Consumption of drugs for Alzheimer's disease on the Brazilian private market / Consumo de medicamentos para doença de Alzheimer no mercado privado brasileiro

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the consumption of drugs for Alzheimer's disease on the Brazilian private market and its geographical distribution from 2014 to 2020. METHODS National data from the Brazilian National System of Controlled Product Management were used, regarding sales of donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, and memantine from January 2014 to December 2020. Sales data were used as a proxy for drug consumption and expressed as defined daily dose/1,000 inhabitants/year at national, regional, federative unit and microregion levels. RESULTS Drug consumption went from 5,000 defined daily doses/1,000 inhabitants, in 2014, to more than 16,000/1,000 inhabitants, in 2020, and all federative units showed positive variation. The Brazilian Northeast had the highest cumulative consumption in the period but displayed microregional disparities while the North region had the lowest consumption. Donepezil and memantine were the most consumed drugs, with the highest growth in consumption from 2014 to 2020. CONCLUSION The consumption of medicines indicated to treat Alzheimer's disease tripled in Brazil between 2014 and 2020, which may relate to the increase in the prevalence of the disease in the country, greater access to health services, and inappropriate use. This challenges managers and healthcare providers due to population aging and the increased prevalence of chronic-degenerative diseases.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar o consumo de medicamentos para a doença de Alzheimer no mercado privado brasileiro e sua distribuição geográfica entre os anos de 2014 e 2020. MÉTODOS Foram utilizados dados do Sistema Nacional de Gerenciamento de Produtos Controlados relativos às vendas de donepezila, galantamina, rivastigmina e memantina, entre janeiro de 2014 a dezembro de 2020, em todo o território nacional. Os dados de venda foram utilizados como proxy para o consumo dos medicamentos, avaliado em dose diária definida (DDD)/1.000 habitantes/ano em nível nacional, regional, por unidade federativa e microrregião. RESULTADOS O consumo dos medicamentos passou de 5.000 DDD/1.000 habitantes em 2014 para mais de 16.000 DDD/1.000 habitantes em 2020, e todas as unidades de federação apresentaram variação positiva. A região Nordeste apresentou o maior consumo acumulado no período, porém exibiu disparidades microrregionais. A região Norte apresentou o menor consumo. Os medicamentos mais consumidos foram donepezila e memantina, os quais também apresentaram maior crescimento do consumo no intervalo de tempo entre os anos de 2014 e 2020. CONCLUSÃO O consumo de medicamentos para o tratamento da doença de Alzheimer triplicou no Brasil entre os anos de 2014 e 2020, o que pode estar relacionado ao aumento da prevalência da doença no país e/ou maior acesso a serviços de saúde, assim como estar ligado, também, à utilização inapropriada destes medicamentos. Este é um desafio para gestores e profissionais de saúde num cenário de envelhecimento populacional e aumento da prevalência de doenças crônico-degenerativas.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of the treatment of mild and moderate Alzheimer's disease in Brazil

Objective: To perform a cost-effectiveness analysis of donepezil and rivastigmine therapy for mild and moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD) from the perspective of the Brazilian Unified Health System. Method: A hypothetical cohort of 1,000 individuals of both sexes, aged >65 years, and diagnosed with AD was simulated using a Markov model. The time horizon was 10 years, with 1-year cycles. A deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed. Results: For mild AD, the study showed an increase in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) of 0.61 QALY/21,907.38 Brazilian reais (BRL) for patients treated with donepezil and 0.58 QALY/BRL 24,683.33 for patients treated with rivastigmine. In the moderate AD group, QALY increases of 0.05/BRL 27,414.96 were observed for patients treated with donepezil and 0.06/BRL 34,222.96 for patients treated with rivastigmine. Conclusions: The findings of this study contradict the standard of care for mild and moderate AD in Brazil, which is based on rivastigmine. A pharmacological treatment option based on current Brazilian clinical practice guidelines for AD suggests that rivastigmine is less cost-effective (0.39 QALY/BRL 32,685.77) than donepezil. Probabilistic analysis indicates that donepezil is the most cost-effective treatment for mild and moderate AD.

An Analysis on Prescribing Patterns of Alzheimer's Dementia Treatment and Choline Alfoscerate using HIRA Claims Data

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's dementia is the most common dementia. However, recently, choline alfoscerate is prescribed for treating Alzheimer's dementia, although it is not a treatment for this disease. PURPOSE: To analyze the prescription patterns of choline alfoscerate as a dementia treatment for patients with Alzheimer's disease and to analyze, as well as the factors affecting choline alfoscerate prescription. METHOD: The 2016 HIRA-NPS data was used in this study. The code of Alzheimer's dementia is F00 in the ICD-10 disease classification code. We analyzed the demographic, clinical, and regional characteristics associated with donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, memantine, and choline alfoscerate prescriptions. All statistical and data analyse were conducted by SAS 9.4 and Excel. RESULTS: For patients with Alzheimer's disease, choline alfoscerate was the second most prescribed after donepezil. Analysis results showed that choline alfoscerate was more likely to be prescribed to men than to women, and more likely to be prescribed by local health centers than by medical institutions. Moreover, choline alfoscerate was highly likely to be prescribed at neurosurgical departments, among medical departments. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed that choline alfoscerate was prescribed considerably for patients with Alzheimer's dementia. Further studies valuating its clinical validity should be performed to clarify whether choline alfoscerate prescription is appropriate for treating Alzheimer's dementia.

Rivastigmine prevents injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion in rat liver

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate whether pre-treatment with rivastigmine is able to attenuate the I/R induced lesions in rat liver. Methods: SHAM animals or those submitted to I/R, non-treated or pre-treated with rivastigminine (2mg/kg) either 50 or 15 minutes before ischemia, were used. After I/R protocol, these animals were killed and their livers were harvested to measurement of the mitochondrial swelling as well as the malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrite and nitrate tissue concentration. Blood was also harvested for serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) determinations. Results: I/R promoted a significant increase of mitochondrial swelling in the studied animals. This increase of mitochondrial swelling was partially prevented by rivastigmine, but only if administered 50 minutes before ischemia. No significant modification of MDA, nitrite or nitrate tissue concentrations was observed in consequence of I/R, followed or not by rivastigmine treatments. In addition, I/R elevated both AST and ALT. These elevations of serum enzymes were not reversed by the different rivastigmine treatments. Conclusions: Rivastigmine administered 50 minutes before ischemia attenuates I/R-induced mitochondrial swelling, that indicates liver injury. This protective effect may be related to a greater stimulation of α7nAChR present in the Kupffer cells by the non-methabolized ACh, leading to an attenuation of I/R-induced inflammation.

Pharmacotherapy for dementia

Dementia is a clinical syndrome characterized by a cluster of symptoms and signs that manifest as difficulties in cognitive functions such as memory, psychological and psychiatric changes, and impairments in activities of daily living. As a result of worldwide trends of population aging, dementia has had a huge impact on public health in almost all countries. Disease modification therapies for dementia have not yet been developed. However, pharmacotherapy is essential in patients with dementia to combat delays in their cognitive and functional decline. In this article, we review the current pharmacotherapy for dementia. Three acetylcholinesterase inhibitors—donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine—and memantine are the only medications that have been approved for the treatment of dementia. We present the indications, dose recommendations, side effects, and criteria for National Health Insurance coverage in Korea of these medications for dementia treatment. Although the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in Korea has not approved any medications for managing the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, some antipsychotics and antidepressants have been studied and used clinically for those purposes. Clinicians may consider vitamin E, Ginkgo biloba extract, choline alfoscerate, or omega-3 fatty acids as additional treatment options. Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, estrogen hormone therapy, and statins are not generally recommended for dementia treatment. We believe that our findings will aid clinicians in the treatment of patients with cognitive decline.

Evaluation of Acute and Chronic Effects of D-Galactose on Memory and Learning in Wistar Rats

OBJECTIVE: D-galactose has been commonly used in rodent models to induce accelerated effects of aging, including those on learning, memory, and muscular tone and coordination. This is normally seen on chronic administration of D-galactose. However, there is minimal suggestive evidence on the short-term effects of the same. The aim of the study was to study the acute and chronic effects of D-galactose on learning and memory in Wistar rats. METHODS: Twenty four male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the control, standard (rivastigmine), oral D-galactose (200 mg/kg/day) and subcutaneous D-galactose (200 mg/kg/day) for a total duration of 8 weeks. Effects on learning and memory were assessed at 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 8 weeks by Morris water maze model and passive avoidance testing. RESULTS: Both oral and subcutaneous D-galactose showed positive effects on learning and memory on acute dosing, whereas this beneficial effect was lost during chronic dosing. CONCLUSION: Short-term administration of D-galactose showed positive effects, while long-term administration nullified these effects.

Actualización en enfermedad con cuerpos de Lewy / Update in Lewy body disease

La enfermedad con cuerpos de Lewy incluye 2 entidades que podrían ser consideradas variantes clínicas de una misma patología: la demencia con cuerpos de Lewy y la demencia en enfermedad de Parkinson. Con la finalidad de describir correctamente lo que sucede en la evolución de la enfermedad se divide el cuadro en etapa prodrómica y de demencia propiamente dicha. La primera está clínicamente representada por aquel período en el cual, si bien el paciente exhibe algunos signos y síntomas propios de la enfermedad, no reúne criterios de demencia. A pesar de ser difícil de definir y por carecerse todavía de contundentes datos clínicos y biomarcadores, se caracteriza principalmente por deterioro leve selectivo en función atencional ­ visuoespacial, trastorno del sueño REM y disautonomía‒. La segunda etapa está claramente caracterizada en los criterios de consenso del año 2005. Recientemente hemos publicado la validación de un instrumento llamado ALBA Screening Instrument, que permite diagnosticar con alta sensibilidad y especificidad la enfermedad aun en etapas tempranas y diferenciarla de otras patologías semejantes. La tomografía por emisión de positrones (PET) para transportador de dopamina es el procedimiento de referencia (gold standard) del diagnóstico. El tratamiento sintomático con anticolinesterásicos y neurolépticos atípicos favorece una buena evolución de la enfermedad y es fundamental tener en cuenta evitar medicamentos que pueden dañar gravemente a los pacientes como los anticolinérgicos y antipsicóticos típicos. Los avances en el diagnóstico y la difusión del impacto de esta enfermedad en la población contribuirán a generar mayores esfuerzos de investigación para hallar un tratamiento eficaz, preventivo o curativo o de ambas características. (AU)

Lewy body disease includes 2 entities that could be considered clinical variants of the same pathology: Dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease Dementia. Two stages of the disease are described in this review, a prodromal stage and one of explicit dementia. The first one is clinically represented by that period in which, the patient exhibits some typical features of the disease, but not dementia criteria. Despite being difficult to define the prodromal stage and that strong clinical data and biomarkers are still lacking, there is evidence to characterize it mainly by mild selective impairment in attention and visuo-spatial function, REM sleep disorder and dysautonomia. The second stage is clearly characterized in the known consensus criteria of 2005. We have recently published the validation of an instrument called ALBA Screening Instrument which showed a high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of the disease even in the early stages. It´s useful to differentiate the disease from other similar pathologies. Positron Emission Tomography for dopamine transporter is the gold standard of diagnosis in life. Symptomatic treatment with anticholinesterases and atypical neuroleptics help patients in their evolution of the disease. Anticholinergics and typical antipsychotics are agents to avoid in the treatmen of the disease because can severely damage patients. Future advances in the diagnosis and dissemination of the knowledge of the disease will contribute to generate greater research efforts to find an effective preventive and / or curative treatment. (AU)

Rivastigmina via transdérmica (adesivo) para o tratamento de pacientes com demência leve e moderadamente grave do tipo Alzheimer / Rivastigmine via transdermal (patch) for the treatment of patients with mild and moderately severe Alzheimer's dementia

Contexto: A doença de Alzheimer (DA) é um distúrbio neurodegenerativo progressivo crônico caracterizado por uma deterioração global e não reversível no funcionamento do cérebro, implicando perda de memória e déficit motor e discursivo. No Brasil, a prevalência de demência na população com mais dos 65 anos foi de 7,1%, sendo que a DA foi responsável por 55% dos casos. A taxa de incidência foi 7,7 por 1.000 pessoas-ano no estudo de São Paulo e 14,8 por 1.000 pessoas-ano no estudo do Rio Grande do Sul. Os fármacos considerados de primeira escolha são os inibidores da colinesterase. Dentre esses, encontra-se a rivastigmina, disponível no SUS na sua apresentação por via oral. Atualmente, a rivastigmina como tratamento por via transdérmica está registrada no País, mas não está disponível no SUS. Pergunta: O uso de rivastigmina adesivo transdérmico é eficaz e seguro no tratamento de pacientes com doença de Alzheimer quanto comparado com rivastigmina oral? Evidências científicas: Um ensaio clínico randomizado, duplo cego, com quatro braços: placebo, Exelon Patch 10, Exelon Patch 20 e cápsula oral 6mg 2xdia, que estudou mais de 1000 voluntários, foi apresentado como evidência científica. Os resultados do estudo demonstram que a apresentação via transdérmica (Exelon Patch 10) se mostrou superior ao placebo e tão eficaz quanto a apresentação via oral e que os adesivos poderiam apresentar redução de efeitos adversos gastrointestinais. Os dados corroboram outros estudos que avaliaram o adesivo transdérmico e que também demonstraram eficácia e segurança comparável entre as duas formas farmacêuticas (oral e transdérmica) do medicamento. Mais atenção deve ser dada ao tamanho do efeito que estas drogas tem gerado de eficácia no tratamento da doença de Alzheimer. Conclusão: Os resultados apresentados nos ensaios clínicos sugerem que a rivastigmina via transdérmica é tão eficaz e segura quanto a rivastigmina via oral. Entretanto, o tamanho do efeito apresentado é de difícil mensuração, sendo baseado em variações pontuais de pequena magnitude de uma escala específica. O impacto orçamentário para a incorporação da tecnologia diminui significativamente caso seja adotado um preço para o Patch 5 equivalente a Rivastigmina 1,5mg (duas vez ao dia) e para o Patch 10 equivalente a Rivastigmina 3mg (duas vez ao dia), que seriam as doses equivalentes de tratamento inicial e de manutenção. Decisão: Incorporar a rivastigmina adesivo transdérmico para o tratamento de demência para Doença de Alzheimer, conforme Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas do Ministério da Saúde, no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde ­ SUS, dada pela Portaria SCTIE-MS nº 31 publicada no Diário Oficial da União (DOU) nº 183, de 22 de setembro de 2016.

Rivastigmina adesivo transdérmico para o tratamento de demência para Doença de Alzheimer / Rivastigmine transdermal patch for the treatment of dementia for Alzheimer's Disease

Contexto: A doença de Alzheimer (DA) é um distúrbio neurodegenerativo progressivo crônico caracterizado por uma deterioração global e não reversível no funcionamento do cérebro, implicando perda de memória e déficit motor e discursivo. No Brasil, a prevalência de demência na população com mais dos 65 anos foi de 7,1%, sendo que a DA foi responsável por 55% dos casos. A taxa de incidência foi 7,7 por 1.000 pessoas-ano no estudo de São Paulo e 14,8 por 1.000 pessoas-ano no estudo do Rio Grande do Sul. Os fármacos considerados de primeira escolha são os inibidores da colinesterase. Dentre esses, encontra-se a rivastigmina, disponível no SUS na sua apresentação por via oral. Atualmente, a rivastigmina como tratamento por via transdérmica está registrada no País, mas não está disponível no SUS. Pergunta: O uso de rivastigmina adesivo transdérmico é eficaz e seguro no tratamento de pacientes com doença de Alzheimer quanto comparado com rivastigmina oral? Evidências científicas: Um ensaio clínico randomizado, duplo cego, com quatro braços: placebo, Exelon Patch 10, Exelon Patch 20 e cápsula oral 6mg 2xdia, que estudou mais de 1000 voluntários, foi apresentado como evidência científica. Os resultados do estudo demonstram que a apresentação via transdérmica (Exelon Patch 10) se mostrou superior ao placebo e tão eficaz quanto a apresentação via oral e que os adesivos poderiam apresentar redução de efeitos adversos gastrointestinais. Os dados corroboram outros estudos que avaliaram o adesivo transdérmico e que também demonstraram eficácia e segurança comparável entre as duas formas farmacêuticas (oral e transdérmica) do medicamento. Mais atenção deve ser dada ao tamanho do efeito que estas drogas tem gerado de eficácia no tratamento da doença de Alzheimer. Avaliação de Impacto Orçamentário: O preço ofertado pela empresa foi igual ao preço da rivastigmina via oral, já adquirida pelo SUS. Porém, foi considerado que a incorporação da nova apresentação trará um impacto orçamentário incremental devido aos seguintes fatos: 1) Migração de pacientes utilizando a rivastigmina por via oral para o adesivo transdérmico; 2) Migração de pacientes utilizando outros medicamentos para a rivastigmina transdérmica; 3) Pacientes que já fazem uso da rivastigmina transdérmica adquirida por conta própria ou financiada por outro ente federativo passariam a receber o medicamento pelo SUS. Portanto, foi estimado um impacto orçamentário de R$ 3 a 9 milhões no primeiro ano e de R$ 16 a 47 milhões no terceiro ano após a incorporação. Decisão: Não incorporar o uso da rivastigmina adesivo transdérmico para o tratamento de demência para Doença de Alzheimer, no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde ­ SUS, dada pela Portaria SCTIE-MS nº 8 publicada no Diário Oficial da União (D.O.U.) nº 18, de 27 de janeiro de 2016.

Recent Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder in which neuronal loss causes cognitive decline and other neuropsychiatric problems. It can be diagnosed based on history, examination, and appropriate objective assessments, using standard criteria such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA). Brain imaging and biomarkers are making progress in the differential diagnoses among the different disorders. The cholinesterase inhibitors, donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors antagonist memantine are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for AD. Recently some acetylcholinesterase inhibitors gained approval for the treatment of severe AD and became available in a higher dose formulation or a patch formulation. Optimal care in AD is multifactorial and it should include early diagnosis and multidisciplinary care with pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions including exercise interventions, cognitive interventions and maintenance of social networks.

The Effect of Rivastigmine Transdermal Patch on Sleep Apnea in Patients with Probable Alzheimer's Disease

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This study was designed to evaluate the effect on sleep of rivastigmine transdermal patch in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: Patients with probable AD underwent a sleep questionnaire, overnight polysomnography and neuropsychological tests before and after rivastigmine transdermal patch treatment. We analyzed the data from enrolled patients with AD. RESULTS: Fourteen patients with probable AD were finally enrolled in this study. The respiratory disturbance index after the rivastigmine patch treatment was improved in patients with probable AD and sleep breathing disorder, compared with that of before treatment (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Rivastigmine transdermal patch application are expected to improve the symptoms of sleep disordered breathing in patients with probable AD. Further placebo controlled studies are needed to confirm these results.

Visual Hallucinations and Amyloid Deposition in Parkinson's Disease Dementia: A Case Report

Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) is notorious for its debilitating clinical course and high mortality rates. Consequently, various attempts to investigate predictors of cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease (PD) have been made. Here we report a case of a 75-year-old female patient with PD who visited the clinic with complaints of recurrent visual hallucinations and cognitive decline, whose symptoms were ameliorated by the titration of rivastigmine. Imaging results showed pronounced diffuse cortical amyloid deposition evidenced by 18F-florbetaben amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. This observation suggests that pronounced amyloid deposition and visual hallucinations in PD patients could be clinically significant predictors of cognitive decline in PD patients. Future research should concentrate on accumulating more evidence for possible predictors of cognitive decline and their association with PD pathology that can enable an early intervention and standardized treatment in PDD patients.

Aquisição de medicamentos para a Doença de Alzheimer no Brasil: uma análise no sistema federal de compras, 2008 a 2013 / The acquisition of medication to treat Alzheimer´s disease in Brazil: an analysis of federal purchases, 2008-2013

Resumo O processo de transição demográfica brasileiro tem levado a substancial envelhecimento populacional e a aumento na prevalência de síndromes demenciais, entre as quais se destaca a Doença de Alzheimer (DA). Desde 2002, o tratamento farmacológico da doença possui Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas (PCDT) específico e os medicamentos recomendados são de financiamento pelo Ministério da Saúde. O estudo investigou a aquisição dos medicamentos utilizados no tratamento da DA a partir do Sistema Integrado de Administração de Serviços Gerais, traçando um perfil evolutivo das quantidades adquiridas, gastos e preços praticados no período de 2008 a 2013. Foram analisados os dados relativos a todas as apresentações adquiridas, inclusive as ausentes do PCDT. Os preços unitários foram deflacionados para dezembro/2013, pelo IPCA. Foram compradas mais de 47 milhões de unidades e gastos R$ 90,1 milhões com medicamentos para DA. Destaca-se nos gastos a participação da rivastigmina em suas diversas apresentações. Medicamentos não indicados pelo PCDT representaram 3% dos gastos, com percentuais de compra associados ao atendimento de ações judiciais pouco expressivos. No período, ocorreu redução dos preços médios ponderados corrigidos de todos os medicamentos, mesmo dos não presentes no PCDT.

Abstract The demographic transition in Brazil has led to substantial aging of the population and an increased prevalence of age-related diseases such as dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). The Brazilian Ministry of Health finances AD medication and, since 2002, a Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines (PCDT) for this condition have been made available. This study investigated the acquisition of medication for AD in the Integrated System of Administration of General Services (SIASG) database. A profile of purchases, expenditures and prices from 2008 to 2013 was prepared. All medication and forms of treatment of AD were investigated, including those not contained in the PCDT protocol. Unit prices were deflated to December 2013 by the IPCA (Brazilian Pricing Index). More than 47 million units of medication for AD were acquired and expenditures attained 90.1 million Brazilian reals. The purchase of the various administration routes of rivastigmine were in the forefront. Medication not listed in the protocol represented 3% of expenditures and purchases resulting from health litigation were negligible. Over the period, a reduction of corrected weighted average prices of PCDT and non-PCDT medication was observed.

Design, synthesis and evaluation of 5-aminobenzimidazolone derivatives as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors / 药学学报

The target compounds were prepared from 5-aminobenzimidazolone by two steps reaction, and their AChE inhibitory activities were measured by Ellman method in vitro. The AChE inhibitory activity of compound 4d is the best of them, and its IC50 value is equal to 7.2 μmol·L(-1), which is better than that of rivastigmine; moreover the 4d had no inhibitory activities to BuChE. Therefore, the inhibitory activities of 5-aminobenzimidazolone derivatives to acetylcholinesterase are worth further researching.

Factors Influencing Skin Tolerability to the Rivastigmine Patch in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The one-day rivastigmine patch is reportedly well tolerated and has minimal side effects. However, Asian patients show more side effects than those in Western countries. We evaluated tolerability of the rivastigmine patch in South Korean patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the specific factors affecting adverse events of the skin. METHODS: A 6-month, open labeled, multi-centered, observational study was carried out in 440 patients with probable AD from July 2009 to September 2010 (NCT01312363). RESULTS: A total of 25.9% of the patients experienced adverse skin events at the rivastigmine patch application site and 17.0% discontinued treatment due to adverse events at the skin application site. The most common adverse events were itching and erythema. Patients with an allergic history and users of electric heating appliances reported skin discomfort. Older age was associated with discontinuing treatment. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the rivastigmine patch induced some adverse skin events and may contribute to understanding and improving skin tolerability to the rivastigmine patch.

Design, synthesis and evaluation of new L-proline derivatives as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors / 药学学报

In this paper, fourteen new L-proline derivatives were designed and synthesized, and their acetlcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities were also investigated in vitro. New L-proline derivatives were prepared from substituted 2-bromo-1-acetophenones through four-step reaction; and their bioactivities as AChE inhibitors were measured by Ellman spectrophotometry. The results showed that the target compounds had a certain AChE inhibitory activity to in vitro. The bioactivity of compound 8b was the best of them, and its IC50 value was 5.45 µmol.L-1, which was better than that of rivastigmine. So the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of new L-proline derivatives were worth to be further studied.

Design, synthesis and evaluation of N-acyl-4-phenylthiazole-2-amines as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors / 药学学报

N-Acyl-4-phenylthiazole-2-amines were designed and synthesized, moreover their effects on acetylcholinesterase activities were tested. N-Acyl-4-phenylthiazole-2-amines were prepared from substituted 2-bromo-1-acetophenones by three steps reaction, and their AChE inhibitory activities were measured by Ellman method in vitro. The results showed that the target compounds had a certain inhibitory activity on AChE in vitro. Among them, 8c was the best, and IC50 of 8c was 0.51 micromol x L(-1), better than that of rivastigmine and Huperzine-A. The inhibitory activities of N-acyl-4-phenylthiazole-2-amines on acetylcholinesterase are worth while to be further studied.

Design, synthesis and activity of N-acyl-thiochromenothiazol-2-amine as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors / 药学学报

A series of novel N-acyl-thiochromenothiazol-2-amine derivatives were designed and synthesized, furthermore, their inhibition effect on acetylcholinesterase was investigated. N-Acyl-thiochromenothiazol-2-amines were prepared from thiophenol by Hantzsch reaction, acylation reaction and substitution reaction. Moreover, their bioactivities as AChE inhibitors in vitro were measured with Ellman spectrophotometry. The results showed that most of them had a certain inhibition activity on AChE, and the compound 10a was the best in them. The IC50 of 10a to AChE is 7.92 μmol x L(-1), and the value is better than that of rivastigmine. N-Acyl-thiochromenothiazol-2-amine derivatives showed a certain bioactivity in vitro, which were worth further investigation.