Misoprostol and mid trimester termination of pregnancy in patients with two previous scars and more at Elwiya Maternity Teaching Hospital / Misoprostol e interrupção da gravidez no meio do trimestre em pacientes com duas cicatrizes anteriores e mais no Elwiya Maternity Teaching Hospital

Abstract Objectives: to determine efficiency and safety of three misoprostol regimens for 2nd trimester pregnancy termination in individuals with two or more cesarean section scars. Methods: a cross-sectional study included 100 pregnant ladies at 13th-26th weeks gestation with previous two cesarean sections (CSs) who were scheduled for pregnancy termination using misoprostol. Patients were conveniently assigned to 100µg/3h, 200µg/3h or 400 µg/3h regimens. Primary outcome was time to abortion, secondary outcomes were side effect and complications. Results: a significant association was found between number previous CSs and longer time to abortion (p=0.01). A highly significant association was identified between earlier gestational age and longer time to abortion (p<0.001). Lower side effects and complications were associated with 200 µg misoprostol every 3 hours of (p<0.001). Incomplete abortion was the most frequent recorded complication for the successive doses of misoprostol. Conclusions: misoprostol is an effective drug at low doses for pregnancy termination in women with prior two or more caesarean sections. However, its safety needs monitoring of the patient in the hospital to decrease morbidity and mortality behind its use.

Resumo Objetivos: determinar a eficiência e segurança de três regimes de misoprostol para interrupção da gravidez no segundo trimestre em indivíduos com duas ou mais cicatrizes de cesariana. Métodos: um estudo transversal incluiu 100 gestantes entre 13ª e 26ª semanas de gestação com duas cesarianas (CEs) anteriores que foram agendadas para interrupção da gravidez com uso de misoprostol. Os pacientes foram convenientemente designados para regimes de 100 µg/3 horas, 200 µg/3 horas ou 400 µg/3 horas. O desfecho primário foi o tempo para o aborto, os desfechos secundários foram efeitos colaterais e complicações. Resultados: foi encontrada associação significativa entre o número de cesáreas anteriores e o maior tempo até o aborto (p=0,01). Foi identificada associação altamente significativa entre idade gestacional mais precoce e maior tempo para abortar (p<0,001). Menores efeitos colaterais e complicações foram associados com 200 µg de misoprostol a cada 3 horas (p<0,001). O aborto incompleto foi a complicação mais frequente registrada para as doses sucessivas de misoprostol. Conclusões: o misoprostol é um medicamento eficaz em doses baixas para interrupção da gravidez em mulheres com duas ou mais cesarianas anteriores. Porém, sua segurança necessita de monitoramento do paciente no hospital para diminuir a morbimortalidade por trás de seu uso.

Increased Cesarean Section Rates during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Looking for Reasons through the Robson Ten Group Classification System / Aumento das taxas de cesárea durante a pandemia de COVID-19: procurando explicações por meio da Classificação de Robson

Abstract Objective To compare cesarean section (CS) rates according to the Robson Ten Group Classification System (RTGCS) and its indications in pregnant women admitted for childbirth during the first wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic with those of the previous year. Materials and Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study to compare women admitted for childbirth from April to October 2019 (before the pandemic) and from March to September 2020 (during the pandemic). The CSs and their indications were classified on admission according to the RTGCS, and we also collected data on the route of delivery (vaginal or CS). Both periods were compared using the Chi-squared (χ2) test or the Fisher exact test. Results In total, 2,493 women were included, 1,291 in the prepandemic and 1,202 in the pandemic period. There was a a significant increase in the CS rate (from 39.66% to 44.01%; p = 0.028), mostly due to maternal request (from 9.58% to 25.38%; p < 0.01). Overall, groups 5 and 2 contributed the most to the CS rates. The rates decreased among group 1 and increased among group 2 during the pandemic, with no changes in group 10. Conclusion There was an apparent change in the RTGSC comparing both periods, with a significant increase in CS rates, mainly by maternal request, most likely because of changes during the pandemic and uncertainties and fear concerning COVID-19.

Resumo Objetivo Comparar as taxas de cesárea segundo a Classificação de Robson, assim como suas indicações, em mulheres admitidas para parto durante a primeira onda de doença do coronavírus 2019 (coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19, em inglês), com as do ano anterior. Materiais e Métodos Conduzimos um estudo transversal que comparou as mulheres admitidas para parto entre abril e outubro de 2019 (pré-pandemia) e entre março e setembro de 2020 (durante a pandemia). As cesarianas e as suas indicações foram classificadas conforme o sistema proposto por Robson, e obteve-se a via de parto (vaginal ou cesárea). Ambos os períodos foram comparados usando-se os testes do Qui quadrado ou o exato de Fisher. Resultados Ao todo, 2.943 mulheres foram incluídas, das quais 1.291 antes da pandemia e 1.202 durante a pandemia. A taxa de cesárea aumentou significativamente (de 39.66% para 44,01%; p = 0,028), principalmente devido a desejo materno (de 9,58% para 25,38%; p < 0,01). Os grupos 5 e 2 foram os que mais contribuíram para as taxas de cesárea. Durante a pandemia, o grupo 1 reduziu sua frequência, enquanto o grupo 2 a aumentou. Conclusão Houve uma aparente mudança nas características da população conforme a classificação de Robson. Observou-se significativo aumento nas taxas de cesárea, principalmente por desejo materno, o que reflete possíveis incertezas e medos relacionados à COVID-19.

Repeated cesarean section and vaginal delivery after cesarean section in São Paulo State in 2012 / Repetição de cesárea e parto vaginal após cesárea, no Estado de São Paulo, em 2012

Abstract Objectives: describe mothers, pregnancies and newborns' characteristics according to the type of childbirth history and to analyze repeated cesarean section (RCS) and vaginal delivery after cesarean section (VBACS), in São Paulo State in 2012. Methods: data are from the Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (Live Birth Information Systems). To find the RCS's group, the current type of childbirth equal to cesarean section was selected and from these all the previous cesareans. To identify the VBACS's group all live birth with current vaginal delivery were selected and from these all previous cesareans. Mothers with a history of RCS and VBACS were analyzed according to the characteristics of the pregnancy, newborn and the childbirth hospital. Results: 273,329 mothers of live birth with at least one previous child were studied. 43% of these were born of RCS and 7.4% of VBACS. Mothers who underwent RCS are older and higher educated and their newborns presented a lower incidence of low birth weight. Early term was the most frequent rating for gestational age born of RCS. Live births were of VBACS and had greater proportions of late term. The RCS was more common in hospitals not affiliated with the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) (Public Health System) (44.1%). Conclusion: the high RCS's rates, especially in the private sector, highlight the necessity of improvements in childbirth care model in São Paulo.

Resumo Objetivos: descrever características das mães, da gestação e do recém-nascido, segundo histórico de tipo de parto, analisando repetição de cesárea (RC) e parto vaginal após cesárea (PVAC), no Estado de São Paulo, em 2012. Métodos: os dados são provenientes do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos. Para encontrar o conjunto RC, selecionou-se o tipo de parto atual igual a cesárea e destes buscou-se todos com cesárea anterior. Para identificar o grupo PVAC, selecionou-se os recém-nascido com parto atual vaginal e destes buscou-se todos com cesárea anterior. Foram analisadas mães com história de RC e PVAC, segundo características da gestação, do recémnascido e hospital do parto. Resultados: estudou-se 273.329 nascidos vivos de mães com pelo menos um filho anterior. Destes, 43% nasceram por RC e 7,4% por PVAC. As mães que realizaram RC são mais velhas e mais escolarizadas, seus recém-nascidos apresentaram menor proporção de baixo peso ao nascer. Termo precoce foi a mais frequente idade gestacional dos que nasceram por RC. Os recém-nascidos por PVAC apresentaram maiores proporções de termo tardio. RC foi mais frequente nos hospitais sem vínculo com o Sistema Único de Saúde (44,1%). Conclusão: as altas taxas de RC, principalmente no setor privado, evidenciam necessidade de melhoras no modelo de atenção ao parto em São Paulo.

Taxa de parto normal versus cesárea em gestantes com uma cesárea anterior e fatores associados / Normal birth rate versus cesarean in pregnant women and associated factors

Objetivo: Calcular taxa de parto vaginal e cesárea em pacientes com uma cesárea anterior e gestação a termo, bem como fatores associados à recorrência de cesaria- na. Métodos: Estudo caso-controle, por meio de dados de prontuário de gestantes a termo com uma cesárea prévia admitidas para parto na Maternidade Darcy Vargas do município de Joinville (SC), em 2019. Resultados: Foram analisadas 788 pacientes, das quais 331 (42,00%) tiveram parto normal (PN) e 457 (58,00%), cesárea (CS). O grupo PN foi composto por mulheres mais velhas (29; 28) e com mais gestações que o grupo CS, possuindo pelo menos um parto normal prévio (171; 57; p < 0,001). Como fator de risco para recorrência de cesárea, destacou-se a presença de colo desfavorável no momento do parto (47; 356; p < 0,001). Internação por trabalho de parto (284; 92; p < 0,001) e ruptura prematura de membranas (RUPREME) (33; 79; p = 0,030) estão entre os fatores de proteção para ocorrência de uma nova cesariana. Conclusão: A taxa de parto vaginal pós-cesariana (VBAC) foi de 42% e a de parto cesáreo foi de 58%, condi- zente com valores de referência mundiais. O fato de ter um ou mais partos normais anteriores e internar-se em trabalho de parto ou com RUPREME foi fator protetor contra a repetição da cesárea, enquanto o colo desfavorável no momento da inter- nação foi fator de risco. Há grande divergência na literatura, sendo necessários mais estudos para elaborar estratégias que auxiliem profissionais e pacientes a decidirem pela melhor via de parto após cesariana anterior.(AU)

Objective: To calculate the rate of vaginal and cesarean delivery in patients with pre- vious cesarean section and pregnancy to term, as well as factors associated with recur- rent abdominal delivery. Methods: Case-control study, by medical records of pregnant women to term with a previous cesarean section admitted for delivery at Maternity Dar- cy Vargas in the city of Joinville (SC) in 2019. Results: 788 patients, of which 331 (42,00%) had a normal delivery (PN) and 457 (58,00%) cesarean section (CS). The PN group was composed of older women (29;28), and who had more pregnancies than the CS group, having at least 1 previous vaginal birth (171; 57; p < 0,001). As a risk factor for cesarean recurrence, the presence of an unfavorable cervix at the time of delivery was highlighted (47; 356; p < 0,001). Hospitalization for labor (284; 92; p < 0,001) and premature rupture of membranes (33; 79; p = 0,030) are among the protective factors for the occurrence of a new cesarean section. Conclusion: The post-cesarean vaginal birth (VBAC) rate was 42% and the cesarean delivery rate was 58%, consistent with world reference values. The fact of having one or more previous normal bir- ths, hospitalization in labor or with premature rupture of fetal membranes were protective factors against the repetition of cesarean section, while the unfavorable cervix at the time of hospitalization was a risk factor. There is divergence in litera- ture, therefore more studies are needed to develop strategies that help professionals and patients to decide on the best way of delivery after a previous cesarean section.(AU)

Effects of music during multiple cesarean section delivery

This experimental study was conducted to determine the level of anxiety in women undergoing multiple cesarean section. Sixty multiple cesarean section referrals were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control groups. Data was collected at the Karaman Public Health Hospital in Turkey, from June 2015 to June 2016. Songs chosen earlier by the patients were played during the cesarean section procedure for the experimental group. The control group was studied without music. Data was collected using a questionnaire form, and Visual Analogue Scale [VAS] was used to determine the anxiety levels. The t-test and chi-square test were used to analyse statistically significant differences between the groups. The VAS scores before and during the procedure showed significantly lower scores for the experimental group, compared to the control group [p<0.05]. Music therapy reduces the physiological and cognitive responses of anxiety in patients undergoing multiple cesarean section, and can be used in the clinical practice

Impact of parity on early cesarean scar healing

Background: with increasing cesarean delivery rate the cesarean scar defects and related consequences should be evaluated

Aim of the work: this study aimed to assess impact of parity on cesarean scar wound healing

Methods: a prospective observational study was conducted on 51 females with singleton term pregnancy that underwent uncomplicated prelabor primary cesarean section. 6 weeks later they underwent saline hystrosalpingography. Females with medical diseases that can affect the healing process or received medications can affect wound healing as corticosteroids or anticoagulant were excluded. Women used intrauterine device as a contraceptive method inserted during CS, women with any structural uterine abnormality as cervical stenosis or fibroid uterus or with pelvic infection at the time of saline hystrosalpingography were excluded from this study

Results: 75% of the primiparous had CS niche, while, 82.9% of the multiparous group had CS defect [p=0.512]. The most prevalent shape of CS defect in the participants was the triangular shape [45.1%] followed by irregular defect [31.4%]. The anterior myometrial thickness and the residual myometrial thickness were significantly higher among primiparous women with negative correlation between parity, anterior and residual myometrial thickness [rho = - 0.917 and -0.753 respectively]

Conclusion: parity was associated with significant reduction of both the anterior and residual myometrial thickness

Manejo del acretismo placentario en Servicios de Obstetricia de hospitales de alta complejidad Aplicación de un Proyecto de atención integral multidisciplinario / PLACENTA ACCRETA: MANAGEMENT AT OBSTETRIC SERVICES IN HIGH COMPLEXITY HOSPITALS

Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue describir el manejo de los Trastornos Adherenciales de la Placenta en la Maternidad de alta complejidad recabando los datos tanto del servicio de Obstetricia del Hospital Nacional Profesor Alejandro Posadas y Hospital Naval Pedro Mallo Buenos Aires. Diseño: Estudio de tipo observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Análisis estadístico mediante Stata 12.0. Resultados: Durante el período comprendido entre enero de 2010 y diciembre de 2014 fueron atendidas 30 pacientes con trastornos adherenciales placentarios. La incidencia de acretismo placentario en ese periodo fue de 0.18 (30/16210 nacimientos). El 56.67% (17/30) de las cirugías fueron programadas con Hemodinamia. En el 96.67% (N=29) el resultado anátomo-patológico final fue Acretismo Placentario. Hubo un caso falso positivo. Cuatro casos presentaron complicaciones potencialmente graves "near miss". No se presentaron muertes maternas. Conclusiones: Los trastornos adherenciales placentarios se presentan como un nuevo desafío para los Servicios de Obstetricia por la aparición en forma "epidémica" de una enfermedad que era infrecuente. El manejo multidisciplinario es la clave para un correcto tratamiento. El Obstetra cumple el rol de coordinación del mismo, convocando a las diferentes especialidades. Será entonces, de capital importancia el aporte de todos para la correcta resolución de los casos.

The aim of the present report was to describe the management of the adherencial disorders of the placenta in a high complexity maternity. During the period between January 2010 and December 2014, 30 patients with placental adherencial disorders were assisted. The incidence of placenta accreta during that period, was 0.18 (30/16210 deliveries). The 96.67 % of surgeries were programmed with Hemodinamia. In the 96.67 % (N= 29) the final anatomo-pathological result was Placentary Accretism. There was a false positive case. Four cases presented complications potentially severe "near miss". None maternal deaths were observed in the survey. The placental adherencial disorders present as a new challenge for the Obstetric Services because of their apparition in an "epidemic" way of a disease that was unfrequent. The multidisciplinary management is the key for an adequate treatment. Obstetricians play a roll for coordination of the team, convoking the different specialities. There will be then, of great importance, the contribution of the totality for the proper resolution of the cases

Anesthesia for cesarean section in a patient with isolated unilateral absence of a pulmonary artery / Anestesia para cesariana em paciente com ausência unilateral isolada de artéria pulmonar

Abstract Background and objectives: Congenital unilateral absence of a pulmonary artery (UAPA) is a rare anomaly. Although there are several reports regarding pregnancy in patients with unilateral absence of a pulmonary artery, there are no case reports describing anesthesia for Cesarean section in a patient with unilateral absence of a pulmonary artery. Case report: We present a patient with unilateral absence of a pulmonary artery who underwent Cesarean sections twice at the ages of 24 and 26 years under spinal anesthesia for surgery and epidural analgesia for postoperative pain relief. Both times, spinal anesthesia and epidural analgesia enabled successful anesthesia management without the development of either pulmonary hypertension or right heart failure. Conclusion: Spinal anesthesia combined with epidural analgesia is a useful anesthetic method for a Cesarean section in patients with unilateral absence of a pulmonary artery.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: A ausência congênita unilateral de uma artéria pulmonar (ACAP) é uma anomalia rara. Embora existam vários relatos sobre pacientes grávidas com ACAP, não há relatos de casos que descrevam anestesia para cesariana em pacientes com ACAP. Relato de caso: Apresentamos uma paciente com ACAP que foi submetida a duas cesarianas, aos 24 e 26 anos, sob raquianestesia para a cirurgia e analgesia epidural para a dor no pós-operatório. Nas duas cesarianas, a raquianestesia e a analgesia epidural possibilitaram o manejo bem-sucedido da anestesia, sem a ocorrência de qualquer hipertensão pulmonar ou insuficiência cardíaca direita. Conclusão: Raquianestesia combinada com analgesia epidural é um método anestésico útil para cesarianas em pacientes com ACAP.

Rising cesarean sections rate

Objective: To identify cesarean section [CS] rate in Bahrain and evaluate the reasons for the rise of CS rate

Design: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Analysis

Setting: Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain

Method: All CS performed from 1 May 2011 to 31 October 2011 were included

The following patients' characteristics and clinical data were documented: age, nationality, maternal weight, parity, gestational age, number of gestation, birth weight and presentation. In addition to primary or repeat CS, indications of the procedure, uterine incision, type of anesthesia provided and immediate complications were documented

Result: One thousand five hundred thirty-five women had CS. Five hundred fifty-eight CS who had complete data were included in the study. The mean maternal age was 32 years +/- [SD 5.8]. Three hundred seventeen [56.8%] patients were Bahrainis

The mean gestational age was 37.1 weeks +/- [SD 2.7] with a mean neonatal birth weight of 3,012 grams +/- [SD 0.750]

One hundred sixty-one [28.9%] were primiparous and 397 [71.1%] were multiparous. Forty-six [8.2%] were performed for multiple gestations

Two hundred eighty-six [51.3%] were primary CS and 272 [48.7%] were repeat CS

The main indications for the procedure were repeat CS in 176 [31.5%], failure to progress in 104 [18.6%], non-reassuring fetal heart rate in 100 [17.9%] and breech presentation in 80 [14.3%]

Conclusion: CS rate is increasing in Bahrain; more than 30% of deliveries in Bahrain are by CS. Physicians should aim to reduce CS rate by lowering primary CS and allowing trial of scar in patients with previous CS

Tasa de cesáreas por grupos de Robson en una institución de mediana complejidad de la ciudad de Bogotá, 2012-2014 / Cesarean section rate by Robson groups in an intermediate complexity centre in the city of Bogotá, 2012-2014

Introducción: la clasificación de Robson permite caracterizar las mujeres a las que se les realiza cesárea con el fin de implementar estrategias focalizadas con éxito. El objetivo fue determinar las tasas específicas de cesárea según la clasificación de Robson en una institución hospitalaria de mediana complejidad. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal que incluyó mujeres atendidas en un hospital público de atención general, que recibe pacientes del aseguramiento subsidiado por el Estado, entre 2012 y 2014. Se llevó a cabo muestreo aleatorio estratificado según la vía del parto, basado en la razón parto/cesárea encontrada en el periodo, clasificando las mujeres atendidas en los 10 grupos de Robson. Se realizó el análisis descriptivo de las variables demográficas, indicaciones clínicas reportadas y las proporciones global y específica de uso de cesárea en cada grupo. El estudio contó con aprobación del comité de ética institucional. Resultados: se seleccionaron 1.190 de 6.558 nacimientos ocurridos durante el periodo. La proporción global de cesárea fue de 36,9 %. Las mujeres nulíparas contribuyeron con el 38,5 % de las cesáreas, seguidas por el grupo con cesárea anterior (36,4 %) que tuvo una proporción específica del 100 %. La proporción específica de cesárea en el grupo de mujeres nulíparas en trabajo de parto espontáneo fue 36,6 % y la del grupo de partos prematuros 43,3 %. Conclusiones: las mujeres con cesárea anterior, con embarazo pretérmino y las nulíparas en parto espontáneo o inducido tienen las proporciones específicas más elevadas de cesárea. Estos grupos podrían ser susceptibles de intervención para impactar las tasas de cesárea de la institución.

Introduction: The Robson classification is useful for characterizing women taken to Cesarean section with the aim of implementing successful focused strategies. The objective was to determine specific Cesarean section rates according to the Robson classification in an intermediate complexity hospital. Materials and methods: cross-sectional descriptive study that included women of the state-subsidized health insurance regime seen at a general public hospital between 2012 and 2014. A stratified random sampling was performed on the basis of the birth route, per delivery, based on the delivery/Cesarean section ratio found during the time period. The women were classified under 10 Robson groups. A descriptive analysis was conducted of the demographic variables, the clinical indications reported, and the overall and specific proportions of Cesarean sections in each group. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institution. Results: Out of 6558 deliveries during the study period, 1190 were selected. The overall proportion of Cesarean sections was 36.9%. Nulliparous women accounted for 38.5% of the Cesarean sections, followed by the group with previous Cesarean sections (36.4%) for which the specific proportion was 100%. The specific proportion of Cesarean sections in nulliparous women in spontaneous labour was 36.6%, whereas it was 43.3% in the premature delivery group. Conclusions: The highest specific proportions of Cesarean section were found among women with a previous Cesarean section, women with pre-term delivery and nulliparous women with spontaneous or induced delivery. These groups could lend themselves for intervention in order to have an impact on the rates of Cesarean section in the Institution.

Successful pregnancy and delivery of a patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) during pregnancy is a rare condition. Only a few cases have been reported in the literature. CAH patients has lower pregnancy rate compared to normal women. A 27-year-old nulliparous woman, a diagnosed case of 21-hydroxylase deficient simple virilising form of classic CAH visited. She got pregnant spontaneously without any trial of assisted reproductive technology. At the age of 12, she underwent clitoral resection and vaginoplasty. She took dexamethasone or prednisolone after operation. She delivered healthy singleton female baby by cesarean section. Four years later, she delivered healthy singleton female baby by repeat cesarean section. Two female babies have shown normal external genitalia. Here, we report a case of successful pregnancy and delivery in a patient with CAH.

Recurrent Impetigo Herpetiformis of Pregnancy Successfully Treated with Acitretin

Impetigo herpetiformis (IH) is an extremely rare pustular dermatosis of pregnancy with typical onset during the second or third trimester of pregnancy and generally rapid resolution after delivery. Recurrent case of IH in subsequent pregnancy tend to earlier onset and greater severity. We report a 33-year-old pregnant woman, with a history of mild IH in the first pregnancy, who presented with generalized lesions at nearly 29 weeks' gestation. Her condition had become worse suddenly at 34 weeks' gestation. She developed fever, small for gestational age, and gait disturbance due to ache in both thighs. So we decided to terminate the pregnancy by repeat cesarean section. After delivery, her skin lesions had worsen rapidly in spite of treatment with corticosteroids. So she was treated with a large dose of acitretin. Three months after her delivery, her skin was returned to original state, except for residual pigmentation. In conclusion, our case indicates that clinicians should be aware of the possibility of sudden deterioration of the maternal lesions and fetal condition associated with IH.

Complete resolution of myoclonus-like involuntary movements under subarachnoid block after midazolam administration in a patient undergoing cesarean section: a case report / 대한마취과학회지

Involuntary movement during and after neuraxial anesthesia, such as spinal and epidural anesthesia, is rarely observed. In this report, we describe a case of myoclonus-like involuntary movement of the upper extremities in a patient undergoing a planned repeat cesarean section under spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine that completely subsided after administration of 2 mg of midazolam. The myoclonus-like movement did not recur or cause any apparent neurological side effects.

Sudden Cardiac Arrest Postoperative Day due to Pulmonary Embolism

Cardiac arrest one day after cesarean section is extremely rare. Obstetrical clinicians have low experience to these serious situations necessitating immediate first aid and knowledge of its differential diagnosis. A 33-year-old woman underwent elective repeat cesarean section at 38 weeks of gestation under spinal anesthesia. The patient underwent uneventful course on that day. Loss of consciousness occurred one day after cesarean section during her first ambulation. Immediate cardiac compression was performed and eventually resulted in good recovery of her heartbeat. Her condition was suitable disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). She developed acute ischemic pancreatitis after cardiac arrest. We describe the consideration of amniotic fluid embolism with DIC as most appropriate in this case. To our knowledge, our case is one of the most dangerous conditions after the cesarean section. Here, we report our case with a review of literatures.

A Huge Mucinous Cystadenoma Complicating Third Trimester of Pregnancy with Previous Two Caesarean Sections.

The incidence of ovarian tumor complicating caesarean section was about 1 in 200 caesarean births while ovarian tumors complicated termination of pregnancy in 1 of 594 procedures. Any type of Ovarian mass can be encountered during pregnancy, but the most common are cystic. Because pregnant women are usually young, malignant tumors are relatively uncommon. A patient third gravida with previous 2 caesarean sections presented in an emergency with complaints of persistent pain in abdomen for last 7 days with gestational age of 35 weeks and 3 days. Emergency Caesarean section was done to deliver an alive male baby of 2.25 Kg with good Apgar score. Intraoperative finding was suggestive of a huge multiloculated left ovarian mass of approximately. 40×30×15 cm weighing 20 Kg with straw coloured mucinous fluid. Up to 3 liters of fl uid aspirated before delivering the cyst out of the abdomen. Left salpingoopherectomy was done and specimen sent for histopathological examination that showed Mucinous cystadenoma of the ovary. Post operative period remain uneventful.

Frequency, risk factors and complications in pregnancies associated with placenta praevia

To evaluate the frequency of placenta praevia, risk factors, and complications, both maternal and fetal associated with placenta praevia. Cross-sectional and analytical study. Study was conducted in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Unit-1, Ghulam Muhammad Maher Medical College Hospital Sukkur from April 2010 to March 2012. In this study 75 cases of pregnancy beyond 24 weeks of gestation complicated by placenta praevia were included. Total number of deliveries was 5041 and patients presented with placenta praevia were 75. Patients with placenta praevia were 75 giving an incidence of 1.5%. Among 75 cases 67 cases were non-booked, 71 cases came in emergency, out of which 8 were referred cases. The gestational age at the time of admission was < 37 weeks in 57% of cases. The maximum number of patients 28 [37%] were between 30-40 years and above, while 44 [58.7%] women were multiparous, 41 [54.7%] cases had at least one or more gynaecol / obstet procedure before the presnt pregnancy. Incidence of placenta praevia was significantly high in patients with previous caesarean section [6%] than overall incidence of%. Regarding complication 7%] cases ended up in caesarean hysterectomy due to postpartum haemorrhage and morbid adherent placenta. Intra operative haemorrhage was found in 11 [14.7%] cases and 2-4 units of bloodlransfusion were required in 52 [69%] of cases. Pre-maturity was found commonest cause of perinatal mortality about 87%. The improvement in social, nutritional and educational status of women, provision of antenatal care and ultrasonography can help in diagnosing and in decreasing the complication rate. One should anticipate placenta praevia in all patients with previous caesarean section and ultrasound scan should be used for its diagnosis specially for placental localization in patients with history of previous caesarean section

Association of placenta praevia with repeat cesarean section in Omdurman Maternity Hospital, Sudan 2010- 2012

Several risk factors for placenta praevia exist, including previous cesarean section [C/S]. This association has been investigated long time ago, however in this hospital there is no documented evidence. This study was done to assess the risk of placenta praevia based on number of previous cesarean sections. A hospital-based study, at Omdurman maternity hospital- OMH during; January 2010- December 2012. Deliveries in OMH were reviewed by trained registrars. Patients diagnosed prenatally or during delivery as placenta praevia were included. All women operated were followed till discharge from hospital. Total number of deliveries during the study period is 94758.Of them 68415 [72.2%] delivered vaginally and 26343 [27.8%] by C/S.Of the latter 10643 [40.4%] underwent elective and 15700 [59.6%] emergency CS.448 [0.5%] were diagnosed as placenta praevia. Placenta praevia was more common in patients with scarred uterus being found a 250 out of 9853 CS [2.5%]. Its frequency increased with the number of uterine scars: one scar; [1.7%], [RR = 1.45, CI= 1.12- 1.88], 2-4 scars [2.8%], [RR = 2.32, CI= 1.87-2.87] and five or more scars; [12.7%], [RR = 10.54, CI= 7.34-15.13]. Nineteen patients [7.6%] had adherent placenta, [RR = 42.41, CI =5.69-315.83], 68[15.2%] had history of dilatation and curettage [D and C] or evacuation,[RR = 1.5, CI = 1.18- 1.94], 37 [8.3%] had previous history of placenta praevia, [RR= 8.30, CI = 6.17- 11.19]. Three maternal deaths were encountered [0.7%]. The frequency of placenta praevia in this study increased with increasing number of previous C/S, and was associated with adverse feto-maternal outcome. This study provides a reason to reduce primary C/S and encouraging vaginal birth after C/S [VBAC]

Incomplete cesarean scar rupture

Uterine rupture at the site of a previous cesarean scar is an uncommon but catastrophic complication of pregnancy, which is associated with significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. A 30-year old woman at 24th week of gestation and complaint of pain, contractions and spotting was admitted in Royan Institute in Tehran, Iran. She had a past medical history of an EP and a cesarean section delivery, respectively 4 and 2 years before hospitalization. Herniation of an amniotic membrane into the maternal bladder was found on ultrasound examination. Risk factors of cesarean scar rupture should be considered in women undergoing subsequent pregnancies as they need extra care. Ultrasonography can be used to evaluate women with previous cesarean section to assess the risks of scar rupture during subsequent pregnancies

Trends in frequency and causes of uterine rupture in a tertiary care center between year 2001 and 2011

To analyze the trends in frequency and causes of uterine rupture between year 2001 and 2011. An observational study was done at Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar in year 2011 from 1[st] January 2011 to 31[st] December 2011 to analyze the trends in the frequency and causes of ruptured uterus and data was entered in a structured proforma. Same proforma was used to collect data of ruptured uterus in year 2001 from delivery registers, operation room record and patient charts. In year 2011 there were total 5313 deliveries including 1229 caesarean sections. Mean age was 35.0+2.0 years. Total 56 cases of ruptured uterus were noted. Frequency of ruptured uterus was 1.05%. Sixty% patients had previous caesarean section. While in year 2001 there ware total 3885 deliveries including 716 caesarean sections. Mean age was 33.0 +/- 2.0 years. Total 25 [0.64%] cases of ruptured uterus were noted. Obstructed labour in grand multigravidas was the commonest cause of ruptured uterus. A 3 fold increase in ruptured uterus was seen in association with scarred uterus i.e. in year 2001, 12% patient with ruptured uterus had scarred uterus while in year 2011, 35.7% cases had scarred uterus. Increase trend in frequency of uterine rupture was noted between year 2001 and year 2011. Moreover uterine rupture was more common in scarred uterus following trial of vaginal delivery compared with unscarred uterus in year 2011

Secular trends in trial of labor and associated neonatal mortality and morbidity in the United States, 1995 to 2002 / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#A proportion of elective repeated cesarean sections where a trial of labor in a uterus with a previous scar was not attempted is on the increase. This study aimed to assess how reduced the use of trial of labor has impacted on neonatal outcomes in the United States.@*METHODS@#Pregnant women with one previous cesarean delivery and a singleton live birth of the index pregnancy were abstracted from the 1995 to 2002 birth registration data of the United States. Adjusted odds ratios for adverse neonatal outcomes of trial of labor were estimated by multiple logistic regression models, in overall study subjects and in the two periods with high and low rates of trial of labor.@*RESULTS@#A total of 1833407 eligible subjects were included in the analysis. Rate of trial of labor after one previous cesarean section dropped from 38.5% in 1995 to 15.0% in 2002. No significant change was observed in the patient population profile. Successful vaginal birth after cesarean delivery (VBAC) also declined from 76.6% in 1995 to 66.0% in 2002. A trial of labor after one previous cesarean section was correlated with increased risks of asphyxia-related neonatal death and neonatal morbidity. This risk was even more pronounced in low risk women and in the last study years with the lowest rate of trial of labor.@*CONCLUSION@#The reduced use of trial of labor after one cesarean delivery in recent years in the United States has actually resulted in increased risk of adverse neonatal outcomes associated with a trial of labor.