su importancia en biotecnología de la salud / Techniques for detection of Apoptosis and Cellular Senescence in vitro and its importance in Health Biotechnology

Se presenta una revisión bibliográfica sobre las principales técnicas de detección de los niveles de apoptosis y senescencia celular para aplicación en cultivo de células animales y humanas, dada la importancia de establecer la metodología más adecuada para su implementación en investigación biológica y biomédica que usa este tipo de células como medios de diagnóstico, experimentación y obtención de alternativas terapéuticas. Existe la necesidad de aplicar técnicas estandarizadas para evaluación y monitoreo del cultivo de células ya que esto garantiza la calidad del mismo cuando este tiene aplicación en el campo clínico. La apoptosis y la senescencia celular se perfilan como parámetros biológicos idóneos para esta valoración. La apoptosis se considera una forma de muerte celular que, a diferencia de la necrosis, es ordenada, programada y dependiente de energía, que implica la activación de un grupo de enzimas proteolíticas denominadas caspasas y una cascada molecular intracelular hasta la desaparición completa de la célula. La senescencia celular se define como la pérdida irreversible de la capacidad proliferativa de la célula que al mismo tiempo se encuentra en un estado metabólicamente activo. Se muestra una comparación entre las técnicas de detección de estos fenómenos y, finalmente, se enfatiza en la opción de implementar multiensayos para una determinación más sensible y rigurosa de apoptosis y senescencia celular in vitro.

This article reviews the main techniques for detecting apoptosis and cell senescence levels for application in animal and human cell cultures, given the importance of establishing the most appropriate methodology for implementing them in biological and biomedical research which uses these kinds of cell for diagnosis, research and in therapeutic alternatives. There is a need for implementing standardised techniques for assessing and monitoring cell cultures as this guarantees culture quality if they can be applied in the clinical field. Apoptosis and cell senescence appear to be good biological parameters for such evaluation. Apoptosis is considered to be a form of organised and programmed cell death, unlike necrosis; this process is energydependent, implying the activation of proteolytic enzymes called caspases and an intracellular molecular cascade until a cell completely disappears. Cell senescence is defined as being the irreversible loss of a cell’s proliferative capacity whilst still metabolically active. This analysis contrasts techniques for detecting such phenomenon and emphasises the possibility of implementing multiassays for a more sensitive and rigorous determination of in vitro apoptosis and cell senescence.