Potential therapeutic strategies for non - muscle invasive bladder cancer based on association of intravesical immunotherapy with P-MAPA and systemic administration of cisplatin and doxorubicin

ABSTRACT The present study describes the histopathological and molecular effects of P-MAPA (Protein aggregate magnesium-ammonium phospholinoleate-palmitoleate anhydride) intravesical immunotherapy combined with systemic doxorubicin or cisplatin for treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) in an appropriate animal model. Our results showed an undifferentiated tumor, characterizing a tumor invading mucosa or submucosa of the bladder wall (pT1) and papillary carcinoma in situ (pTa) in the Cancer group. The histopathological changes were similar between the combined treatment with intravesical P-MAPA plus systemic Cisplatin and P-MAPA immunotherapy alone, showing decrease of urothelial neoplastic lesions progression and histopathological recovery in 80% of the animals. The animals treated systemically with cisplatin or doxorubicin singly, showed 100% of malignant lesions in the urinary bladder. Furthemore, the combined treatment with P-MAPA and Doxorubicin showed no decrease of urothelial neoplastic lesions progression and histopathological recovery. Furthermore, Akt, PI3K, NF-kB and VEGF protein levels were significantly lower in intravesical P-MAPA plus systemic cisplatin and in intravesical P-MAPA alone treatments than other groups. In contrast, PTEN protein levels were significantly higher in intravesical P-MAPA plus systemic cisplatin and in intravesical P-MAPA alone treatments. Thus, it could be concluded that combination of intravesical P-MAPA immunotherapy and systemic cisplatin in the NMIBC animal model was effective, well tolerated and showed no apparent signs of antagonism between the drugs. In addition, intravesical P-MAPA immunotherapy may be considered as a valuable option for treatment of BCG unresponsive patients that unmet the criteria for early cystectomy.

Esferocitosis hereditaria: de la biogénesis a la patogénesis / Hereditary spherocytosis: from biogenesis to pathogenesis

La esferocitosis hereditaria es la anemia hemolítica congénita más frecuente en la población caucásica. Tiene una amplia variabilidad clínica y desde el punto de vista hematológico se caracteriza por anemia y presencia de esferocitos en la lámina periférica. Su base fisiopatológica está determinada por el defecto de algunas de las proteínas que conforman la membrana eritrocitaria, por el efecto del bazo sobre los hematíes anómalos y otros factores. A la luz de los conocimientos actuales, la interpretación dinámica del proceso requiere adentrarse en los estadios iniciales de la hematopoyesis, pues desde etapas tan tempranas como la enucleación del eritroblasto en la formación del reticulocito, hasta posibles procesos inflamatorios tardíos, pudieran modular la expresión de la enfermedad. Se hace una revisión de las características estructurales y funcionales de la membrana eritrocitaria, así como algunos aspectos generales de las propiedades del hematíe para facilitar la comprensión de los eventos que tienen lugar a partir del compromiso molecular de las proteínas que conforman la membrana

Hereditary spherocytosis is the most common congenital hemolytic anemia among Caucasian population. It has wide clinical variety and from the haematological point of view, it is characterized by the presence of spherocytes anemia in peripheral lamina. Its pathophysiological defect is determined by some of the proteins that make up the red cell membrane due to the effect on erythrocytes of abnormal spleen, and other factors. In view of current knowledge, the dynamic interpretation of this process requires delving into the early stages of hematopoiesis, since the expression of this disease could modulate from early stages of erythroblast enucleation in reticulocyte formation until late potential inflammatory processes. A review was made on the structural and functional characteristics of the erythrocyte membrane, as well as some general aspects of the properties of the red cell to facilitate understanding of events which take place through proteins molecular involvement forming the membrane