Rabdomiosarcoma botrioide del aparato genital femenino en una adolescente virgen / Botryoid Rhabdomyosarcoma of the Female Genital Tract in a Virgin Adolescent

El rabdomiosarcoma es un tumor complejo y de gran malignidad que se origina en las células de la mesénquima embrionaria con capacidad para diferenciarse en células musculares esqueléticas. Este es el tumor maligno de tejido blando más frecuente. Representa aproximadamente 3,5 por ciento de los casos de cáncer en niños de 0 a 14 años de edad. Se presenta una paciente adolescente y virgen en la que se diagnostica histológicamente rabdomiosarcoma botrioide de la vagina. La presentación clínica del rabdomiosarcoma embrionario variedad botrioide es, en general, una masa que protruye por la uretra o el introito vaginal, o por la presencia de flujo fétido o sangrado vaginal en niñas menores de 2 años. En estas lesiones el apoyo diagnóstico con inmunohistoquímica es de vital importancia. El pronóstico de esta enfermedad está determinado por variables como el tamaño tumoral, órgano comprometido, edad del paciente, resultado quirúrgico (R0/R1) y presencia de metástasis. La evaluación médica multidisciplinaria precoz y oportuna permitirá siempre establecer un diagnóstico y tratamiento adecuados(AU)

Rhabdomyosarcoma is a complex and highly malignant tumor that originates in the cells of the embryonic mesenchyme with the ability to differentiate into skeletal muscle cells. This is the most common malignant soft tissue tumor. It represents approximately 3.5 percent of cancer cases in children from zero to 14 years of age. A case of a virgin adolescent patient is presented. A botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma of the vagina was diagnosed histologically. The clinical presentation of embryonic botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma variety is, in general, a mass that protrudes through the urethra or vaginal introitus, or the presence of fetid flow or vaginal bleeding in girls under 2 years. In these lesions, diagnostic support with immunohistochemistry is of vital importance. The prognosis of this disease is determined by variables such as tumor size, compromised organ, age of the patient, surgical result (R0 / R1) and presence of metastasis. Early and timely multidisciplinary medical evaluation will always allow an adequate diagnosis and treatment to be established(AU)

A fifty-year review of soft tissue sarcomas in Jamaica: 1958-2007 / Cincuenta años de revisión de los sarcomas de tejidos blandos en Jamaica: 1958-2007

OBJECTIVE: To determine the distribution of histologic subtypes of soft tissue sarcomas (STS) in Kingston and St Andrew, Jamaica, according to age and topography. METHODS: From the Jamaica Cancer Registry (JCR) archives, all cases of STS diagnosed between 1958 and 2007 were extracted. For each case, age, gender, histological diagnosis and anatomical site of tumour were recorded. Patients were categorized according to age at diagnosis as: children (0-14 years) and adults (> 14 years), and the distribution of histologic diagnoses with respect to age and anatomical site were analysed. RESULTS: There were 432 cases (67 children, 364 adults, one person of unknown age) of STS recorded in the JCR over the 50-year period (218 males, 214 females). The commonest STS in adults were "sarcoma, not otherwise specified [NOS]" (20.1%), malignant fibrous histiocytoma [MFH] (17.9%), fibrosarcoma (12.4%), liposarcoma (10.7%) and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour [MPNST] (10.2%). In children, they were neuroblastoma (38.8%), rhabdomyosarcoma (23.9%), "sarcoma, NOS" (9%), fibrosarcoma (6%) and MFH (6%). In adults, the lower limb was the commonest location, followed by trunk and/or upper limb for MFH, fibrosarcoma and liposarcoma, and head and neck for MPNST. In children, head and neck was the commonest site for rhabdomyosarcoma, head and neck and upper limb for MFH, retroperitoneum for neuroblastoma and trunk for fibrosarcoma. CONCLUSION: A high proportion of soft tissue sarcomas in Jamaica are unclassified and the anatomical distribution of common classified sarcomas shows some differences with the literature. Limited access to immunohistochemistry/molecular diagnostics and increasing core biopsy diagnosis may contribute to these phenomena.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la distribución de subtipos histológicos de sarcomas de tejido blando (STB) en Kingston y Saint Andrew, Jamaica, según la edad y la topografía. MÉTODOS: De los archivos del Registro de Cáncer de Jamaica, se extrajeron todos los casos de STB diagnosticados entre 1958 y 2007. Para cada uno de los casos, se registró la edad, el género, el diagnóstico histológico, y el sitio anatómico del tumor. Los pacientes fueron clasificados de acuerdo con la edad en el momento del diagnóstico, bajo las categorías de niños (0-14 años) y adultos (> 14 años), y se analizó la distribución de diagnósticos histológicos con respecto a la edad y el sitio anatómico. RESULTADOS: Se registraron 432 casos de STB (67 niños, 364 adultos, una persona de edad desconocida) en el JCR en un período de 50 años (218 varones, 214 hembras). Los STB más comunes en los adultos fueron "el sarcoma no especificado [NE]" (20.1%), el histiocitoma fibroso maligno [HFM] (17.9%), el fibrosarcoma (12.4%), el liposarcoma (10.7%), y el tumor maligno de la vaina del nervio periférico [TMVNP] (10.2%). En los niños, se trató de los neuroblastomas (38.8%), los rabdomiosarcomas (23.9%), "los sarcomas NE" (9%), los fibrosarcomas (6%), y los HFM (6%). En los adultos, los miembros inferiores fueron el lugar más común, seguido del tronco y/o los miembros superiores para el HFM, el fibrosarcoma y el liposarcoma; y la cabeza y el cuello para el TMVNP. En los niños, la cabeza y el cuello fueron el sitio más común para el rabdomiosarcoma; la cabeza, el cuello y los miembros superiores para el HFM; el retroperitoneo para el neuroblastoma; y el tronco para el fibrosarcoma. CONCLUSIÓN: Una proporción alta de sarcomas de tejidos blandos en Jamaica no están clasificados, y la distribución anatómica de sarcomas clasificados comunes muestran algunas diferencias con la literatura. El acceso limitado a los diagnósticos moleculares/inmunohistoquímicos, y el aumento de los diagnósticos centrales, pueden contribuir a estos fenómenos.

Tumores de testículo em crianças e adolescentes / Testicular tumors in children and adolescents

OBJETIVO: Avaliar comparativamente aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos dos tumores de testículo na infância e adolescência. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva dos prontuários de pacientes com neoplasias de testículo ou paratesticulares. Foram classificados como crianças os menores de 10 anos e como adolescentes os pacientes entre 10 e 20 anos. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados por meio do teste para duas proporções: teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney e teste de log-rank. RESULTADOS: No período de janeiro de 1992 a julho de 2009, foram admitidos 60 pacientes: 34 crianças e 26 adolescentes com neoplasias de testículo ou paratesticulares. As principais manifestações foram tumor e dor na bolsa escrotal. A queixa de dor foi mais comum em adolescentes (p = 0,006). Estes apresentaram tempo médio de história de 4,9 meses, mais prolongado do que crianças, com 2,3 meses (p = 0,01). Os tipos histológicos encontrados foram: tumores de células germinativas em 32/60 (53 por cento), rabdomiossarcomas (RMSs) em 23/60 (38,3 por cento) e outros em 5/60 (8,3 por cento). Os adolescentes apresentaram maior frequência de RMSs, metástases em linfonodos (p = 0,003) e a distância (p = 0,035). As diferenças na sobrevida dos pacientes estudados não foram estatisticamente significantes, havendo apenas indicativo de que a sobrevida, nos casos de RMS, é maior nas crianças (p = 0,072). CONCLUSÕES: Os adolescentes com tumor testicular apresentaram maior tempo de história, tipo histológico agressivo e doença avançada ao diagnóstico quando comparados às crianças, a despeito da pequena amostra.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a comparative assessment of the clinical and epidemiological aspects of testicular tumors in childhood and adolescence. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of medical records of patients with testicular or paratesticular neoplasms. Patients under 10 years were classified as children and patients between 10 and 20 were classified as adolescents. The obtained results were compared through the two-sample test for proportions: non-parametric Mann-Whitney test and log-rank test. RESULTS: 60 patients were admitted in the period from January 1992 to July 2009: 34 children and 26 adolescents with testicular or paratesticular neoplasms. The main manifestations were testicular tumor and scrotal pain. Pain complaints were more common in adolescents (p = 0.006), who presented a mean time from disease onset to diagnosis of 4.9 months, longer than children, who presented a period of 2.3 months from disease onset to diagnosis (p = 0.01). Histological types were as follows: germ cell tumors in 32/60 (53 percent), rhabdomyosarcomas (RMSs) in 23/60 (38.3 percent), and other in 5/60 (8.3 percent). Adolescents presented a higher incidence of RMSs, lymph node metastases (p = 0.003) and distant metastases (p = 0.035). Differences in survival rates among the studied patients were not statistically significant, the only indicative being that survival in RMS cases is longer for children (p = 0.072). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to children, adolescents with testicular tumor presented longer time from disease onset to diagnosis, aggressive histological type and advanced illness at diagnosis, despite the small sample analyzed.

Rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of 29 cases

Rhabdomyosarcoma is a malignant tumor occurring more frequently in the childhood. The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features of rhabdomyosarcomas of the head and neck (RHNs). Twenty nine patients treated in a single institution were selected. The histological slides were reviewed and the tumors were classified. The immunohistochemical reactions were performed using antibodies against vimentin, desmin, myogenin, MyoD1, AE1/AE3, p53, PCNA, Ki67, C-erbB2, FAS and CDK4. The mean age was 14.3 years. The nonparameningeal site was affected in 16 cases (55.2 percent). Eleven cases (37.9 percent) affected parameningeal sites and 2 cases the orbit. The p53 was positive in 4 cases (13.8 percent), CDK4 in 10 cases (34.5 percent), C-erbB2 in 19 cases (70.4 percent), FAS in 9 cases (31 percent), PCNA in 28 cases (96.5 percent) and Ki67 in 16 cases (55.2 percent). The overall survival was 28.7 percent in 5 and 10 years, and p53 expression may be related with poor prognosis.

Rabdomiossarcoma é um tumor maligno que ocorre mais frequentemente na infância. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as características clinicopatológicas e imunohistoquímicas dos rabdosiossarcomas de cabeça e pescoço. Vinte e nove pacientes tratados em uma única instituição foram selecionados. As lâminas histológicas foram revisadas e os tumores foram classificados. As reações imunohistoquímicas foram realizadas usando anticorpos contra vimentina, desmina, miogenina, MyoD1, AE1/AE3, p53, PCNA, Ki67, C-erbB2, FAS e CDK4. A idade média dos pacientes foi de 14,3 anos. Localização não-parameningeal foi o sítio mais afetado correspondendo a 16 casos (55,2 por cento). Onze casos (37,9 por cento) afetaram sítios parameningeais e em 2 casos a órbita. p53 foi positivo em 4 casos (13,8 por cento), CDK4 em 10 casos (34,5 por cento), C-erbB2 em 19 casos (70,4 por cento), FAS em 9 casos (31 por cento), PCNA em 28 casos (96,5 por cento) e Ki67 em 16 casos (55,2 por cento). A sobrevida global foi 28,7 por cento em 5 e 10 anos, e a expressão de p53 pode estar relacionado ao pior prognóstico.

Processos expansivos orbitoesfenoidais: estudo anatomopatológico de 82 casos / Orbito-sphenoidal expansive processes: an anatomopathological study of 82 cases

OBJETIVO: Descrever os processos expansivos orbitoesfenoidais diagnosticados no Laboratório de Anatomia Patológica da Fundação Faculdade Federal de Ciências Médicas de Porto Alegre - Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre durante o período de 15 anos, avaliando sua frequência relativa aos demais processos tumorais. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado levantamento estatístico de todos os tumores de órbita com diagnóstico anatomopatológico durante o período de janeiro de 1968 a dezembro de 1982, e correlacionada a frequência de tumores de órbita com o número total de tumores diagnosticados neste Laboratório por um período de 5 anos. RESULTADOS: Foram diagnosticados 82 casos de processos expansivos que acometiam a órbita no período estudado, sendo 20,7 por cento do total (17 casos) em crianças (até 14 anos) e os 79,3 por cento restantes (65 casos) em adultos. As crianças apresentaram mais frequentemente gliomas de nervo óptico (4 de 6 casos - 66,6 por cento), retinoblastomas (4 casos - 100 por cento) e rabdomiossarcomas (3 de 4 casos - 75 por cento). Outros diagnósticos menos frequentes em crianças foram meningioma do nervo óptico, neurofibroma, pseudotumor inflamatório, dacrioadenite crônica, neuroma e processo inflamatório crônico. Já a população adulta apresentou maior incidência de carcinomas basocelulares (18 casos), carcinomas epidermóides (12 casos), meningiomas (10 casos), melanomas malignos de coróide (3 casos) e tumores de glândula lacrimal (7 casos). Tumores derivados de estruturas ósseas ou vasculares, pseudotumores e cistos epidermóides intraorbitários foram também diagnosticados, entre outros. De um total de 2.639 tumores diagnosticados neste Laboratório no período de 5 anos (1976 a 1980), foram encontrados 22 tumores orbitários, perfazendo 0,8 por cento do total de casos. CONCLUSÕES: O estudo anatomopatológico destes processos é de fundamental importância para o diagnóstico e para o estabelecimento de terapêuticas adequadas. As ...

PURPOSE: To describe the orbito-sphenoidal expansive processes diagnosed at the Anatomo-Pathological Laboratory of the Fundação Faculdade Federal de Ciências Médicas de Porto Alegre - Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre during a period of 15 years, evaluating their relative frequencies among other tumoral processes. METHODS: We performed a statistical analysis of all orbital tumors with anatomicopathological diagnosis from January 1968 to December 1982, comparing the frequency of orbital tumors with the total number of tumors diagnosed at this Laboratory in a period of 5 years. RESULTS: Eighty-two cases were diagnosed of expansive processes involving the orbit in 15 years - 20.7 percent of the total (17 cases) affecting children (up to 14 years-old) and the remaining 79.3 percent (65 cases) affecting adults. Children presented more frequently optic nerve gliomas (4 of 6 cases 66.6 percent), retinoblastomas (4 cases - 100 percent) and rhabdomiosarcomas (3 of 4 cases - 75 percent). Less frequent diseases in children were optic nerve meningioma, neurofibroma, inflammatory pseudotumor, chronic dacryoadenitis, neuroma and chronic inflammatory process. The adult population presented more cases of basal cell carcinomas (18 cases), squamous cell carciomas (12 cases), meningiomas (10 cases), choroidal malignant melanoma (3 cases) and lacrimal gland tumors (7 cases). Tumors originated from bone or vascular structures, pseudo-tumors, and intraorbital epidermic cysts were also diagnosed, among others. Of a sum of 2,639 tumors diagnosed at this Laboratory in the time period of 5 years (1976 to 1980), there were 22 cases of orbital tumors, reaching a total of 0.8 percent of all cases. CONCLUSIONS: The anatomicopathological study of these processes is somehow important to diagnose and to establish an adequate therapy. The incidence of the expansive processes involving the orbit allows an epidemiological characterization of the different medical ...

Rhabdomyosarcoma in Karachi 1998-2002.

The epidemiological features of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), an uncommon malignancy composed of cells with histopathologic features of striated muscle, were studied in Pakistan. Incident RMS cases recorded at the Karachi Cancer Registry during 1998 to 2004 were reviewed and to ensure maximum completeness of data, only those registered between 1998 and 2002 were considered for the present study. Two hundred and seventeen cases were reported to the Karachi Cancer Registry during this five-year period. One hundred and forty eight of the patients (60.4% males; 39.6% females) were residents of Karachi. The crude and standardized annual incidence rates/100,000 were 0.3 for males and 0.2 for females. The incidence was 0.5 in children below 15 years of age. The primary RMS sites in males were head and neck (28.1%), extremities (25.8%), genitourinary (GU) tract (17.9%), trunk (9.0%), orbit (7.9%), and retroperitoneum (3.4%). RMS occurred at other sites in 7.9% of the patients. Corresponding frequencies in females were head and neck (35.6%), extremities (16.9%), GU tract (16.9%), trunk (8.5%), orbit (8.5%) and other sites in 13.6%. Approximately 60% of the cases were childhood RMS and three fourths were below 21 years. The mean age of RMS cases all sites, males, was 18.5 years (95% CI 15.6; 21.4); for childhood RMS, 7.5 years (95% CI 6.0; 9.2); and for adult RMS 34.2 years (95% CI 28.3;40.2). In females, the corresponding figures were 18.2 (95% CI 13.7; 22.7); 6.6 (95% CI 5.0; 8.1) and 33.9 (95% CI 27.5; 40.5), respectively. One hundred cases were retraceable, and the mean survival time, RMS all sites and ages in both genders, was 1.5 years (95% CI 1.1; 1.9). The 5-year survival was 10%, and 3-year survival was 30% whereas 16.7% of the patients died within a year of diagnosis. The indicators of poor prognosis, a late presentation, rapid evolution, advanced disease, tumor burden (tumor size >5.cms) and regional lymph node involvement, are characteristic of RMS in Karachi. Recent advances in RMS multimodality treatment protocols have improved RMS prognosis in patients with limited disease. Pakistan should focus on early diagnosis and prompt treatment of malignancies. This requires health education for the general population to create awareness and training of health professionals at all levels to promote early diagnosis. An RMS group is required, which would monitor the treatment, recurrence, patient education and provide psychosocial support. Cytogenetic studies are advised for a better understanding of biologic differences in RMS cases in this population.

Sarcomas de partes blandas en la infancia / Chilhood soft tissue sarcomas

Se revisaron los expedientes de 72 pacientes con diagnóstico de sarcoma de partes blandas, registrados entre 1980 y 1994 en el Instituto Nacional de Pediatría de México. La edad promedio entre los casos con rabdomiosarcoma fue de 5.9 años y de 10.3 años en los que tenían no-rabdomiosarcomas. El 86 por ciento de los casos correspondieron a rabdomiosarcomas y el 14 por ciento restante no-rabdomiosarcomas. El tipo histológico más común en los rabdomiosarcoma fue el embrionario, seguido por la variedad alveolar. El 95 por ciento de los rabdiomiosarcomas se diagnosticaron en estadio III y IV. Se revisaron dos grupos de tratamiento: un grupo de enfermos tratados entre 1980 y 1990 con el esquema VC (vincristina, actinomicina D y ciclofosfamida) y otro de pacientes tratados entre 1990 y 1994 con VACP (esquema VAC más cisplatino); no hubo diferencia entre uno y otro grupos en cuanto a la supervivencia (p = 0.11). Se detectaron 10 casos de sarcomas no-rabdomiosarcomas; el más frecuente (50 por ciento de los casos) fue el Schwanoma maligno; todos los pacientes acudieron en etapas avanzadas; de éstos, sólo cuatro se encuentran con vida

Neoplasias malignas do globo ocular e demais conteúdos orbitários no Hospital Erasto Gaertner - (1973/1986) / Malignant neoplasms of ocular globe and others orbital contents at Erasto Gaertner Hospital (1973/1986)

Os autores apresentam a freqüência das neoplasias malígnas do Globo Ocular e Demais Conteúdos Orbitários. Estudam os 69 casos destas neoplasias malígnas atendidas no Hospital Erasto Gaertner, no período de 1973 a 1986, comparando-as com as freqüencias em relaçäo as outras regiöes anatômicas. Fazem um levantamento da literatura sobre a freqüência destes tumores em outros países e regiöes braileiras, procurando evidenciar algumas diferenças regionais

Sarcomas de partes blandas: análisis de su comportamiento / Soft tissue sarcomas: analysis of its behaviour

Se estudian 200 casos de sarcomas de partes blandas que abarcan las variedades histológicas más frecuentes inscriptas en el Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología durante los años 1963 a 1972 conjuntamente con la información obtenida por el Registro Nacional del Cáncer acerca de estos tumores y los trabajos publicados por nuestro centro desde 1963 a 1983 para analizar el comportamiento de esta enfermedad, y llegar a la conclusión de que los tumores malignos de las partes blandas son lesiones que se observan con relativa poca frecuencia, pero su incidencia y mortalidad han tenido tendencia a elevarse constantemente en los últimos años. La enfermedad se observa en todas las edades de preferencia por encima de los 30 años, y predomina en el sexo masculino, y son los tipos histológicos fundamentales: fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma y rabdomiosarcoma. Los miembros inferiores ocupan el primer lugar en cuanto a localización, pero la enfermedad está muy estrechamente relacionada con la Histología. El sinoviosarcoma y el neurofibrosarcoma se comportan como las lesiones más agresivas por su alto poder de metastización y su elevado índice de metástasis pulmonares y ganglionares. El tratamiento más adecuado es el que contempla el empleo de las armas terapéuticas fundamentales: Cirugía, radiaciones y poliquimioterapia como un todo sincrónico, ajustable, donde se aplica cada una de ellas en el momento requerido. La supervivencia global de 5 años fue del 39%, que está en dependencia con la extensión y localización de la lesión, la edad de presentación, el tipo histológico, el grado de diferenciación tumoral y el tratamiento empleado, como factores fundamentales