Clinical observation on Tongdu Tiaoqi acupuncture combined with warming acupuncture for postoperative urinary retention / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the therapeutic effect of Tongdu Tiaoqi acupuncture (acupuncture for unblocking governor vessel and regulating qi ) combined with warming acupuncture, Tongdu Tiaoqi acupuncture, abdominal moxibustion and oral tamsulosin hydrochloride sustained release capsule on postoperative urinary retention.@*METHODS@#A total of 120 patients with postoperative urinary retention were randomized into an acupuncture-moxibustion group, an acupuncture group, a moxibustion group and a medication group, 30 cases in each group. Tongdu Tiaoqi acupuncture combined with warming acupuncture were applied in the acupuncture-moxibustion group. Tongdu Tiaoqi acupuncture was applied at Baihui (GV 20), Shuigou (CV 26) etc. in the acupuncture group. Moxibustion was applied at Qihai (CV 6), Guanyuan (CV 4), Shuidao (ST 28) and Sanyinjiao (SP 6) in the moxibustion group. Tamsulosin hydrochloride sustained release capsule was given orally in the medication group. The treatment was once a day, and 5-day treatment was required in each group. Before and after treatment, the residual urine volume of bladder, the visual analogue scale (VAS) score and the time of first urethral catheter removal were observed, and the clinical efficacy was compared in the 4 groups.@*RESULTS@#After treatment, the residual urine volume of bladder was decreased compared before treatment in the 4 groups (P<0.05), and that in the acupuncture-moxibustion group was less than the other 3 groups (P<0.05). After treatment, the VAS scores were decreased compared before treatment in the acupuncture-moxibustion group, the acupuncture group and the moxibustion group (P<0.05), and those in the 3 groups were lower than the medication group (P<0.05). The time of first urethral catheter removal in the acupuncture-moxibustion group was earlier than the other 3 groups (P<0.05). The total effective rate was 93.3% (28/30) in the acupuncture-moxibustion group, which was superior to 63.3% (19/30) in the acupuncture group, 60.0% (18/30) in the moxibustion group and 66.7% (20/30) in the medication group (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The therapeutic effect of Tongdu Tiaoqi acupuncture combined with warming acupuncture on postoperative urinary retention is superior to simple acupuncture, abdominal moxibustion and tamsulosin hydrochloride sustained release capsule.

Construção e validação de protocolo de avaliação clínica para o diagnóstico de enfermagem de retenção urinária em pacientes adultos / Construction and validation of clinical evaluation protocol for the diagnosis of nursing of urinary retention in adult patients

A complexidade do diagnóstico de enfermagem de Retenção Urinária (RU) requer do enfermeiro pensamento crítico bem-sucedido. Os protocolos assistenciais enfatizam o desenvolvimento de um diagnóstico de enfermagem assertivo. Este estudo teve como objetivo a luz das melhores evidências científicas, propor e validar protocolo de avaliação clínica para o diagnóstico de enfermagem de RU em pacientes adultos. Estudo realizado em duas fases. Na fase 1 foram realizadas duas revisões de literatura pelas normas do Instituto Joanna Briggs, uma Scoping Review baseada na pergunta "Quais as práticas utilizadas para o diagnóstico de pacientes em retenção urinária?" e uma Revisão Sistemática com base na pergunta "Qual a eficácia do uso do ultrassom portátil de bexiga na avaliação da RU em pacientes adultos?". Para as revisões foi utilizada a estratégia PICO, e as seguintes bases de dados Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Web of Science, National Library of Medicine, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, The Cochrane Library e SCOPUS. Na fase 2 foi realizado um estudo descritivo, do tipo metodológico, com abordagem quantitativa de desenvolvimento e validação de protocolo. Para a construção do protocolo, foi utilizada a revisão sistemática da literatura (fase 1) e para validação do protocolo utilizou-se a técnica Delphi em duas rodadas, em que profissionais especialistas na área avaliaram o protocolo proposto com auxílio de um instrumento de avaliação. Utilizou-se o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC) para validação. Os resultados da Scoping Review foram oriundos de 23 artigos, os quais foram agrupados de acordo com a clínica do paciente em clínica cirúrgica, clínica de reabilitação e clínica obstétrica. As práticas utilizadas para o diagnóstico da RU encontradas foram o cateterismo urinário de alívio, o uso do ultrassom portátil de bexiga, o uso do ultrassom portátil de bexiga associado ao cateterismo urinário e medidas não invasivas. A revisão sistemática incluiu dez estudos os quais demonstraram que o ultrassom portátil de bexiga é um instrumento eficaz e confiável para avaliação da RU em pacientes em processo de reabilitação e pós-operatório. O protocolo foi construído nos achados da revisão e validado por peritos brasileiros e portugueses em duas rodadas com alto índice de IVC. A prática baseada em evidências contribui para a reflexão e a qualificação das práticas de enfermagem. Nesse estudo embasaram a construção de um protocolo de diagnóstico de enfermagem RU em pacientes adultos

The complexity of the Urinary Retention (UR) nursing diagnosis requires successful critical thinking nurse. The care protocols emphasize the development of an assertive nursing diagnosis. This study had as objective the light of the best scientific evidence, to propose and to validate protocol of clinical evaluation for the diagnosis of UR nursing in adult patients. This study was carried out in two phases. In Phase 1, two literature reviews were conducted by the Joanna Briggs Institute, a Scoping Review based on the question "What are the practices used for the diagnosis of patients in urinary retention?" and a Systematic Review based on the question "How effective is the Use of bladder portable ultrasound in the UR evaluation in adult patients? ". For the reviews, the PICO strategy was used, and the following databases Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences, Web of Science, National Library of Medicine, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, The Cochrane Library and SCOPUS. Phase 2 shows a descriptive methodological study with a quantitative approach to protocol development and validation. For the construction of the protocol, a systematic review of the literature (Phase 1) was used, and for the validation of the protocol, the Delphi technique was used in two rounds, in which expert professionals in the area evaluated the proposed protocol with the aid of an evaluation instrument. The Content Validity Index (CVI) was used for validation. The results of the Scoping Review came from 23 articles, which were grouped according to the patient's clinic in the surgical clinic, rehabilitation clinic and obstetric clinic. The practices used for the diagnosis of UR were: urinary catheterization of relief, use of portable bladder ultrasound, use of portable ultrasound of the bladder associated with urinary catheterization and non- invasive measures. The systematic review included ten studies which demonstrated that portable bladder ultrasound is an efficient and reliable instrument for UR assessment in patients in the rehabilitation and postoperative process. The protocol was built on the findings of the review and validated by Brazilian and Portuguese experts in two rounds with a high CVI index. Evidence-based practice contributes to the reflection and qualification of nursing practices. In this study, we based the construction of an UR nursing diagnosis protocol in adult patients

Bladder decompression for chronic urinary retention may lead to upper tract bleeding.

Haematuria following decompression of a distended bladder is a well known condition. The bleeding in such cases originates in the bladder and resolves spontaneously. We describe an elderly man who had bleeding from the kidney following decompression of the bladder. This resulted in an extensive search for an upper tract tumour as a cause for haematuria.

Determining the variables associated to clean intermittent self-catheterization adherence rate: one-year follow-up study

PURPOSE: To determine adherence rate and variables associate with patients' adherence to Clean Intermittent Self Catheterization (CISC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients refereed to CISC training program between July 2006 and May 2008, were prospectively evaluated with urodynamic, 3 days bladder diary (BD) and WHOQoL-bref questionnaire. After training to perform CISC, patients were evaluated at 2 weeks, monthly for 6 months and at 12 months with clinical visits and BD. Patients were considered adherent if they were performing at least 80 percent of the initial recommendation. RESULTS: Sixty patients (50.4 ± 19.9 years old) were trained to perform CISC (21 female and 39 male). Out of them, 30 (50 percent) had neurogenic and 30 (50 percent) had a non-neurogenic voiding dysfunction. The adherence rate at 6 and 12 months was 61.7 percent, 58 percent, respectively. Patients < 40 years old had adherence rate of 86 percent. Women and neurogenic patients had higher adherence rate than their counterparts (p = 0.024 and p = 0.016, respectively). In the WHOQoL-bref, patients that adhere to the program had a significant higher score on psychological and social relationships domains. There was not difference in pre and post training WHOQoL-bref scores. Educational background, marriage status, detrusor leak point pressure, Bladder Capacity, number of leakage episodes did not play a role on the adherence rate. CONCLUSION: Patients in CISC program present a reasonable adherence after one year. Women, neurogenic voiding dysfunction and patients under 40 years old were significantly more adherents. The psychological and social relationship status seems to positively interfere on adherence. CISC did not affect patient's QoL evaluated by WHOQoL-bref.

Compromiso vesical en síndrome de Guillain-Barré: a propósito de un caso / Bladder involvement in Guillain-Barre syndrome: a case study

Introducción: El Síndrome de Guillain-Barré (SGB) es una enfermedad autoinmune caracterizada por debilidad muscular, arreflexia y disociación albúmino-citológica en líquido cerebroespinal, cuya incidencia clásica a nivel internacional suele uniformarse alrededor de 0,6 a 4 casos por 100.000 al año. Presentación del caso: Paciente de 45 años, sexo femenino, quien ingresó al Servicio de Urgencia del Hospital de Temuco derivada desde Lonquimay, por debilidad progresiva de las cuatro extremidades. En Lonquimay la paciente requirió sonda vesical por retención urinaria. Es diagnosticada con SGB, hospitalizándose en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, requiriendo ventilación asistida y tratada mediante plasmaféresis, presentando neumonía como complicación relacionada a la ventilación mecánica y recuperando íntegramente función vesical. Discusión: El compromiso vesical no es descrito como un factor importante en el diagnóstico, siendo controversial aquella afirmación por varios autores.

Introduction: Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by muscle weakness, areflexia and albumin-cytological dissociation in cerebrospinal fluid, the incidence has been reported to be relatively uniform between 0.6 to 4 cases per 100.000 per year. Case report: Patient of 45 years old, female, admitted to the emergency department of Hospital de Temuco derived from Lonquimay by progressive weakness of four extremities. In Lonquimay the patient required bladder catheterization for urinary retention. It was diagnosed with GBS, hospitalized in intensive care unit, requiring assisted ventilation and treated with plasmapheresis, developing pneumonia as a complication related to mechanical ventilation and fully recovered bladder function. Discussion: The bladder involvement is not described as an important factor in diagnosis and remains controversial this statement by several authors.

The approach to the difficult urethral catheterization among urology residents in the United States

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of different approaches to the difficult urethral catheterization (DUC) among urology residents (UR) in the United States (US). MATERIALS AND METHODS: An email invitation to participate in an online survey regarding DUC was sent to 267 UR and to 22 urology program coordinators for them to forward to their residents. 142 UR completed the survey. RESULTS: After the initial unsuccessful attempt by a nurse, 92 percent of UR attempted a catheter prior to resorting to other modalities. The most common choice of the first catheter was a Coude (76 percent) size 18F (51 percent). For situations where multiple sizes and types of catheters (12 - 20F) were used without success, 3 scenarios were proposed: 1) Catheter passed the bulbomembranous urethra (BMU) and patient had previous history of transurethral resection of the prostate or radical retropubic prostatectomy, 2) Catheter passed the BMU and no urologic history, 3) Catheter did not pass the BMU and no urologic history. Flexible cystoscopy was used in 74 percent, 62 percent and 63 percent; blind passage of a glidewire was second with 15 percent, 23 percent and 20 percent; and blind use of filiforms and followers was chosen in 7 percent, 9 percent and 9 percent of the scenarios respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The most common approach to the DUC among UR in the US involves using an 18F Coude catheter first. After trying one or more urethral catheters, UR most commonly resort to flexible cystoscopy as opposed to the blind placement of glide wires or filiforms/followers.

Difficult male urethral catheterization: a review of different approaches

PURPOSE: To review and compare the different methods for difficult male urethral catheterization described in selected literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A PubMed search was done with the terms "difficult", "failed", or "complications" and "urethral catheterization", "transurethral catheterization", "Foley catheter", "urethral catheter" or "filiforms and followers". All articles addressing the issue of difficult adult male urethral catheterization were included. RESULTS: Six main approaches were identified on the 14 articles included for review: 1) Passage of either a Glidewire, guide wire or filiform under direct vision; 2) Blind passage of a filiform, guide wire, Glidewire or hydrophilic catheter; 3) "The Peel-away® sheath placed on a cystoscope/resectoscope technique"; 4) "The rigid ureteroscope placed inside the 22F Foley technique"; 5) Suprapubic catheterization; and 6) "The instillation of 60 cc of saline through the catheter as it is advanced technique". CONCLUSION: There is a paucity of prospective data comparing the benefits, risks, success rates and complications of the different approaches for difficult Foley catheter placement. Our suggested approach starts with the initial attempt at urethral catheterization with an 18F coude and a 12F silicone catheter. If these fail, using a flexible cystoscope or the blind Glidewire technique are reasonable alternatives. If dilatation of a stricture is necessary, ureteric dilatators or a urethral balloon dilatator are recommended.

Steerable antegrade stenting: a new trick of the trade

INTRODUCTION: Whereas a retrograde attempt to insert an indwelling stent is performed in lithotomy position, usually renal access is gained in a prone position. To overcome the time loss of patient repositioning, a renal puncture can be performed in a modified lithotomy position with torqued truncus and slightly elevated flank. There is a two-fold advantage of this position: transurethral and transrenal access can be obtained using a combined approach. In the present study, this simple technique is used to position a floppy guide wire through a modified needle directly through the renal pelvis into the ureter. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The kidney is punctured in the modified lithotomy position under sonographic control using an initial three-part puncture needle. A floppy tip guide-wire is inserted into the collecting system via the needle after retrieving the stylet. The retracted needle is bent at the tip while the guide-wire is secured in the needle and the collecting system. The use of the floppy tip guide-wire helps to insert the curved needle back into the kidney pelvis, which becomes the precise guidance for the now steerable wire. The desired steerable stent is positioned under radiographic control in a retrograde fashion over the endoscopically harbored tip of the guide-wire. Two patient cohorts (newly described method and conventional method) were compared. RESULTS: The presented steering procedure saves 16.5 mean minutes compared to the conventional antegrade stenting and 79.5 Euros compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: The described combined antegrade-retrograde stent placement through a bent three-part puncture needle results in both clinical superiority (OR time, success rate) and financial benefits.

Applications of neuromodulation of the lower urinary tract in female urology

Neuromodulation is becoming part of clinical armamentarium for treatment of a variety of lower urinary tract conditions in female urology. Its increased usage stems from need of patients who have exhausted all other therapeutic options for their complex and poorly understood lower urinary tract disorders. Currently neuromodulation may consist of the use of sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) and injectable therapies. Herein, we will discuss the background and development of SNS, its current indications, methods of patient selection and will review the results of the recent published literature on SNS. In addition, we will discuss some of the newer developments in SNS such as Bion device and the future direction in integration of SNS in female urology.

Bladder drainage and glandular epithelial morphometry of the prostate in benign prostatic hyperplasia with severe symptoms

OBJECTIVE: Morphometrically analyze the cells nuclei of the basal layer of the prostatic glandular epithelium in 20 patients aged between 57 and 85 years presenting benign prostatic hyperplasia with severe symptoms, catheterized or not. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with score of severe prostatic symptoms (with indication for transurethral resection of the prostate) were distributed according to the presence or absence of bladder drainage previous to the surgery, in the treated group (n = 10, catheter during 3 months) and in the control group (n = 10, without catheter). After obtaining prostate fragments through transurethral resection and the use of morphometric techniques, 100 nuclei of prostatic glands epithelium cells were studied (as to size and form), and compared to 500 nuclei from patients submitted to catheter drainage and 500 nuclei of non-catheterized patients. RESULTS: Significantly reduced values of the major, medium and minor nuclear diameters, volume, area and perimeter, contour index and nuclear volume-nuclear area ratio were observed in the treated group in relation to the control group. As to the form, eccentricity and coefficient of nuclear form, there were significant differences between treated and control groups. CONCLUSION: Long-term catheter bladder drainage in patients presenting benign prostatic hyperplasia with severe symptoms is associated to the reduction of morphometric parameters of the nuclei of prostatic glands’ epithelial cells, suggesting a likely decompressive duct effect.

Urinary retention and the role of indwelling catheterization following total knee arthroplasty

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to investigate the rate of urinary retention after knee arthroplasty, the various factors involved in predicting those at risk for retention and to assess the impact of retention and catheterization on joint sepsis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of all available case notes of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty in a consecutive 2-year period (2000-2002). Adequate data was available for 142 patients. RESULTS: 142 patients underwent total knee arthroplasty. 19 patients were catheterized preoperatively for monitoring urine output. 123 patients were not catheterized. Urinary retention occurred in 19.7 percent (28/142). The mean day of catheterization for retention was 0.66. The mean duration of catheterization in patients developing retention was 3.58 days and was 3 days in the patients catheterized pre - or perioperatively. Deep joint sepsis occurred in 2.1 percent (3/142) - only one had been catheterized and that was preoperatively. No case of infection had urinary retention or had a symptomatic urinary tract infection. The only factors predicting those at significant risk of retention following knee arthroplasty was a past medical history of urinary retention (p = 0.049) and postoperative morphine requirement (p = 0.035). No patients required urological surgical intervention at mean follow up of 1.97 years. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the use of indwelling urinary catheterization for patients developing urinary retention after total knee arthroplasty.

Proposta para o uso de doxazosina e dexametasona para facilitar a micção espontânea após cirurgia ginecológica e/ou uroginecológica / Proposal for the use of doxazosine and dexametasone to facilitate the spontaneous micturition after gynecological and/or urogynecological surgery

Estamos mostrando nossa experiência com o uso de doxazosina e dexametasona no tratamento e na prevenção da retenção urinária após colpossuspensão abdominal. Estamos propondo o uso destas drogas com a finalidade de facilitar a micção espontânea após cirurgia ginecológica e/ou uroginecológica

Coágulo vesical gigante retido: alternativas terapêuticas / Management of massive bladder clot

A retenção urinária secundária a obstrução por coágulos é comum na rotina urológica. A conduta inicial é a irrigação vesical contínua havendo resolução na maior parte dos casos. Relatamos caso de um coágulo gigante duro-elástico que se formou em 10 dias e que, após tentativas de irrigação, evacuação através de cistoscopia e secção com alça do ressectoscópio, não permitiu limpeza da bexiga. Optamos por cistostomia, a qual levou a importante morbidade. Revisamos também as opções terapêuticas para estes casos, lembrando adicionalmente o uso de fibrinolíticos

Conticath: un nuevo concepto para el drenaje vesical / Conticath: a new concept for vesical draining

Se presenta la experiencia con un nuevo dispositivo para el drenaje de la vejiga en varones. Se trata de un catéter que permite el vaciamiento de la vejiga, bajo control esfinteriano voluntario del paciente y sin el uso de bolsas recolectoras de orina. Se presentan los resultados preliminares de tolerancia y micción con el catéter Conticath. Un 45 por ciento de los pacientes logró una micción satisfactoria por mas de una semana de observación. No hubo complicaciones mayores. Se concluye que este nuevo concepto de drenaje urinario es útil para un determinado tipo de paciente y que se necesita una mayor experiencia para determinar su indicación y utilidad exacta en los pacientes con obstrucción urinaria severa. Se necesita una mayor experiencia con el uso de este catéter para determinar su exacta indicación y utilidad

Cateter intraprostático removible en pacientes con retención urinaria / Removable intraprostatic catheter in patients with urinary retention

Se evalúa la utilidad de un catéter intrauretral removible, disponible en el mercado y de bajo costo, en 8 pacientes en retención urinaria por patología prostática. La instalación fue confiable y satisfactoria en todos los pacientes. En 4 pacientes (50 por ciento) no se logra una permeabilización de la uretra prostática, migrando a vejiga en 2, en 1 es expulsado y el último presenta incontinencia por urgencia. Desobstrucción completa, se obtiene en los restantes 4 casos permaneciendo con el dispositivo entre 23 y 393 días. En dos pacientes se debe retirar tardíamente; uno por hematuria y otro por urgencia miccional. Retornan a sonda Foley un total de 7 pacientes (88 por ciento). Ningún paciente presenta infección atribuible a la instalación ni al catéter. En los pacientes en retención urinaria evaluados, el catéter intrauretral presenta una mejor tolerancia inicial que la sonda Foley, pero es menos eficaz en la desobstrucción permanente a largo plazo

Selection criteria for prostatectomy in benign prostatic hyperplasia

30 patients were selected for prostatectomy based on the conventional urological work up [Symptom score sheet, clinical examination, radiological investigations] in addition to urodynamic assessment. Postoperative symptom analysis and urodynamic examination were done 6 weeks after the operation in all patients to evaluate the outcome and to characterize selection criteria for prostatectomy. In addition to conventional methods of evaluating patients with BPH for prostatectomy, it was found that urodynamic assessment is of great value in certain patients as those with borderline obstructive scores or high irritative scores