Effectiveness of finger reconstruction using nail flap anastomosing nerve branch of the first toe nail bed / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effectiveness of finger reconstruction using nail flap anastomosing the nerve branch of the first toe nail bed.@*METHODS@#Between January 2016 and December 2022, 18 patients (18 fingers) with thumb or finger nail bed defects were admitted. There were 12 males and 6 females, with an average age of 32 years (range, 19-42 years). Four cases were finger tip tissue damage caused by machine compression, and 4 cases were distal tissue necrosis after finger replantation. There were 9 cases of thumb injury, 3 cases of index finger injury, 5 cases of middle finger injury, and 1 case of ring finger injury. There were 11 cases of distal nail damage and 7 cases of distal nail root (including nail root) damage. The time from injury to admission was 1-5 hours, with an average of 2 hours. After debridement and anti-infection treatment for 5-7 days, the wounds in size of 1 cm×1 cm to 4 cm×3 cm were reconstructed by using nail flaps anastomosing the nerve branches of the first toe nail bed. The size of the nail flaps ranged from 1.5 cm×1.5 cm to 4.5 cm×3.5 cm. The donor sites were repaired with the flaps in 16 cases and skin graft in 2 cases.@*RESULTS@#All nail flaps, flaps, and skin grafts survived after operation and the wounds healed by first intention. All patients were followed up 6-12 months (mean, 10 months). The nails of 18 cases were all grown, in which 16 cases had smooth nails with satisfactory appearances, 1 case had uneven nails, and 1 case had obvious scar hyperplasia around the suture opening. At 6 months after operation, the two-point discrimination of the skin flap was 4-8 mm (mean, 6 mm). Meanwhile, the skin grafts and flaps at the donor sites regained protective sensation, good abrasion resistance, and had no negative effect upon walking and wearing shoes.@*CONCLUSION@#The application of a nail flap that anastomoses the nerve branch of the first toe nail bed for finger reconstruction has minimal damage and can achieve good nail bed repair results.

Reconstrucción de defectos de labio superior con colgajos locales. Presentación de casos y revisión bibliográfica / Reconstruction of upper lip defects with local flaps. Case presentation and literature review

Introducción. La reconstrucción de lesiones del labio superior supone un reto para lograr conservar la función, la competencia labial y la obtención de resultado estético satisfactorio. Se estudian pacientes con lesiones malignas en labio superior y su respectivo tratamiento resectivo y reconstructivo, y se realiza revisión bibliográfica de los principios del abordaje labial y las técnicas reconstructivas con colgajos locales. Material y métodos. Presentación de cuatro casos de pacientes con carcinoma basocelular en labio superior, en quienes se realiza resección con margen de seguridad y técnicas de reconstrucción en "V", en forma pentagonal, avance en VY, colgajo digital nasogeniano y colgajo de avance de mejilla según el defecto obtenido tras la escisión de la lesión cutánea maligna. Resultados. Adecuada coloración y vitalidad de los colgajos, conservación de competencia labial y función de apertura y cierre bucal, cicatrices emplazadas en pliegues naturales. Discusión. Evaluación de opciones reconstructivas para defectos de labio superior según bibliografía. Conclusión. La reconstrucción de labio mediante las técnicas expuestas constituyen excelentes opciones para el tratamiento de defectos de hasta un tercio de longitud del labio superior, ya que conservan la competencia labial y proveen un resultado estético satisfactorio.

Introduction. The reconstruction of defects of the upper lip is a challenge in order to preserve function, lip competence and obtain a satisfactory aesthetic result. Patients with malignant lesions in the upper lip and their respective resective and reconstructive treatment were studied, and a bibliographic review of the principles of the labial approach and reconstructive techniques with local flaps was carried out. Material and methods. Presentation of four cases of patients with basal cell carcinoma of the upper lip, in whom resection is performed with a safety margin and reconstruction techniques in a "V" shape, in a pentagonal shape, VY advancement flap, nasogenian digital flap and cheek advancement flap. Results. Adequate color and vitality of the flaps, preservation of lip competence and function of mouth, scars located in natural folds. Discussion. Evaluation of reconstructive options for upper lip defects according to bibliography. Conclusion. Lip reconstruction using the exposed techniques are excellent options for the treatment of defects of the upper lip, since they preserve lip competence and provide a satisfactory aesthetic result

Anatomy of deltoid flap based on posterior subcutaneous deltoid artery: a cadaveric investigation / Anatomía del colgajo deltoideo basado en la arteria subcutánea deltoidea posterior: una investigación en cadáver

The purpose of the study is to evaluate neurovascular anatomy of the deltoid flap based on the posterior subcutaneous deltoid artery (PSDA). Bilateral axillary artery dissections of the thirty-four shoulders of 17 formalin-fixed cadavers were performed (15 male, 2 female; age range 40 to 82 years) under the 4x loupe magnification. During the dissection of each region, the PSDA was evaluated with respect to the origin, the branches, course and anatomical relations with neighbouring structures. The PSDA was present in all cases. The PSDA was single in 26 (76.5%) cases, double in 2 (5.9%) cases and had early bifurcation in 6 (17.6%) cases. The mean length of the lateral cutaneous brachial nerve was 6.0 mm range from 49.0 mm to 83.9 mm. The mean distance between the piercing point of the PSDA and the acromion was 74.2 mm range from 51.0 mm to 96.3 mm. The pedicle bifurcated before reaching the superficial fascia in 6 cases (17.6%). An anatomic study of the posterior subcutaneous deltoid artery achieves reliable quantitative anatomic data and would be very helpful for utilizing deltoid flap. The quantitative and detailed anatomic information provided from the study may be of guidance to surgeons for safe operating period.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la anatomía neurovascular del colgajo deltoideo basado en la arteria subcutánea deltoidea posterior (ASDP). Se realizaron disecciones axilares bilaterales de 34 hombros de 17 cadáveres (15 hombres y 2 mujeres con un rango etareo entre 40-82 años) fijados en formalina con ampliación mediante una lupa 4X. Durante la disección de cada región, la ASDP fue evaluada en relación con su origen, ramas, curso y relaciones anatómicas con estructuras vecinas. La ASDP estuvo presente en todos los casos. Observamos una ASDP en 26 casos (76,5%), dos en 2 casos (5,9%) y la bifurcación temprana en 6 casos (17,6%). La longitud media del nervio cutáneo braquial lateral fue de 6,0 mm (intervalo de 49,0-83,9 mm). La distancia media entre el punto de entrada y el acromion de la ASDP fue 74,2 mm (rango de 51,0-96,3 mm). La bifurcación del pedículo se presentó antes de llegar a la fascia superficial en 6 de los casos (17,6 %). El estudio anatómico de la parte posterior de la arteria deltoidea subcutánea entrega datos anatómicos, cuantitativos, fiables para la utilización del colgajo deltoideo. La información detallada y cuantitativa proporcionada en este estudio puede servir de orientación a los cirujanos para un abordaje y período quirúrgico seguro.

Descripción anatómica de la irrigación del colgajo sural a pedículo distal en piezas cadavéricas / Anatomical description of the blood supply of the distally based sural flap in eight lower limbs

Background: The distally based sural fasciomyocutaneous flap is widely used in the coverage of deep soft tissue defects on the distal third of lower limbs. Aim: To perform a morphometric description of the perforating arteries that supplies the flap. Material and Methods: We used eight lower limbs from amputations performed above the knee. The limbs were injected through the popliteal artery with red colored latex. After the injection, the limbs were dissected to obtain a distally based sural fasciomyocutaneous flap. Once the fasciomyocutaneous island was obtained, the flap was elevated dissecting its pedicle. Once the whole flap was dissected, a morphometric registry of the lateral and medial perforating arteries was performed. The pivot point for the flap was set 5 cm above the upper border of the lateral malleolus. The distance between the upper border of the lateral malleolus and the emergence of each perforating artery was measured. Results: The sural nerve was identified in all eight dissections. A perineural plexus was the source of the blood supply of the flap, in three of the eight dissections. In two dissections, three sural arteries were identified (medial, median and lateral). The lateral sural artery was identified in two dissections and the medial and lateral arteries in one. Three to six perforating arteries were identified in the medial part of the pedicle and four to five perforating arteries in the lateral part of the pedicle. Conclusions: The distribution of the sural artery along the flap's pedicle is very variable. The most common distribution in these dissections was in the form of a perineural plexus. Considering the distance from the lateral malleolus to the emergence of the perforating arteries, the pivot point of the flap, should be set approximately at 5.5 centimeters above the lateral malleolus.

El colgajo sural fasciomiocutáneo es ampliamente utilizado en la reparación de defectos profundos de tejidos blandos del miembro inferior distal. Este estudio describe su base anatómica mediante la morfometría de las arterias perforantes en una muestra de nuestra población chilena. Material y Método: Se utilizaron 8 miembros inferiores de amputaciones supracondileas. Previa repleción con látex coloreado vía poplítea, se procedió a disecar los miembros inferiores para así obtener un colgajo fasciomiocutáneo sural de pedículo distal. Una vez obtenida la isla, se procedió a elevar el colgajo y disecar su pedículo. Luego se realizó la mor-fometría de las arterias perforantes tanto por lateral como por medial al pedículo, desde el punto pívot definido a 5 cm cefálico al maléolo lateral, hasta la base de la isla fasciomiocutánea. Se describió la distribución de la irrigación y se realizó registro fotográfico de los hallazgos. Resultados: El paquete vasculonervioso sural con un nervio fue identificado en todas las disecciones. La morfología arterial predominante fue la distribución como plexo perineural. Se reconocen tres arterias surales (lateral, mediana y medial). Fueron identificadas 3 a 6 perforantes hacia medial y 4 a 5 hacia lateral del pedículo. Conclusiones: La distribución de la arteria sural es variable y en la mayoría de los casos se presenta como plexo perineural. Dados los hallazgos de las perforantes, consideramos que el punto de giro del colgajo se encuentra aproximadamente a 5,5 cm del maleolo lateral, lo cual coincide con el punto ideal para la viabilidad del colgajo informado en otras series.

Muscle graft as a substitute for peripheral nerve graft in rats / Enxerto de músculo como substituto de nervo periférico em ratos

PURPOSE: To evaluate the applicability of the use of autogenous muscle treated in various ways, as a substitute of the nerve grafts. METHODS: Rats were divided into seven groups that received, as a treatment for a standard nerve injury, the following types of grafts: fresh muscle, muscle fixed with 10 percent formaldehyde, muscle frozen in a freezer, muscle frozen in refrigerator, nerveless muscle, peripheral nerve and a group was without any treatment. It assessed the histological appearance of the nerve fibers in the segment repaired. RESULTS: The evaluation of the segment nervous repaired showed nerve fibers through the graft in almost all groups, but the methodology employed has not adequately characterized the differences between the groups. CONCLUSION: This study showed the migration of nerves fibers through all grafts used.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a aplicabilidade do uso de músculo autógeno, tratado de diversas maneiras, em substituição aos enxertos de nervo. MÉTODOS: Os ratos foram separados em sete grupos que receberam, como tratamento a uma lesão nervosa padronizada, os seguintes tipos de enxertos: músculo fresco, músculo fixado com formol 10 por cento, músculo congelado em freezer, músculo congelado em refrigerador, músculo denervado, nervo periférico e um grupo ficou sem qualquer tratamento. Foi avaliado o aspecto histológico das fibras nervosas no segmento reparado. RESULTADOS: A avaliação do segmento nervoso reparado mostrou que existiam axônios em quase todos os grupos, mas a metodologia empregada não possibilitou caracterizar adequadamente as diferenças entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo mostrou a migração de axônios por meio de todos os enxertos utilizados.

A importância da avaliação sensitiva no pós-operatório de reconstrução mamária / The importance of the sensitive evaluation in the postoperative period of mammary reconstruction

A reconstrução mamária pós-mastectomia vem crescendo e, com ela a necessidade de uma recuperação não apenas estética, mas também funcional do ponto de vista sensitivo. Sabemos que a sensibilidade de mama após reconstrução retorna parcialmente e em alguns casos não retorna. Este estudo objetivou enfatizar a importância da avaliação da sensibilidade da mama pós-reconstrução com tecido autólogo e promover uma discussão sobre necessidade da reeducação sensorial. Através de uma revisão bibliográfica foram apresentadas diferentes técnicas reconstrutoras, bem como diferente retorno sensitivo do retalho miocutâneo. Avaliações sensitivas encontraram retorno da sensibilidade do retalho entre um mês e três anos de pós-operatório. A reeducação sensorial tem sido proposta para melhorar a capacidade da paciente em interpretar o estímulo sensitivo. Apesar da variedade das formas de avaliação sensitiva encontradas neste levantamento, ficou claro que o retorno desta sensibilidade existe, mesmo em mamas que não foram reinervadas. Por isto, a importância de seu estudo bem como do planejamento futuro de técnicas de reeducação sensorial deve ser enfatizado pelos fisioterapeutas, pois refletem diretamente na aceitação subjetiva da neomama pela paciente, no retorno desta em seu prazer sexual e na prevenção de danos devido à insensibilidade.

The post-mastectomy mammals reconstruction has been increasing and with them comes the necessity not only aesthetic but also functional from the recovery sensitive point of view. It is known that the sensitivity of the post-reconstruction mama returns partially and in some cases it doens't return. This study aims to emphasize the importance of the evaluation of breast post-reconstruction sensibility with autologous tissue and to promote discussion about the necessity of sensorial reeducation. Through a bibliographic review, it was seen different reconstructions techniques, and also different sensory recovery in the myocutaneous flap. Sensibility evaluations found return of the sensibility in the flap between one month and three years post-operative. The sensorial reeducation has been proposal to improve the patient ability to interpret the sensory stimulus. Despite the variety of manners of sensory evaluation found in this poll, it became evident that the return of this sensibility exists even in breasts without nerve repair. Because of this, the importance of its study and also the future planning of sensory reeducation techniques, for reflecting straight on subjective acceptation of the new breast by the patient, by the return of it in his sexual pleasure an on injury prevention due to the insensibility.

Muscular subunits transplantation for facial reanimation

OBJETIVO: Apresentar uma alternativa técnica para reconstrução de perdas músculo-cutâneas na face com a transferência de sub-segmentos(sub-unidades) inervados do músculo grande dorsal para a substituição dos diversos músculos da mímica facial. MÉTODOS: É descrito um caso de trauma com perda de pele e músculo da mímica. Foi corrigido com a transferência microcirúrgica de uma sub-unidade de músculo grande dorsal que apresenta, forma, tamanho e peso similares aos dos músculos da mímica. Respeitou-se as origens e inserções e vetores de ação para a mímica desejada. Cada um dos sub-segmentos têm artéria e veia que irrigam a unidade muscular e também um nervo com componente motor. RESULTADOS: O paciente foi avaliado comparando-se o pré e pós-operatório de um ano com foto e vídeo com mímica em repouso e dinâmica e eletromiografia (documentada em vídeo digital). Observou-se atividade mio-elétrica dos músculos transplantados. Verificou-se que a técnica foi eficaz do ponto de vista funcional e estético. CONCLUSÃO: Esta técnica parece ser uma maneira eficaz para tratar as deformidades pós-perdas complexas de pele e músculos da face e no tratamento da paralisia facial.

Mioplastia del detrusor mediante autotrasplante microquirúrgico del músculo Latissimus dorsi para el tratamiento de la acontractilidad vesical: comunicación preliminar / Detrusor myoplasty through microsurgical autotrasplant of the latissium dorsi muscle for vesical acontractility: preliminary communication

La acontractilidad vesical es un trastorno invalidante cuyo único manejo práctico actual es el auto cateterismo crónico. En fecha reciente se ha descrito el auto trasplante libre del músculo Latissimus Dorsi a la pelvis para envolver la vejiga de modo que su contracción voluntaria sea capaz de vaciar la orina. Material y Métodos: Se presenta un caso portador de acontractilidad vesical secundaria a lesión traumática del cono medular que se manejó con auto cateterismo por varios años: fue estudiado con ecotomografía, cistoscopia y urodinamia. Además, fisiatría lo evaluó con electromiografía y aplicó un programa de focalización neuromuscular del recto abdominal. Se realizó cirugía a dos equipos: el equipo de urología diseca la vejiga en toda su circunferencia hasta el nivel de los uréteres, quedando sostenida sólo por el trígono y la uretra. Luego se cubre el detrusor con una malla de vicryl a la cual se fijará el músculo auto trasplantado. Por su parte, el equipo de cirugía plástica procura el músculo Latissimus Dorsi del brazo no dominante, cuidando especialmente el pedículo (arteria, vena y nervio). Además se preparan los vasos epigástricos inferiores y el 12_ nervio intercostal (que inerva el músculo recto anterior del abdomen). A continuación se transfiere el músculo a la pelvis, revascularizandolo con técnica microquirúrgica y empleando el 12_ nervio intercostal de modo que el paciente "aprende" a orinar mediante contracción del recto abdominal. Finalmente se envuelve la vejiga con el músculo trasplantado en forma espiral, de modo que al contraerse comprima la vejiga y la vacíe. Luego de un período de 3 a 4 meses de reinervación el paciente inicia esfuerzos miccionales por contracción de la musculatura abdominal anterior, sin Valsalva y con controles del residuo. Resultados: El paciente fue operado en septiembre de 2003 y luego de 4 meses de reinervación recuperó micción espontánea, guiada por deseo miccional útil, a buen flujo y bajo residuo; esta contine...