Framing the Latin American nutrition transition in a historical perspective, 1850 to the present / A constituição da transição nutricional latino-americana em uma perspectiva histórica, 1850 até o presente

Abstract This paper argues that many of the foundations and trends that led to the rise in obesity and other diet-related health problems in Latin America began to develop in the late nineteenth century. The tendency towards presentism in the nutrition transition literature provides a much abbreviated and limited history of changes in diet and weight. Whereas medical and nutrition researchers have tended to emphasize the recent onset of the crisis, a historical perspective suggests that increasingly global food sourcing prompted changes in foodways and a gradual "fattening" of Latin America. This paper also provides a methodological and historiographic exploration of how to historicize the nutrition transition, drawing on a diverse array of sources from pre-1980 to the present.

Resumo Este trabalho argumenta que fundamentos e tendências que levaram ao aumento da obesidade e de outros problemas de saúde relacionados à alimentação na América Latina começaram a surgir no final do século XIX. A propensão ao presentismo na literatura sobre transição nutricional produz uma história abreviada e limitada das mudanças em alimentação e peso. Embora pesquisadores médicos e nutricionistas enfatizem a recente instalação da crise, uma perspectiva histórica sugere que fontes alimentares crescentemente globalizadas resultaram em mudanças na alimentação e em gradual "aumento de gordura" na população latino-americana. O artigo propõe ainda a exploração metodológica e historiográfica de como historicizar a transição nutricional recorrendo a fontes pré-1980 até o momento.

"Descansar e dormir sem riscos": o Jornal do Médico (Portugal) e o desastre da talidomida, 1960-1962 / "Risk-free rest and sleep: " Jornal do Médico (Portugal) and the thalidomide disaster, 1960-1962

Resumo O artigo analisa como o periódico Jornal do Médico, editado na cidade do Porto, em Portugal, divulgou o desastre da talidomida. A pesquisa percorreu as páginas da fonte desde o início de 1960 até o final de 1962. Aqui, objetivam-se apontar e discutir duas questões interligadas: a morosidade em publicar matérias sobre os efeitos deletérios do medicamento, vendido no país sob a denominação Softenon®, e a construção discursiva da isenção da responsabilidade do médico no fenômeno da iatrogenia medicamentosa.

Abstract This article analyzes the way the Porto-based journal Jornal do Médico reported on the thalidomide disaster. The pages of the publication are researched from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1962 with the aim of identifying and discussing two interconnected questions: the delay in publishing news on the harmful effects of the drug, which was sold in the country under the brand name Softenon®, and the discursive construction of a lack of accountability on the part of physicians for the phenomenon of medication iatrogenesis.

Curas milagrosas: publicidades de medicamentos varios en la prensa santafesina, Argentina (1890-1918) / Miracle cures: advertisements for various medications in the Santa Fe press, Argentina (1890 -1918)

Resumen A fines del siglo XIX, en consonancia con otras regiones de Argentina y Latinoamérica, en la prensa santafesina se incrementó la oferta de productos para la salud como tónicos, pastillas y jarabes. Ofrecidos a un público no experto, prometían curar una serie de dolencias que definían como propias "de la vida moderna". El artículo analiza la dimensión discursiva de los avisos publicitarios aparecidos entre 1890 y 1918: cómo organizaron los sentidos sobre estas dolencias, interrogante que se inscribe en una amplia línea de estudios abocada a analizar las representaciones sociales sobre la salud y la enfermedad y cómo éstas participaron en las distintas esferas sociales en la constitución de la Argentina moderna.

Abstract In the late nineteenth century, as in other regions of Argentina and Latin America, the Santa Fe press featured a growing number of offers of health products such as tonics, pills and syrups. Aimed at a lay audience, these claimed to cure a series of conditions defined as belonging to "modern life." This article analyzes the discursive dimension of the advertisements printed between 1890 and 1918: how they organized meanings associated with these conditions, an issue that is inscribed within a broad line of research aimed at analyzing social representations of health and disease, and how they participated in the different social spheres in the constitution of modern-day Argentina.

El " específico homeopático ": legitimación comercial de la homeopatía en Barcelona (1902-1910) / The " homeopathic specific: " commercial legitimization of homeopathy in Barcelona (1902-1910)

Resumen El cambio en la posición que ocupaban los remedios homeopáticos en el mercado de la salud, derivado del emergente paradigma farmacológico, fue clave en la popularización de la homeopatía en España. La introducción de los específicos y sus técnicas de publicidad originó un aumento en la legitimación popular de la homeopatía y encontró en las pugnas entre diferentes profesionales un terreno abonado para la divulgación y la promoción de esta doctrina. El artículo analiza un caso de estudio contextualizado en Barcelona a principios del siglo XX, aproximándose desde diferentes perspectivas al nuevo rol del farmacéutico y el medicamento como divulgadores de la homeopatía y centrándose en las estrategias de la popularización de los remedios homeopáticos en España.

Abstract The change in position of homeopathic remedies in the health market produced by the emerging pharmacological paradigm was key to the popularization of homeopathy in Spain. The introduction of specifics and their marketing strategies led to a rise in popular legitimization of homeopathy, and the battles between different professionals created fertile ground for explaining and promoting this doctrine. This article analyzes a contextualized case in Barcelona in the early twentieth century, and explores from different perspectives the new role of pharmacists and medications in spreading homeopathy, centering on strategies for popularizing homeopathic remedies in Spain.

At 100 years of Gaceta Médica de México resumption

Gaceta Médica de México, official journal of the National Academy of Medicine of Mexico, began its circulation on September 15, 1864, and continues to be positioned as the oldest medical periodical publication. However, its publication was temporarily interrupted. The present study analyzes the interruption suffered by Gaceta in 1916, its resumption in 1919, and the causes that originated that discontinuity. The consequences of the so-called Mexican revolution and the enthusiasm and commitment of the academy and its editors to continue working for the progress of national medicine are discussed.

Desenmascarando a los impostores: Los médicos profesionales y su lucha contra los falsos médicos en Perú / Unmasking impostors: Professional physicians and their struggle against fake doctors in Peru

RESUMEN La caracterización de sanadores no-titulados como "charlatanes" o "impostores" ha influido notablemente en cómo han sido percibidos por la opinión pública y en las investigaciones académicas. Se creó, entonces, una división entre los médicos profesionales y aquellos que adquirieron su conocimiento de modo tradicional y no-académico. Este artículo cuestiona la supuesta división entre dichos especialistas en el campo de la salud para ofrecer un cuadro más complejo y rico de prácticas locales a partir del caso peruano. A partir, sobre todo, de correspondencia de la Facultad de Medicina de Lima y de avisos en periódicos, reconstruimos la dinámica de las autoridades médicas en sus intentos, muchas veces infructuosos, de contener y excluir a sanadores de origen asiático, europeo o local. Para ello, estudiamos dos artefactos diseñados para legitimar y monitorear a los médicos formados profesionalmente: los títulos o diplomas y las listas de graduados, predecesores de nuestros modernos documentos de identidad y bases de datos.

ABSTRACT The characterization of non-professional healers as "quacks" or "impostors" has influenced much of how such actors have been perceived by public opinion and in academic research. As a result of this, a divide has emerged between professional physicians, on the one hand, and those who acquired their knowledge in a traditional and non-academic way, on the other. This work questions the alleged divide between these two groups in the health field in order to offer a more complex and richer picture of local practices in Peru. Based mainly on correspondence from the Faculty of Medicine in Lima and newspaper ads, we reconstructed the attempts made by medical authorities to contain and exclude healers of Asian, European, or local backgrounds, many of which failed. For this reason, we studied two specific devices designed to legitimate and monitor physicians trained professionally: degrees or diplomas and lists of graduates, both of which are predecessors to our current identification cards and databases.

A concorrência na arte de partejar na cidade do Rio de Janeiro entre 1835 e 1900 / Competition in the arts of midwifery in the city of Rio de Janeiro from 1835 to 1900

Resumo Este artigo discute a concorrência entre parteiras e médicos na oferta dos serviços de partos na cidade do Rio de Janeiro entre 1835 e 1900. Foram analisadas as atas da congregação, os livros do curso de partos e de termos de exames de verificação de médicos, cirurgiões, boticários e parteiras da Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro, além de anúncios e propagandas de médicos e parteiras nas colunas "Anúncios" e "Indicações Úteis" do Jornal do Commercio . Observa-se como o aumento do número de médicos-parteiros e seus discursos científicos contribuíram para que as parteiras se vissem obrigadas a diversificar a clientela, instalando-se e atendendo em áreas populares e inóspitas.

Abstract The article discusses competition between midwives and doctors offering birth-related services in the city of Rio de Janeiro from 1835 to 1900. The research analyzed minutes from meetings, textbooks on births, and terms from qualification examinations for physicians, surgeons, apothecaries, and midwives at the Rio de Janeiro Medical School (Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro), as well as announcements by and advertisements for doctors and midwives in columns featuring advertisements and useful recommendations in the Jornal do Commercio newspaper. An increase in the number of delivery physicians, and their scientific discourses led midwives to feel an obligation to diversify their clientele, consequently establishing themselves and working in lower-class and inhospitable areas.

A saúde via consumo: a representação idealizada das donas de casa, mães e esposas nos manuais de economia doméstica e nos anúncios das revistas O Cruzeiro e Manchete, 1940-1960* / Health via consumption: the idealized representation of housewives, mothers, and wives in household economics manuals and magazine advertisements in O Cruzeiro and Manchete, 1940-1960*

Resumo Analisa a relação entre a representação da mulher idealizada nos manuais de economia doméstica e das figuras femininas dos anúncios publicados nas revistas O Cruzeiro e Manchete entre as décadas de 1940 e 1960. Com propostas editoriais diferentes, os manuais e as revistas se voltavam - predominantemente - para mulheres que exerciam as funções de esposa, dona de casa, mãe e empregada doméstica. Apesar dessa nítida delimitação de papéis, havia uma tensão em torno da figura feminina que já não se mostrava tão resignada ao lar e já ocupava postos de trabalho na esfera pública. O consumo se transformaria no denominador comum entre essas diferentes mulheres. Os novos produtos garantiriam saúde, conforto e praticidade a todas.

Abstract The relationship between the representation of the idealized woman in the household economics manuals and the female figures of the advertisements published in O Cruzeiro and Manchete magazines between the 1940s and 1960s is analyzed. With different editorial proposals, manuals and magazines were predominantly directed at women who performed the duties of wife, housewife, mother and maid. Despite this clear definition of roles, there existed some tension around the female figure who was no longer tied to the home and already occupied jobs in the public sphere. Consumption became the common denominator among these different women. The new products guaranteed health, comfort and practicality to all concerned.

Sanadores inesperados: medicina china en la era de migración global (Lima y California, 1850-1930) / Unexpected healers: Chinese medicine in the age of global migration (Lima and California, 1850-1930)

Resumen Las masivas olas de migrantes chinos que llegaron a California y Lima en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX jugaron un rol clave en la expansión de la medicina china en ambos contextos. Desde fines de la década de 1860, los herbolarios expandieron su sistema de sanación más allá de su comunidad étnica, transformando la medicina china en una de las prácticas de sanación más adoptada por la población local. Desde una perspectiva comparada, este artículo examina las divergentes trayectorias de los sanadores chinos en Perú y EEUU, así como los factores sociales y políticos que determinaron la adaptación de este conocimiento médico, foráneo, en su nuevo entorno.

Abstract The massive waves of Chinese migrants arriving in California and Lima in the second half of the nineteenth century played a crucial role in expanding Chinese medicine in both settings. From the late 1860s on, herbalists expanded their healing system beyond their ethnic community, transforming Chinese medicine into one of the healing practices most widely adopted by the local population. This article uses a comparative approach to examine the diverging trajectories of Chinese healers in Peru and the USA, as well as the social and political factors that determined how this foreign medical knowledge adapted to its new environments.

Propagandas de remédio na imprensa ilustrada e a imagem da enfermeira brasileira (1920-1925) / Medication advertisements in the illustrated press and the image of Brazilian nurses (1920-1925) / Propagandas de remedios en la prensa ilustrada y la imagen de la enfermera brasileña (1920-1925)

Estudo histórico-social sobre efeito simbólico das propagandas de remédios protagonizadas por mulheres com representações objetais utilizadas por enfermeiras, veiculadas na Revista Fon-Fon, que descreve as propagandas de remédios veiculadas neste meio de comunicação; analisa as representações objetais da imagem da enfermeira presente nessas propagandas e discute o efeito simbólico dessas representações para o consumo do remédio pela sociedade brasileira. As fontes documentais foram escritas, iconográficas e literatura referentes à História do Brasil, da Imprensa, da Propaganda e da Enfermagem. As propagandas de remédios analisadas, mediante uma matriz de análise baseada em conceitos da semiótica, derivam da Revista Fon-Fon. O estudo evidenciou que as propagandas analisadas investiram em representações objetais utilizadas pelas enfermeiras, de modo a obterem credibilidade em relação ao medicamento anunciado.

This is a historical and social study about the symbolic effect of medication advertisements presented by women using object representations used by nurses, featured on Fon-Fon Magazine, which describes the medication advertisements featured on Fon-Fon Magazine; analyzes the object representations of the nurse image present in the referred advertisements and discusses on the symbolic effect of those representations on the consumption of medication by the Brazilian society. The document sources were in print, iconographic and literature referring to the History of Brazil, the Press, Advertising and of Nursing. The medication advertisements, analyzed using an analysis matrix based on concepts of semiotics, were obtained from the Fon-Fon Magazine. The study showed that the analyzed advertisements invested in object representations used by nurses to gain reliability regarding the medication being announced.

Estudio histórico-social sobre el efecto simbólico de las propagandas de remedios protagonizadas por mujeres con representaciones objetivas utilizadas por enfermeras, publicadas en la Revista Fon-Fon, que describe las propagandas de remedios exhibidas en tal publicación, analiza las representaciones objetivas de la imagen de la enfermera presente en tales propagandas y discute el efecto simbólico de tales representaciones para el consumo del medicamento por parte de la sociedad brasileña. Las fuentes documentales fueron escritas, iconográficas y bibliografía referente a la historia de Brasil, de la prensa, de la publicidad y de la enfermería. Las propagandas de remedios examinadas a través de una matriz de análisis basada en conceptos de semiótica, corresponden a la citada revista Fon-Fon. El estudio evidenció que las propagandas estudiadas se orientaron a utilizar a la enfermera como representación objetiva con el fin de que el medicamento anunciado goce de una mayor credibilidad.

Modern Medicine Environment and Adaptation of Korean Trader for Medicinal Herbs From the Late 19th Century to the Early 20th Century / 의사학

Since the late 18th century, the Korean traditional medicine trade witnessed a steady growth. There were lots of stores which sold Korean medicinal herbs in Seoul and every major towns had at least one or more stores in Korea, which led to a subsequent growth of people involved in the trade. However, Korean medicine merchants encountered a new environment with the influx of western medicines after the Opening of Ports and the execution of modern medicine policies. Such change of atmosphere led the merchants to seek new breakthroughs. Some of the merchants found the answer in producing and selling patent medicine. The people in the industry had little knowledge of western medicine, so that they had little choice but to combine their experience of Korean medicine with whatever information they had about western counterpart. Such resolution generated a new kind of medicine known as patent medicine. Patent medicine businessmen observed the new medicine policies of the Korean Empire. Some visionary ones even sought to eagerly utilize the trademark system to secure the selling route. The Japanese colonial government strengthened the medicine policies. It revised the legislature and mobilized administrative powers to manage and control the industry. However, such colonial policies in the 1910s implicated certain limits due to its lack of understanding of Korean medicine industry. Also, the colonial government showed poor efforts in introducing modern medicine facilities and systems, so that the ground was set for the patent medicine business to flourish. Patent medicine enjoyed a high turnover. So, the entrepreneurs endeavored to promote the sales in whatever means necessary. The most basic form of advertisement was through the newspaper. Indirect promotion through newspaper articles, issuing medicine flyers, free gift draw, reputation of an influential expert were widely used for its sales. Consequently, patent medicine industry in the 1910s saw a healthy prosperity. One example of such golden days was the case of Hwapyungdangyakbabg(one of the biggest patent medicine companies), which won a third place along with Kyungsungbangjik, which was the top Korean company at that time, in the advertisement design contest hosted by the classified department of Dong-a Daily in 1926. But actually, a few Japanese medicine merchants led the industry. So prosperity of Korean medicine merchant had its limits.