In vitro antioxidant properties, free radicals scavenging activities of extracts and polyphenol composition of a non-timber forest product used as spice: Monodora myristica

BACKGROUND: Excessive production of free radicals causes direct damage to biological molecules such as DNA, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates leading to tumor development and progression. Natural antioxidant molecules from phytochemicals of plant origin may directly inhibit either their production or limit their propagation or destroy them to protect the system. In the present study, Monodora myristica a non-timber forest product consumed in Cameroon as spice was screened for its free radical scavenging properties, antioxidant and enzymes protective activities. Its phenolic compound profile was also realized by HPLC. RESULTS: This study demonstrated that M. myristica has scavenging properties against DPPH',OH',NO', and ABTS'radicals which vary in a dose depending manner. It also showed an antioxidant potential that was comparable with that of Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) and vitamin C used as standard. The aqueous ethanol extract of M. myristica barks (AEH); showed a significantly higher content in polyphenolic compounds (21.44 ± 0.24 mg caffeic acid/g dried extract) and flavonoid (5.69 ± 0.07 quercetin equivalent mg/g of dried weight) as compared to the other studied extracts. The HPLC analysis of the barks and leaves revealed the presence of several polyphenols. The acids (3,4-OH-benzoic, caffeic, gallic, O- and P- coumaric, syringic, vanillic), alcohols (tyrosol and OH-tyrosol), theobromine, quercetin, rutin, catechine and apigenin were the identified and quantified polyphenols. All the tested extracts demonstrated a high protective potential on the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and peroxidase activities. CONCLUSION: Finally, the different extracts from M. myristica and specifically the aqueous ethanol extract reveal several properties such as higher free radical scavenging properties, significant antioxidant capacities and protective potential effects on liver enzymes.

Synthesis and molecular-cellular mechanistic study of pyridine derivative of dacarbazine

Dacarbazine is an antitumor prodrug which is used for the treatment of malignant metastatic melanoma and Hodgkin's disease. It requires initial activation in liver through an N-demethylationreaction. The active metabolite prevents the progress of disease via alkylation of guanine bases in DNA strands. In order to investigate the importance of imidazole ring and its dynamictautomerization in anticancer activity of dacarbazine, a pyridine analog of this drug was synthesized and the cytotoxic activity and cellular-molecular mechanisms of action for this compound were compared with those of dacarbazine. EC50 values for dacarbazine and the pyridine analog were found to be 56 micro M and 33 micro M respectively. Both dacarbazine and the pyridine analog resulted in formation of reactive oxygen species [ROS] upon their addition to the isolated rat hepatocytes. They also decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential and caused lysosomal membrane rupture. Cytotoxicity was prevented by ROS scavengers and antioxidants. Cytotoxicity was also prevented by CYP[450] inhibitors, lysosomalinactivators and MPT [Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore] blockers

Ischemic preconditioning in the rat hippocampus increases antioxidant activities but does not affect the level of hydroxyl radicals during subsequent severe ischemia

Several studies have demonstrated that ischemic preconditioning increases superoxide dismutase activity, but it is unclear how ischemic preconditioning affects events downstream of hydrogen peroxide production during subsequent severe ischemia and reperfusion in the hippocampus. To answer this question, we investigated whether ischemic preconditioning in the hippocampal CA1 region increases the activities of antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and catalase, resulting in a decrease in the level of hydroxyl radicals during subsequent severe ischemia-reperfusion. Transient forebrain ischemia was induced by four-vessel occlusion in rats. Ischemic preconditioning for 3 min or a sham operation was performed and a 15-min severe ischemia was induced three days later. Ischemic preconditioning preserved the CA1 hippocampal neurons following severe ischemia. The concentration of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, an indicator of hydroxyl radical, was measured using in vivo microdialysis technique combined with HPLC. The ischemia-induced increase in the ratio of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid concentration relative to baseline did not differ significantly between preconditioned and control groups. On the other hand, activities of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase-1 and catalase were significantly increased at 3 days after ischemic preconditioning in the hippocampus. Our results suggest that, in preconditioned rats, while hydrogen peroxide is generated from severe ischemia, the activity of catalase and glutathione peroxidase-1 is correspondingly increased to eliminate the excessive hydrogen peroxide. However, our results show that the enhanced activity of these antioxidant enzymes in preconditioned rats is not sufficient to decrease hydroxyl radical levels during subsequent severe ischemia-reperfusion.

Oxyradicals under UV-b stress and their quenching by antioxidants.

Formation of oxyradicals under UV-B stress was investigated using cucumber cotyledons. UV-B radiation induced production of free radicals which were analyzed by ESR spectroscopy. Evidence was obtained for the formation of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals in the tissues by comparing PBN-adducts formed with radicals obtained by chemical autooxidation of KO2 and Fenton's reaction. Addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) to the reaction mixture partially reduced the intensity of signals confirming the production of superoxide radical as well as hydroxyl radicals. These radicals were quenched in vitro by the natural antioxidants alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid and benzoquinone. Changes in the level of antioxidants were also monitored under UV-B stress. The endogenous level of ascorbic acid was enhanced and alpha-tocopherol level was reduced in the tissue after exposure to UV-B radiation. The present report happens to be the first direct evidence obtained for the formation of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals in plant tissues exposed to UV-B radiation.

Free radical changes in methanol toxicity.

Role of free radicals in methanol toxicity was evaluated in methanol treated albino rats. Methanol intoxication increased lipid peroxidation and depleted the free radical scavenging enzyme systems. The free radical quenching effect of vitamin E protected the animals from methanol induced free radical damage.

Hypoglycemic effect of methanol extract of Phyllanthus amarus Schum & Thonn on alloxan induced diabetes mellitus in rats and its relation with antioxidant potential.

Methanolic extract of P. amarus was found to have potential anti-oxidant activity as it could inhibit lipid peroxidation, and scavenge hydroxyl and superoxide radicals in vitro. The amount required for 50% inhibition of lipid peroxide formation was 104 microg/ml and the concentrations needed to scavenge hydroxyl and superoxide radicals were 117 and 19 microg/ml respectively. The extract was found to reduce the blood sugar in alloxan diabetic rats at 4th hr by 6% at a dose level of 200 mg/kg body wt and 18.7% at a concentration of 1000 mg/kg body wt. Continued administration of the extract for 15 days produced significant (P < 0.001) reduction in blood sugar. On 18th day after alloxan administration values were almost similar to normal in the group taking 1000 mg/kg body wt.

Antioxidant and hypolipidaemic activity of a herbal formulation--liposem.

The efficacy of Liposem, a polyherbal formulation, as an antioxidant and hypolipidaemic drug was evaluated in diet induced hyperlipidaemia in rats. The methanolic extract of Liposem was found to scavenge hydroxyl and superoxide free radicals, the IC50 required being 70.5 and 45.0 microg respectively. The lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate induced by Fe2+ ascorbate system was also found inhibited (50%) by 273.5 microg of the extract. The hypolipidaemic effect was assessed by serum lipid profile in dietary hyperlipidaemic rats and found to have decreased dose dependently in all the four different concentrations of administration (100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg body wt). Liposem significantly raised high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and the HDL/low density lipoprotein + very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL+LDL) ratio. The atherogenic index and the reduction in body weight were significant, indicating the effectiveness against hyperlipidaemia and obesity. These results reveal the therapeutic potential of Liposem against the vascular intimal damage and diet induced hyperlipidaemia leading to the various types of cardio vascular diseases.

Antioxidant activity of brahma rasayana.

Free oxygen radical scavenging activity of brahma rasayana (BR) was studied by in vitro and in vivo models. Addition of aqueous extract of BR was found to scavenge the lipid peroxides already present in rat liver homogenate (IC50 700 micrograms/ml) and inhibit the lipid peroxide generated by Fe(2+)-ascorbate (IC50 2600 micrograms/ml) and Fe(3+)-ADP-ascorbate system (IC50 1200 micrograms/ml). BR was found to scavenge the hydroxyl radical generated by Fenton reaction (IC50 7400 micrograms/ml) and superoxide generated by photoreduction of riboflavin (IC50 180 micrograms/ml). BR was also found to inhibit the nitric oxide radical generated in vitro from sodium nitroprusside (IC50 5.5 micrograms/ml). Oral administration of BR (50 mg/dose/animal) was found to inhibit the PMA induced superoxide generation in mice peritoneal macrophages. Oral administration of BR; 10 and 50 mg/dose/animal was also found to inhibit the nitrite production in peritoneal macrophages and percentage inhibition was 25.2% and 37.8% respectively. These results indicate significant antioxidant activity of BR in vitro and in vivo.

Effect of endodontic smear layer and various solvents on the calcium ion diffusion through radicular dentin--an in vitro study.

External root resorption and ankylosis remains the major cause of failure of replanted teeth. This study was conducted to explore the different ways to increase the pH of periradicular area in order to overcome the problem of root resorption and ankylosis. 60 freshly extracted permanent anteriors were used after removing the crown at CEJ. After biomechanical preparation Ca (OH)2 was injected and assays were done using EDTA, Citric and tannic acid Assays were repeated. Calcium diffusion and pH in the root exterior was measured using spectrophotometer. Results showed that dentin is permeable to calcium & hydroxyl ions and placement of Ca (OH)2 in the canal resulted in its increased recovery and alkaline pH periradicularly. Smear layer removal did not result in significant increase in Ca++ recovery or alkaline pH however combination of EDTA & NaOCl was found best than the other two.

Protective role of anion channel blocker in lipid peroxidation caused by H2O2 in microsomes of bovine pulmonary arterial smooth muscle tissue.

The role of hydroxyl radical (OH.) in H2O2-mediated stimulation of lipid peroxidation in microsomes of bovine pulmonary arterial smooth muscle tissue and the protective effects of DIDS, the anion channel blocker have been studied. Treatment of microsomes with H2O2 (1 mM) stimulate iron release, OH. production and lipid peroxidation. Pretreatment with DFO (an iron chelator) or DMTU (a hydroxyl radical scavenger) prevents OH. production and thereby reduces lipid peroxidation without any appreciable reduction of iron release. Simultaneous treatment of either DFO or DMTU with H2O2 significantly reduces lipid peroxidation and prevents OH. production without any significant reduction of iron release. However, addition of DFO or DMTU 2 min after treatment of the microsome with H2O2 does not produce any significant reduction of lipid peroxidation, OH production and iron release. Pretreatment of microsomes with DIDS markedly reduces the stimulation of lipid peroxidation without appreciably altering the increase in OH. production and iron release caused by H2O2.