Reliability of barr, leech, and blethyn score in using of plain radiography in determining fecal impaction in children with and without constipation / Confiabilidade de pontuação dos escores de Barr, Leech e Blethyn no uso de radiografia simples na determinação da impactação fecal em crianças com e sem constipação

ABSTRACT Background - Several scoring was developed for evaluation of children with fecal retention using plain radiograph. There are controversies about specificity and sensitivity of these scoring system. Objectives - The aim of this study was to evaluate Barr, Blethyn, and Leech score in evaluation of fecal load in plain radiograph. Methods - This case control study was conducted on children aged 2-14 years old with abdominal pain who visited Abuzar children's Hospital of Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences. This study was conducted in fall season. Children with history of previous abdominal surgery, any systemic illness including sickle cell anemia were excluded. Children with constipation were placed in case group. Subjects without constipation were placed in control group. Subjects without exclusion criteria were examined by physician who is blind to aim of the study. Careful history and physical examination was done. Demographic features, history of gastrointestinal problem, duration of abdominal pain, defecation habit, stool consistency (loose, hard), and results of physical examination were recorded. Rome III criteria was used for definition of constipation. Abdominal x-ray was ordered for each patients. Abdominal radiography was reviewed by radiologist. Barr, Leach, and Blethyn scores were calculated for each case. Results - In this study 102 children with functional constipation and 102 children without constipation as a control were included. Mean ±SD for case and control group was 68.39±34.88 and 69.46±32.60 (P=0.82).Leech score (mean ±SD) was 11.05±2.177 and 5.67±3.228 for case and control group respectively (P<0.0001). Barr score (mean ±SD) was 14.86±3.54 and 7.16±5.59 for case and control group respectively (P=<0.0001). Blethyn (mean ±SD) score was 1.97±0.667 and 1.04±0.900 for case and control group respectively (P=0.000). Sensitivity and specificity of Barr score was 83% and 79% respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of Leech score was 92% and 80% respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of Blethyn score was 79% and 92% respectively. Conclusion - Barr, Blethyn and Leech scores were significantly higher in children with abdominal pain and constipation in contrast to children with abdominal pain and without constipation. Sensitivity of Leech score was more than Barr and Blethyn scoring systems. Specificity of Blethyn score was more than Barr and Leech score.

RESUMO Contexto - Diversos métodos de pontuação utilizando a radiografia simples foram desenvolvidos para a avaliação de retenção fecal em crianças. Há controvérsias sobre a especificidade e sensibilidade destes sistemas de pontuação. Objetivo - O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os sistemas de escore Barr, Blethyn e Leech na avaliação do conteúdo fecal pela radiografia simples. Métodos - Estudo de caso controle em crianças com idade entre 2-14 anos, com dor abdominal que consultaram o Abuzar children's Hospital of Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences, durante o outono. Crianças com história prévia de cirurgia abdominal, com qualquer doença sistêmica, incluindo anemia falciforme, foram excluídas. Crianças com constipação foram inseridas no estudo e crianças sem constipação inseridas no grupo controle. Pacientes sem critérios de exclusão foram examinados por médico que ignorava o objeto do estudo. Foram realizadas história clínica e exame físico cuidadosos. Foram registradas as características demográficas, a história do problema gastrointestinal, a duração da dor abdominal, os hábitos intestinais e evacuatórios, a consistência das fezes (duras, amolecidas), e os resultados do exame físico. Os Critérios de Roma III foram usados para a definição de constipação. Radiografia simples do abdômen foi ordenada para cada paciente. Foram calculados os escores de Baar, Leech e Blethyn para cada paciente. Resultados - Foram incluídas neste estudo 102 crianças com constipação funcional e 102 crianças sem constipação como controle. A idade média com desvio padrão para o grupo paciente foi de 68.39±34.88 e de 69.46±32.60 para o grupo controle (P=0.82). O escore de Leech (média ±DP) foi de 11.05±2.1777 para pacientes e de 5.67±3.228 para o grupo controle (P<0.0001). A pontuação de Barr (média ± DP) foi 14.86±3.54 para pacientes e de 7.16±5.59 para o grupo controle (P=<0.0001). O escore Blethyn (média ±DP) foi de 1.97±0.667 para pacientes e de 1.04±0.900 para o grupo controle (P=0.000). A sensibilidade e especificidade para o escore de Baar foi de 83% e 79% respectivamente. Para o escore de Leech foi de 92% de sensibilidade e 80% de especificidade. O escore de Blethyn resultou em 79% de sensibilidade e especificidade de 92%. Conclusão - As pontuações de Baar, Blethyn e Leech foram significativamente maiores em crianças com dor abdominal e constipação em contraste com as crianças com dor abdominal e sem constipação. A sensibilidade de pontuação Leech foi maior do que os sistemas de pontuação Barr e Blethyn. Escore de Blethyn teve mais especificidade que as pontuações Barr e Leech.

Image Quality Improvement after Implementation of a CT Accreditation Program

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate any improvement in the quality of abdominal CTs after the utilization of the nationally based accreditation program. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board, and informed consent was waived. We retrospectively analyzed 1,011 outside abdominal CTs, from 2003 to 2007. We evaluated images using a fill-up sheet form of the national accreditation program, and subjectively by grading for the overall CT image quality. CT scans were divided into two categories according to time periods; before and after the implementation of the accreditation program. We compared CT scans between two periods according to parameters pertaining to the evaluation of images. We determined whether there was a correlation between the results of a subjective assessment of the image quality and the evaluation scores of the clinical image. RESULTS: The following parameters were significantly different after the implementation of the accreditation program: identifying data, display parameters, scan length, spatial and contrast resolution, window width and level, optimal contrast enhancement, slice thickness, and total score. The remaining parameters were not significantly different between scans obtained from the two different periods: scan parameters, film quality, and artifacts. CONCLUSION: After performing the CT accreditation program, the quality of the outside abdominal CTs show marked improvement, especially for the parameters related to the scanning protocol.

Metodología diagnóstica en la obstrucción intestinal del recién nacido / Diagnostic radiology of neonatal intestinal obstruction

La obstrucción intestinal (OI) es la emergencia quirúrgica más frecuente en el recién nacido. Entre abril de 1988 y marzo de 1999 fueron estudiados 235 pacientes que presentaron OI. La radiografía simple de abdomen en dos proyecciones (decúbito dorsal, de pie, capo volta o invertograma) fue diagnóstica en todos los casos. Hallazgos: OI alta: atresia duodenal (n=28), malrotación (n=33). OI baja: malformación anorrectal (con atresia anal) (n=64), atresia yeyunal/ileal (n=49), enfermedad de Hischsprung (n=39), íleo meconial (n=22). La radiografía simple de abdomen permite una evaluación adecuada del paciente en la misma sala de Neonatología. Reemplaza a la seriada esofagogastroduodenal en el estudio de la obstrucción intestinal del recién nacido, utilizando el aire como contraste y evitando además los riesgos de aspiración por vómitos y disminuyendo la exposición a las radiaciones