Complejidad, conflicto armado y vulnerabilidad de niños y niñas desplazados en Colombia / Complexity, armed conflict, and vulnerability of displaced children in Colombia

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar una reflexión acerca de la vulnerabilidad de los niños y niñas víctimas del conflicto armado en Colombia. Para ello se recurriro al principio de auto-eco-organización y de Bucle inter-retroactivo. La violencia es un fenómeno complejo de múltiples interacciones, de características no-lineales y tendencia auto-eco-organizativa que afecta la noción de sujeto y altera el modo como los niños y niñas interpretan el mundo y sus interacciones.

This paper aims to carry out a reflection on the vulnerability of children, who are victims of the armed conflict in Colombia. This was used at the beginning of the self-eco-organization and the inter-retroactive loop. Violence is a complex phenomenon of multiple interactions, non-linear features, and a self-eco-organizational tendency, which affects the notion of subject and alters the way that children interpret the world and their interactions.

Caraterísticas psicológicas en 15 niños con estreñimientos crónico funcional del Hospital Universitario del Valle de Cali, Colombia / Psychological characteristics in 15 children with chronic functional constipation of the Hospital Universitario del Valle from Cali, Colombia

Introducción: El manejo integral de los niños con Estreñimiento Crónico Funcional (ECF), incluye nutrición, medicamentos, y educación, con la intervención de varios profesionales de la salud, que ofrezcan un tratamiento integral, inter, trans y multidisciplinario. Los aspectos médicos y psicológicos, si bien están disociados en cuanto a su perspectiva de intervención, se unen en cuanto al interés referente al niño visto de manera integral. Objetivo: Reportar las características psicológicas de 15 niños del Hospital Universitario del Valle (HUV) de Cali, Colombia, con ECF. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo observacional de corte transversal en niños entre los 2 y 12 años de edad, 9 masculinos, que asistieron al Servicio de Gastroenterología Pediátrica del HUV de Cali, Colombia durante el segundo semestre de 2010, a quienes se les realizó una entrevista semiestructurada. Resultados: Diez madres presentaron inconvenientes durante su embarazo (no deseado, intento de aborto, tratamientos para fertilidad, amenaza de aborto, antecedentes de abortos, ansiedad, parto complicado); 4 niños fueron manipulados con enemas o estimulación; 3 fueron castigados físicamente durante el proceso de control de esfínteres; 10 fueron entrenados para el control de esfínteres antes de los 2 años; 4 presentaron enuresis/terrores nocturnos; 7 tenían sus padres separados, y 8 padres maltrataban física o psicológicamente a sus hijos. Conclusión: Los niños con ECF suscitan para la familia y profesionales de la salud, estados de ansiedad, confusión y frustración. Se identificaron dificultades físicas emocionales durante el embarazo, dificultad o temor a fallar en el papel materno, problemas conyugales, y educación precoz en el control de esfínteres; que si bien son normales durante la crianza de los niños, recibieron un manejo inadecuado.

Introduction: Integrated management of children with Chronic Functional Constipation (CFC), includingnutrition, drugs, and education, with the involvement of various health professionals who provide comprehensive inter, tranas and multidisciplinary treatment. Medical and psychological aspects, although they are differenciated in terms of intervention perspective, join in interest concerning the child seen holistically. Objective: To report the psychological characteristics of 15 children with CFC at the Hospital Universitario del Valle (HUV) from Cali, Colombia. Methodology: A descriptive crosssectional observational study in children with 2 and 12 years old; 9 males; attending the Pediatric Gastroenterology Service, during the second half of 2010, who underwent a semistructured interview. Results: Ten mothers had problems during her pregnancy (unwanted, attempeted abortion, fertility treatments, threatened abortion, history of abrotions, anxiety, complicated delivery); 4 children were manipulated with enemas or stimulation; 3 were physically punished during the potty training process; 10 were trained for toliet control before 2 years; 4 had enuresis/night terrors; 7 parents had separed, and 8 parents physically or psychologically abused their children. Conclusion: Children with CFC raise the family and health professionals, anxiety, confusión and frustation. Emotional physical difficulties were indentified during pregnancy, difficulty or fear of failure in the maternal role, marital problems, and early education in controlling sphincters, that are normal butfor the rearing of children received inadequate mangement.

Histórias infantis: um recurso para a compreensão dos estados mentais / Children's storybooks: a resource to the understanding of mental states

Este estudo examinou uma amostra de 100 livros de histórias infantis nacionais para crianças pré-escolares de quatro a seis anos de idade quanto à ocorrência de termos/expressões referentes a estados mentais a partir de três eixos de análise: via palavras e expressões no texto; via figuras; e via presença de ironia e crença falsa na narrativa. A análise dos termos mentais foi realizada por um grupo de três avaliadores. Foi encontrado que 92 por cento dos livros analisados apresentavam termos denotando estados mentais, 12 por cento apresentavam ironia situacional, 11 por cento continham crença falsa e que as figuras representavam o estado mental expresso no texto. Os resultados sugerem que os livros infantis nacionais podem ser utilizados como recurso para promover o desenvolvimento sociocognitivo das crianças.

This study examined a sample of 100 national children's storybooks directed to pre-school children aged four to six years to identify words/utterances that denote mental states according to three views of analysis: via words and expressions in the text; via the pictures; and via presence of irony or false beliefs in the narrative. The analysis of mental words was realized by a group of tree people. It was found that 92 percent of the analyzed books contained internal state language, 12 percent contained situational irony, 11 percent contained false belief and the pictures represented the mental state concepts expressed in the text. The results point out that the national children's storybooks can be used as a resource to promote socio-cognitive development of clildren.