In vivo digestive stability of soybean β-conglycinin β-subunit in WZS minipigs / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

By now, the digestive stability experiments provided by most authoritative organizations are in vitro tests. Evaluating the protein digestive stability with in vivo models should be more objective. The present study aimed to verify the in vivo digestibility of soybean β-conglycinin β-subunit in Wuzhishan (WZS) minipigs. Three minipigs were surgically fitted with O-stomach and T-ileum cannulae and fed with soybean meals. According to SDS-PAGE, the 50 kD fraction of soybean β-conglycinin β-subunit persisted in the gastric fluid until 6 h after feeding, which was detected at 3 h and clearly visible at 4-6 h in the intestinal fluid. Western blot with anti-β-conglycinin β-subunit McAb confirmed it.

Taxonomic relationships in some Vicia species from Egypt, based on seed morphology and SDS-PAGE of seed proteins / As relações taxonômicas das espécies Vicia oriundas do Egito, baseadas na morfologia da semente e na SDS-PAGE das proteínas da semente

The seed morphology and seed proteins of 11 Vicia taxa from Egypt were studied. Macro-and micro-morphological characters, including seed shape, color, size, hilum shape and seed sculpture were described and analyzed. The secondary sculpture of the cell wall varies from papillose in nearly all Vicia species to lophate in V. hirsuta. Further, the seed proteins of studied taxa were investigated by SDS-PAGE and 39 different bands were scored. The similarity analysis based on the SDS-PAGE profile and seed morphology was found to be a useful characteristic for the discrimination of Vicia species both on the subgeneric and the sectional levels. The present study did not acknowledge V. tetrasperma and V. hirsuta as subgenus Ervum. As a result, division of Vicia into two subgenera i.e. Vicia and Cracca, is supported.

Analisam-se a morfologia e as proteínas de sementes de 11 táxons de Vicia oriundos do Egito. As características macro- e micro-morfológicas, como forma da semente, cor, tamanho, forma do hilo e a escultura da semente são descritas e analisadas. A escultura secundaria da parede celular varia na papilose em quase todas as espécies de Vicia até a lofada em V. hirsuta . As proteínas das sementes dos táxons foram analisadas por SDS-PAGE onde 39 bandas diferentes foram detectadas. A análise de similaridade baseada no perfil de SDS-PAGE e na morfologia da semente foi uma característica útil para discriminar as espécies de Vicia em níveis subgenérico e seccional. Essa investigação rejeitou V. tetrasperma e V. hirsuta como subgênero de Ervum, mas aceitou a divisão de Vicia em dois subgêneros, ou seja, Vicia e Cracca.

Eficiência alimentar e qualidade proteica das sementes de baru e pequi procedentes do Cerrado brasileiro / Food efficiency and protein quality of baru and pequi seeds from Brazilian savanna

Este trabalho avaliou a eficiência alimentar e a qualidade proteica das sementes de baru e pequi nativas do Cerrado brasileiro. Ratos Wistar machos, recém-desmamados (n = 24), distribuídos em quatro grupos,foram alimentados com diferentes dietas, contendo 10% de proteína: padrão (caseína, 7% de lipídios);controle (caseína, 15% de lipídios); baru (semente de baru, 15% de lipídios) e pequi (semente de pequi,15% de lipídios). Determinaram-se os teores proteicos e lipídicos e estimou-se o teor de fibra alimentar total das dietas. A eficiência alimentar foi avaliada pelo Fator de Conversão Alimentar (FCA), e o valor proteico, por meio do PER (Protein Efficiency Ratio). O FCA variou de 2,8 (dieta padrão) a 10,5 (dieta de semente de pequi); e a dieta de semente de baru (FCA = 5,17) foi mais eficiente do que a dieta de semente de pequi. O valor de PER da semente de baru (2,11) foi superior ao da semente de pequi (1,0), e os valores de RPER (qualidade proteica relativa) dessas sementes foram, respectivamente, de 70% e 30%. A semente de baru possui melhor eficiência alimentar e qualidade proteica do que a semente de pequi, e sua proteína pode ser classificada como de qualidade intermediária a boa.

Identification of Albizia lebbeck seed coat chitin-binding vicilins (7S globulins) with high toxicity to the larvae of the bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus

Seed coat is a specialized maternal tissue that interfaces the embryo and the external environment during embryogenesis, dormancy and germination. In addition, it is the first defensive barrier against penetration by pathogens and herbivores. Here we show that Albizia lebbeck seed coat dramatically compromises the oviposition, eclosion and development of the bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus. Dietary supplementation of bruchid larvae with A. lebbeck seed coat flour causes severe weight loss and reduces survival. By means of protein purification, mass spectrometry and bioinformatic analyses, we show that chitin-binding vicilins are the main source of A. lebbeck tegumental toxicity to C. maculatus. At concentrations as low as 0.1 percent, A. lebbeck vicilins reduce larval mass from 8.1 ± 1.7 (mass of control larvae) to 1.8 ± 0.5 mg, which corresponds to a decrease of 78 percent. Seed coat toxicity constitutes an efficient defense mechanism, hindering insect predation and preventing embryo damage. We hypothesize that A. lebbeck vicilins are good candidates for the genetic transformation of crop legumes to enhance resistance to bruchid predation.

Qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de erva-doce (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. ) armazenadas / Physiological and sanitary quality of fennel seeds stored

A incidência de fungos em sementes interfere negativamente o seu potencial fisiológico, podendo ter início no campo, durante o armazenamento ou na pós-colheita. Desta forma o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de erva-doce armazenadas em diferentes embalagens. O trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de análise de sementes da UFPB, em Areia-PB. As sementes foram colhidas em plantas tratadas e não tratadas com inseticida Actara, beneficiadas e acondicionadas nas embalagens papel alumínio, saco plástico e vidro. Em seguida, armazenadas em câmara fria durante 315 dias. Inicialmente e a cada 45 dias foram realizados as seguintes determinações e testes: teor de água, emergência de plântulas, primeira contagem de emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência, comprimento e massa seca das plântulas e sanidade das sementes pelo método "blotter-test". Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, os tratamentos foram distribuídos em fatorial 2 x 3 x 8 (com e sem inseticida, 3 embalagens e 8 períodos de avaliação). Os resultados indicam que a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de erva-doce foi principalmente afetada pelo fungo Alternaria sp., ocorrendo a manutenção da viabilidade das sementes por aproximadamente 95 dias na embalagem de saco plástico; a aplicação do inseticida Actara mantém a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de Foeniculum vulgare no armazenamento.

The fungi incidence in seeds affect negatively their physiological potential may begin in the field, during storage or in post-harvest. The objective was to evaluate the sanitary quality of fennel seeds stored in packagings differents. The study was conducted in laboratory analysis of seeds of UFPB, in Areia-PB. Seeds were harvested in experimental field with plants treated and untreated with insecticide Actara, processed and packed in aluminum foil, plastic bag and glass and stored in cold chamber during 315 days. Initially and every 45 days were performed the following tests and determinations: water content, seedling emergence, first count of emergency, emergency speed index, length and seedling dry mass and seed health by the "blotter-test." We used a completely randomized design with four replications, the treatments were distributed in a factorial 2 x 3 x 8. The results indicated that the physiological quality of fennel seeds was negatively affected by the fungus Alternaria sp., occurring at maintaining the viability of seeds for about 95 days in the plastic bag packaging; the application of the insecticide Actara keeps the physiological quality of seeds of Foeniculum vulgare in storage.

Histochemical analysis of seed reserve mobilization in Passiflora edulis Sims fo. flavicarpa O. Deg. (yellow passion fruit) during germination / Análise histoquímica da mobilização de reservas em sementes de Passiflora edulis Sims fo. flavicarpa O. Deg (maracujá amarelo) durante a germinação

In the present work, we analyzed the histochemical aspects of Passiflora edulis seeds reserve mobilization during the first ten days of germination. Our results showed that mainly lipids present in the endosperm are used as a reserve source, and their levels reduce at the same time the radicle protrudes, between the fourth and sixth day of sowing. Furthermore, protein bodies are present in the cotyledons, which are degraded as germination occurs and are almost depleted by the time of radicle protrusion. Starch grains also appear in the late germination period, and it is not clear if there is any reserve wall polysaccharide consumption in the endosperm.

No presente trabalho analisamos os aspectos histoquímicos da mobilização de reservas das sementes de Passiflora edulis, durante os primeiros dez dias de germinação. Nossos resultados mostraram que principalmente lipídios presentes no endosperma são utilizados como reserva, com o seu nível começando a diminuir ao mesmo tempo em que ocorre a protrusão da radícula, entre o quarto e sexto dia do início da embebição. Corpos proteicos também estão presentes nos cotilédones, e são degradados à medida que ocorre a germinação e são consumidos quase totalmente quando da protrusão da radícula. Grãos de amido também aparecem no período tardio de germinação, e não está claro se há ou não consumo de polissacarídeos de reserva de parede no endosperma.

A WZS miniature swine food hypersensitivity model orally induced by soybean beta-conglycinin / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish WZS miniature swine model of beta-conglycinin (7 S) allergy for evaluating the potential allergenicity of genetically modified food.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twelve 45-day-old WZS miniature swines from three litters were randomly divided into three groups (control group; 4% 7 S group and 8% 7 S group, n = 4), which were respectively gastric sensitized (day 0 - 10) and oral challenged (day 6 - 18, 31) to induce anaphylactic reactions. Clinical symptoms, skin prick reactions were recorded. At day 10, 19 and 32, serum IgG, IgE, histamine and cytokines levels were measured by ELISA.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Diarrhea at different degrees were observed in 4% and 8% 7 S groups. The skin erythema reactions in grade "-", "+/-", "+", "++" of control group respectively were 2/4, 2/4, 0/4, 0/4, of 4% 7 S group were 0/4, 0/4, 2/4, 2/4 and of 8% 7 S group were 0/4, 0/4, 1/4, 3/4. The serum IgE and histamine levels of day 11, 19 and 32 were all significantly and positively correlated (Pearson coefficients = 1, P = 0.000). The serum IgG, IgE and histamine levels all reached the peak after 7 S groups were oral challenged at day 19.Compared with the control group, serum IgG (lg IgG: 2.95 +/- 0.31 vs 2.29 +/- 0.25, t = 3.19, P = 0.011), IgE (lg IgE: 2.45 +/- 0.30 vs 1.77 +/- 0.23, t = 3.31, P = 0.009) and histamine levels(lg histamine:2.13 +/- 0.30 vs 1.45 +/- 0.23, t = 3.34, P = 0.009) of 4% 7 S group at day 19 were all significantly higher, while the serum IFN-gamma content [(35.78 +/- 6.42) pg/ml vs (51.10 +/- 9.67) pg/ml, t = -2.33, P = 0.045] of 4%7 S group was significantly lower.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The WZS miniature swine model orally induced by soybean beta-conglycinin is type I hypersensitivity mediated by IgE, which can be used to predict the potential allergenicity of genetically modified food.</p>

Classification and Character of Plant Food Allergens / 소아알레르기및호흡기학회지

Food allergy is an adverse food reaction as a result of immune mechanisms. In a sensitized individual, food allergens activate mast cells and basophils by binding with IgE present on the cell surface, resulting in the release of chemical mediators and various cytokines to cause various clinical symptoms of food allergy. Sensitization to food allergens can occur in the gastrointestinal tract (class 1 food allergy) or as a consequence of cross reactivity to structurally homologous inhalant allergens (class 2 food allergy). The class 1 food allergens are water-soluble glycoproteins with 10-70 kD size that are resistant to heat, acid and enzymes. On the other hand, the class 2 food allergens are highly unstable and degraded by heat or enzymatic digestion. Much progress has been made in identifying and isolating food allergen. Recently cDNAs for many proteins have been isolated and recombinant proteins have been generated. These techniques make it easier to characterize each responsible food allergens. Plant food allergens are classified into families and superfamilies by their structural and functional properties. The most of plant food allergens are the cupin and prolamin superfamilies and the protein families of the plant defense system. The cupin superfamily includes allergenic seed storage proteins of 7s globulin (vicilin) and 11s globulin (legumin). 2s albumin seed storage proteins, the nonspecific lipid transfer proteins, and the cereal alpha-amylase and protease inhibitors belong to the prolamin superfamily. Profilins, heveins, and nonspecific lipid transfer proteins are present in a variety of pollens, nuts, seeds, fruits, and vegetables. These are considered as panallergens, causing a significant degree of IgE-mediated cross-reactivity. Detailed informations about the character of food allergens can be used to develop more sophisticated diagnostic methods and treatment modalities in the near future. Further knowledge of food allergens is also useful to assess the allergenicity of novel protein of genetically mo.

A Case of Anaphylaxis Induced by Peanut / 대한피부과학회지

Peanut allergy is a significant health problem because of the potential severity of the allergic reaction, the life-long nature of the allergic hypersensitivity, and the ubiquitous use of peanut products. Peanut is one of the most common foods causing serious anaphylactic reactions. Three major peanut allergens, Ara h 1, Ara h 2, and Ara h 3 are 64.5, 17.5, 14 kd glycoproteins belong to the vicillin, conglutin, and glycinin families of seed storage proteins, respectively. We report a case of anaphylaxis induced by peanut with generalized edema, skin rash, dyspnea, hypotension, syncope after accidental peanut ingestion of a 33-year-old man. The diagnosis could be confirmed as peanut-induced anaphylaxis on the basis of prick test, open patch test, MAST, and T cell proliferation assay in addition to history.

The resistance of seeds of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) to the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus)

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds are heavily damaged during storage by the bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus. Seeds of some Nigerian varieties showed a strong resistance to this bruchid. By utilizing biochemical and entomological techniques we were able to rule out the paticipation of proteolytic enzyme (trypsin, chimotrypsin, subtilisin and papain) inhibitors, lectins, and tannins in the resistance mechanisms. Fractionation of the seed meal of a resistant variety suggests that the factor(s) responsible for the effect is (are) concentrate in the globulin fraction.