Continuity effects on rotifers and microcrustaceans caused by the construction of a downstream reservoir in a cascade series (Iguaçu River, Brazil) / Efeitos contínuos sobre rotíferos e microcrustáceos causados pela construção de um reservatório a jusante de uma série em cascata, Rio Iguaçú, Brasil

Abstract This study evaluated changes in the community of rotifers and microcrustaceans associated with the construction of a large and dendritic reservoir in Iguaçu River (Brazil), as the last reservoir of a sequence of five cascading systems. Differences were clear between pre-filling and post-filling phases for organisms and some of environmental variables. In the pre-filling phase, the community was more homogeneous along the downstream river gradient, and spatial compartmentalization in the new reservoir was common during the post-filling phase. From 140 identified taxa, 10 species occurred exclusively in the pre-filling phase and 32 in the post-filling phase. After completion of the fifth reservoir filling-up, opportunistic, pioneer and fast-developing species quickly dominated, and downstream of the fourth reservoir the pre-filling decreasing gradient of richness, diversity and evenness disappeared. Richness of rotifers and cladocerans, cladocerans diversity, and evenness of rotifers, cladocerans and copepods were generally higher in the post-filling phase. A non-metric multidimensional analysis based on a presence/absence matrix depicted a homogeneous and dense group of species associated to the pre-filling phase and a second, dispersed group related to the post-filling phase. Spearman correlations pointed out significant positive effects of transparency on rotifer species richness in the post-filling phase, and negative effects on the microcrustacean richness in the pre-filling phase. Dam construction caused disruption of the downstream lotic gradient along the series of dams, leading to the development of distinct species in lentic spatial compartments.

Resumo Esse estudo analisou os efeitos da construção de um reservatório largo e dendrítico no Brasil sobre a comunidade de rotíferos e microcrustáceos, sendo o último reservatório de uma cascata de cinco. Houve claras diferenças entre as fases pré e pós-enchimento para os organismos e para algumas variáveis ambientais. Na fase pré-enchimento, a comunidade foi mais homogênea no gradiente longitudinal no rio a jusante, e na fase pós-enchimento houve compartimentalização espacial no novo reservatório. Dos 140 táxons identificados, dez espécies ocorreram exclusivamente na fase pré-enchimento e 32 na fase pós-enchimento. Após o enchimento, espécies oportunistas, pioneiras e de rápido desenvolvimento foram dominantes, e desapareceu o gradiente de decréscimo a jusante do quarto reservatório para a riqueza, diversidade e equitabilidade durante a fase pré-enchimento. A riqueza de rotíferos e cladóceros, a diversidade de cladóceros, e a equitabilidade de rotíferos, cladóceros e copépodes foram elevadas na fase pós-enchimento. A análise de escalonamento multidimensional não-métrico sobre a matriz de presença e ausência mostrou um grupo homogêneo e denso de espécies e meses de amostragem na fase pré-enchimento, e outro grupo disperso na fase pós-enchimento. Correlações de Spearman apontaram efeitos significativos da transparência sobre a riqueza de rotíferos na fase pós-enchimento, e efeitos negativos sobre a riqueza de microcrustáceos na outra fase. Os efeitos da construção do reservatório causaram rompimento no gradiente lótico contínuo a jusante do quarto reservatório observado na fase pré-enchimento, permitindo o desenvolvimento de espécies em compartimentos espaciais lênticos.

Can microcystins affect zooplankton structure community in tropical eutrophic reservoirs? / Microcistinas podem afetar a estrutura da comunidade zooplanctônica em reservatórios eutróficos tropicais?

Abstract The aim of our study was to assess whether cyanotoxins (microcystins) can affect the composition of the zooplankton community, leading to domination of microzooplankton forms (protozoans and rotifers). Temporal variations in concentrations of microcystins and zooplankton biomass were analyzed in three eutrophic reservoirs in the semi-arid northeast region of Brazil. The concentration of microcystins in water proved to be correlated with the cyanobacterial biovolume, indicating the contributions from colonial forms such as Microcystis in the production of cyanotoxins. At the community level, the total biomass of zooplankton was not correlated with the concentration of microcystin (r2 = 0.00; P > 0.001), but in a population-level analysis, the biomass of rotifers and cladocerans showed a weak positive correlation. Cyclopoid copepods, which are considered to be relatively inefficient in ingesting cyanobacteria, were negatively correlated (r2 = – 0.01; P > 0.01) with the concentration of cyanotoxins. Surprisingly, the biomass of calanoid copepods was positively correlated with the microcystin concentration (r2 = 0.44; P > 0.001). The results indicate that allelopathic control mechanisms (negative effects of microcystin on zooplankton biomass) do not seem to substantially affect the composition of mesozooplankton, which showed a constant and high biomass compared to the microzooplankton (rotifers). These results may be important to better understand the trophic interactions between zooplankton and cyanobacteria and the potential effects of allelopathic compounds on zooplankton.

Resumo Com o objetivo de avaliar se as cianotoxinas (microcistinas) podem afetar a composição da comunidade zooplanctônica, levando à dominância de formas microzooplanctônicas (protozoários e rotiferos), as variações nas concentrações de microcistina e a biomassa do zooplâncton foram analisadas em três reservatórios eutróficos na região semi-árida do nordeste brasileiro. A concentração de microcistinas na água esteve correlacionada com o biovolume de cianobactérias, indicando a contribuição de formas coloniais como Microcystis na produção de cianotoxinas. A nível de comunidade, a biomassa total do zooplâncton não apresentou correlacão com a concentração de microcistina (r2 = 0.00; P > 0.001), mas em uma análise a nível de populações, a biomassa de rotíferos e cladóceros apresentou uma fraca correlação positiva. Copépodos Cyclopoida, os quais são considerados relativamente ineficientes na ingestão de cianobactérias, estiveram negativamente correlacionados com a concentração de microcistinas (r2 = - 0.01; P > 0.01). Surpreendentemente, a biomassa de copépodos Calanoida foi positivamente correlacionada com a concentração de cianotoxinas (r2 = 0.44; P > 0.001). Os resultados indicam que mecanismos de controle alelopáticos (efeitos negativos da microcistina sobre o zooplâncton) parecem não afetar substancialmente a composição do mesozooplâncton, que apresentou uma alta e constante biomassa, quando comparada à biomassa do microzooplâncton (rotíferos). Esses resultados podem ser importantes para um melhor entendimento das interações tróficas entre o zooplâncton e cianobactérias, e do efeito potencial de compostos alelopáticos sobre o zooplâncton.

Demography of zooplankton (Anuraeopsis fissa, Brachionus rubens and Moina macrocopa) fed Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus acutus cultured on different media

Generally zooplankton growth is often limited by the quality of their algal diet. A cheaper common practice in aquaculture, is to culture algae with fertilizers; however, the demography of zooplankton when fed these algae has not yet been evaluated. We studied the population growth and life table demography of the rotifers Anuraeopsis fissa and Brachionus rubens, and the cladoceran Moina macrocopa. For this, the algae Scenedesmus acutus or Chlorella vulgaris were cultured on defined (Bold’s basal) medium or the commercial liquid fertilizer (Bayfolan). Experiments were conducted at one algal concentration 1.0x10(6)cells/mL of C. vulgaris or its equivalent dry weight of 0.5x10(6)cells/mL of S. acutus. The population dynamics were tested at 23±1ºC in 100mL transparent jars, each with 50mL of the test medium, with an initial density of 0.5indiv/mL, for a total of 48 test jars (3 zooplankton 2 algal species x 2 culture media x 4 replicates). For the life table experiments with M. macrocopa, we introduced 10 neonates (<24h old) into each test jar containing the specific algal type and concentration. For the rotifer experiments, we set 5mL tubes with one neonate each and 10 replicates for each algal species and culture medium. We found that the average rotifer life span was not influenced by the diet, but for M. macrocopa fed S. acutus cultured in Bold’s medium, the average lifespan was significantly lower than with the other diets. The gross and net reproductive rates of A. fissa (ranging from 18-36 offspring per female) were significantly higher for C. vulgaris cultured in Bold medium. Regardless of the culture medium, Chlorella resulted in significantly higher gross and net reproductive rates for B. rubens than S. acutus diets. The reproductive rates of M. macrocopa were significantly higher in all the tested diets except when fed with S. acutus in Bold medium. The population increase rate, derived from growth experiments of A. fissa and B. rubens, ranged from 0.1-0.25/d and were significantly higher on C. vulgaris cultured in liquid fertilizer as compared to the other diets. The growth rates of M. macrocopa ranged from 0.1 to 0.38/d, and were highest with diets of C. vulgaris cultured in Bold medium and S. acutus cultured in fertilizer. Thus, regardless of the culture medium used, the growth rates of the evaluated zooplankton species were higher with Chlorella than with Scenedesmus. The peak population density was highest (2 800ind/mL) for A. fissa fed Chlorella that was cultured on liquid fertilizers, while B. rubens and M. macrocopa had peak abundances of 480 and 12ind/mL, respectively under similar conditions.

Generalmente el crecimiento del zooplancton está a menudo limitado por la calidad de su dieta de algas. La demografía del zooplancton durante la alimentación con algas no ha sido estudiada, a pesar de que el cultivo de algas con fertilizantes es una práctica económica común en acuacultura. Se analizó la demografía de Anuraeopsis fissa y Brachionus rubens (rotíferos) y Moina macrocopa (cladóceros), alimentados con las algas verdes Scenedesmus acutus o Chlorella vulgaris cultivadas en medio Bold o fertilizante líquido comercial (Bayfolan, de Bayer). En los rotíferos no se observaron diferencias significativas en el promedio de vida, sin embargo, este parámetro en M. macrocopa con S. acutus cultivada en Medio Bold, fue significativamente menor que en otras dietas. Las tasas de reproducción bruta y neta de A. fissa fueron significativamente mayores con C. vulgaris cultivada en medio Bold, que con el fertilizante; estas tasas en B. rubens, independientemente del medio de cultivo, resultaron significativamente mayores con Chlorella que S. acutus. La tasa de reproducción de M. macrocopa fue significativamente mayor en todas, a excepción de S. acutus en Bold. En el crecimiento poblacional con A. fissa y B. rubens la tasa de crecimiento poblacional varió de 0.1 hasta 0.25/d, significativamente mayores en C. vulgaris cultivadas con fertilizante, en comparación con las otras dietas; en M. macrocopa la tasa de crecimiento varió desde 0.1 hasta 0.38/d, las más altas fueron: con C. vulgaris cultivadas en medio Bold y S. acutus cultivadas con fertilizante. Así, en todas las especies, la tasa de crecimiento fue más alta con Chlorella que con Scenedesmus.

Influencia de las macrófitas sobre la estructura poblacional de rotíferos y microscrustáceos en un plano de inundación tropical

The influence of macrophytes on rotifer and microcrustacean assemblage in a tropical floodplain. Most studies on zooplankton ecology have been conducted in open waters. However, it has been considered of great importance to extend such studies to other habitats, such as those generated of macrophytes. We studied the spatial and temporal variation of the microcrustacean and rotifer assemblage structures associated with macrophytes, and compare them with the variation exhibited in open waters. Integrated samples were collected for zooplankton and phytoplankton biomass using a Schindler bottle, in four open water sites and four other sites covered by macrophytes in the floodplain complex of Ayapel (Córdoba, Colombia) during different limnimetric levels. The significant differences in the structure were evaluated using Kruskal & Wallis and discriminant analyses, and the similarity among sampling sites was evaluated using Bray & Curtis analysis. Zooplanktonic richness was favored by macrophytes. However, we did not find a constant spatial pattern for density, and only particular trends apparently conditionated by flood pulses. The presence of Eichhornia azurea (Pontederiaceae) contributed in a significant way with an increase in the diversity and density of benthic taxa. The density of some zooplanktonic groups was related with environmental conditions and phytoplanktonic biomass. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (2): 853-870. Epub 2011 June 01.

La mayoría de estudios ecológicos del zooplancton se han realizado en aguas abiertas. No obstante, es importante ampliar la exploración hacia hábitats como el de las macrófitas. En este estudio se evaluó la variación espacio-temporal de la estructura del ensamble de rotíferos y microcrustáceos asociados a macrófitas y se comparó con la variación de su estructura en aguas abiertas, para lo cual se tomaron muestras integradas de zooplancton y biomasa de fitoplancton usando una botella Schindler de 5L en cuatro sitios de aguas abiertas y en cuatro sitios cubiertos por macrófitas durante diferentes niveles limnimétricos en el complejo cenagoso de Ayapel (Córdoba, Colombia). Las diferencias significativas de la estructura se evaluaron mediante Kruskal & Wallis y discriminantes; y la similitud entre sitios de muestreo mediante Bray & Curtis. Las macrófitas favorecieron la riqueza zooplanctónica; sin embargo, no hubo un patrón espacial constante en la densidad, pero sí tendencias particulares condicionadas por el pulso de inundación. La presencia de Eichhornia azurea (Pontederiaceae) contribuyó significativamente a la mayor diversidad y densidad de taxones bentónicos y sólo la densidad de algunos taxones y grupos del zooplancton se relacionó con las condiciones ambientales y la biomasa de fitoplancton.

Salinity and freshwater discharge determine rotifer distribution at the Mossoró River Estuary (Semiarid Region of Brazil) / Salinidade e descarga de água doce determinam a distribuição de rotíferos no estuário do Rio Mossoró (região semiárida do Brasil)

The present study aimed at evaluating differences in rotifer distribution in three estuarine zones in an inverse estuary located in the Semiarid Region of Brazil. Zones were chosen based on their proximity to the ocean and river border as a means of reflecting a horizontal salinity gradient. High freshwater discharge during the rainy season was the major determinant of rotifer composition. On the other hand, due to higher salinity values during the dry season, very low values of species richness and abundance were observed in all zones. Therefore, the study highlights the constraints of salinity and the positive influence of seasonality and river proximity on rotifer species in a semiarid estuarine environment.

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar diferenças na distribuição de rotíferos em três zonas estuarinas em um estuário inverso localizado na região semiárida do Brasil. As zonas foram escolhidas com base em suas proximidades com o oceano e a margem do rio de forma a representar um gradiente de salinidade horizontal. A forte entrada de água doce durante o período chuvoso foi o maior determinante da composição de rotíferos. Do outro lado, devido aos maiores valores de salinidade durante o período seco, valores muito baixos de riqueza de espécies e abundância foram observados em todas as zonas. Dessa forma, o estudo demonstra as restrições da salinidade e a influência positiva da sazonalidade e da proximidade com o rio sobre as espécies de rotíferos em um ambiente estuarino do semiárido.

Seasonal variations of species composition and abundance of zooplankton in Ehoma Lake, a floodplain lake in Nigeria

Ehoma Lake is among the important breeding sites of the major fishes in the Mid-Cross River, Nigeria. The juveniles of these fishes are solely dependent on zooplankton, which has not been studied previously. I studied monthly the lake’s physico-chemical variables and zooplankton composition in three stations (littoral, sub-littoral and pelagic) from March 2005 to August 2006. Sixty-seven zooplankton species (42 rotifers, 19 cladocerans and 6 copepods) were identified. Daphnia obtusa Kurz, Keratella valga Ehrenberg, Keratella ticinensis Callerrio, Keratella hiemalis Carlin, Brachionus dimidiatus Bryce and Lecane candida Hauer and Murray are new records for Nigeria. The dominant zooplankters were Diaphanosoma excisum Kurz and Moina micrura Kurz. There was an inverse relationship between species richness and abundance. Richness was highest in the dry season while peak zooplankton abundance was recorded in the rainy season. Zooplankton abundance and species richness decreased progressively from the littoral to the pelagic station while the Shannon-Weaver diversity index varied from 0.68 to 1.28 without a clear seasonal trend. There is a succession pattern: rotifers that are dominant in the dry season are replaced by cladocerans in the rainy season. This succession was greatly influenced by seasonal flooding of the lake. As no previous information on the zooplankton of the lake is available, this study provides baseline data on the lake`s zooplankton. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 171-182. Epub 2010 March 01.

El lago Ehoma, situado en la mitad del río Cross, es uno de los lugares de reproducción de las principales especies de peces del río. Los juveniles de estos peces dependen exclusivamente del zooplancton, sin embargo poco se sabe sobre este recurso en el lago. En este estudio, las variables físico-químicas y del zooplancton del lago fueron estudiadas mensualmente en tres estaciones (litoral, sub-litoral y pelágica), de marzo de 2005 a agosto de 2006. Fueron identificadas 67 especies de zooplancton (42 rotíferos, 19 cladóceros y 6 copépodos). Daphnia obtusa Kurz, Keratella valga Ehrenberg, Keratella ticinensis Callerrio, Keratella hiemalis Carlin, Brachionus dimidiatus Bryce y Lecane candida Hauer y Murray son nuevos registros para Nigeria. Las especies dominantes fueron Diaphanosoma excisum Kurz y Moina micrura Kurz. Hubo una relación inversa entre la riqueza de especies y la abundancia. La riqueza de especies fue mayor en la estación seca, mientras que la abundancia de zooplancton registró su mayor valor en la estación lluviosa. La abundancia y riqueza de especies de zooplancton disminuyó progresivamente desde la estación del litoral a la pelágica, mientras que el índice de diversidad de Shannon-Weaver varió de 0.68 a 1.28, sin una clara tendencia estacional. Se encontró un patrón de sucesión: los rotíferos, dominantes en la estación seca, fueron reemplazados por cladóceros en la estación lluviosa. Esta sucesión estuvo fuertemente influenciada por las inundaciones estacionales del lago. Al no haber información disponible sobre el zooplancton de este lago, este estudio proporciona los primeros datos de referencia.

Composition, diversity and short-term temporal fluctuations of zooplankton communities in fish culture ponds (Pindamonhangaba), SP / Composição, diversidade e flutuações temporais de curto prazo da comunidade zooplanctônica de viveiros de piscicultura (Pindamonhangaba), SP

The present study aimed at evaluating the composition, diversity and short-term temporal fluctuations of zooplankton communities in fish ponds. The study was carried out in two fish ponds, with 180 m² of water surface (6 × 30 m) each, located in the Aquiculture Centre of the Pindamonhangaba Fisheries Institute - São Paulo. The study was developed over eight weeks, from February 16 to April 6, 1998. The physical and chemical conditions of the water in the fish ponds were adequate for zooplankton development. The zooplanktonic community was characterised by high richness of species and a greater diversity was observed in the first fish pond, with a superior density of Rotifera. Temporal changes in zooplankton composition occurred in both ponds with Cladocera appearing in abundance later, in the fourth week, whereas copepods and rotifers were well represented since the beginning. Many species found are typical of fish ponds and are considered to constitute an excellent food source, showing high nutritional value for fish larvae, a good example being individuals from the Rotifera group and the micro-crustacean species Moina minuta and Thermocyclops decipiens.

O presente estudo visou avaliar a composição, a diversidade e a flutuação do zooplâncton em dois viveiros escavados na terra com 180 m² de espelho d'água (6 × 30 m) cada um, no Núcleo de Aquicultura do Instituto de Pesca de Pindamonhangaba-SP. O estudo foi realizado durante oito semanas, no período de 16 de fevereiro a 6 de abril de 1998. As condições observadas, em relação às características físicas e químicas da água dos viveiros, foram adequadas ao desenvolvimento dos organismos zooplanctônicos. A comunidade zooplanctônica foi caracterizada por elevada riqueza de espécies, com maiores densidades de organismos pertencentes ao grupo Rotifera. Mudanças temporais na composição do zooplâncton ocorreram em ambos os tanques, com Cladocera aparecendo em maior abundância mais tarde, na quarta semana, enquanto que copepodos e rotíferos foram bem representados desde o início. Muitas espécies encontradas são típicas de viveiros de piscicultura e constituem excelente fonte alimentar, apresentando alto valor nutritivo para larvas de peixes, como por exemplo os indivíduos do grupo Rotifera e as espécies Moina minuta e Thermocyclops decipiens.

The impact of impoundment on the rotifer communities in two tropical floodplain environments: interannual pulse variations / O impacto de represamentos sobre comunidades de rotíferos em dois ambientes de planície tropical: variações interanuais nos pulsos hidrológicos

Hydrological pulses are the main factor regulating the structure of biological communities in floodplains. Reservoirs above this ecosystem change the environment's dynamics and the community's biodiversity. This study evaluated the structure and stability of the rotifer community in response to changes in hydrological pulses after the Porto Primavera impoundment in the Upper Paraná River floodplain. The community was studied in a river and in a floodplain lake downstream of the dam over a four-year period before and after the impoundment. A decrease in species richness and abundance was observed soon after the impoundment, followed by an increase in these attributes and in specific diversity when the hydrometric level of the Paraná River rose and, consequently, increased the connectivity between the floodplain environments. Conochilus coenobasis, Filinia longiseta, Keratella cochlearis, Lecane proiecta and Polyarthra dolichoptera persisted throughout the study and contributed to community stability (the maintenance of rank in species abundance over time), which was high in the floodplain lake, mainly after the impoundment. Reductions in the frequency, intensity and amplitude of potamophase pulses after the impoundment led to the decrease in species richness and the increases in abundance, community stability, and species diversity, which determine community resilience.

O principal fator regulador da estrutura das comunidades biológicas nas planícies de inundação é o regime de pulsos hidrológicos. Reservatórios construídos nesses ecossistemas alteram a dinâmica dos ambientes e a biodiversidade das comunidades. Este estudo avaliou a estrutura e a estabilidade da comunidade de rotíferos em conseqüência das alterações do pulso hidrológico após o represamento de Porto Primavera, na planície de inundação do Alto Rio Paraná, a montante. A comunidade foi estudada em um rio e uma lagoa, durante quatro anos, antes e depois da construção do reservatório. Logo após o represamento, foi observada a redução da riqueza de espécies e abundância dos organismos, seguida do incremento destes atributos, e da diversidade de espécies com o aumento do nível hidrométrico do Rio Paraná e, conseqüentemente, da conectividade entre os ambientes da planície de inundação em anos de cheias excepcionais. Conochilus coenobasis, Filinia longiseta, Keratella cochlearis, Lecane proiecta e Polyarthra dolichoptera persistiram durante o estudo, contribuindo para a estabilidade da comunidade (manutenção da abundância das espécies ao longo do tempo), que foi maior na lagoa, principalmente após o represamento. A redução na freqüência, intensidade e amplitude dos pulsos de potamofase determinaram, por um lado, a redução da riqueza de espécies, e por outro o aumento da abundância dos organismos e da estabilidade da comunidade, além do aumento da diversidade de espécies, favorecendo a persistência da comunidade.

Tasa de crecimiento poblacional del rotífero Brachionus rotundiformis (Rotifera: Brachionidae) en un quimiostato de dos cámaras

Population growth rate of the rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis (Rotifera: Brachionidae) in two-stage chemostat. The population growth rates of Brachionus rotundiformis were estimated in two-stage chemostat cultures. Chlorella sorokiniana was supplied continuously from a steady state culture growing with constant illumination on limiting nitrate. Rotifer growth in the second stage was limited by the rate of algal supply. The algal supply rate and rotifer population growth rate were determined by the second-stage dilution rate. The maximum population growth rate in the transient state of B. rotundiformis (1.96 day-1) was observed at 2.5 x 106 cel/ml of the algae whereas in the steady state the maximum population growth rate (1.09 day-1) was similar to the point Hopf’s bifurcation predicted by Fussmann and was observed at 1 x 106 cel/ml of the algae. In the transient state, the rotifer’s growth rate increased and the duplication time decreased at higher algal concentrations, until reaching a peak where the population growth rate begins to decrease. In the steady state, the opposite was true. The growth rates observed in this work are among the highest recorded for this rotifer in continuous cultures. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1149-1157. Epub 2008 September 30.

Se estimaron las tasas de crecimiento poblacionales de Brachionus rotundiformis en un quimiostato de dos cámaras. Suministramos Chlorella sorokiniana continuamente a partir de un cultivo en estado estacionario con iluminación constante y nitrato como nutriente limitante. El crecimiento del rotífero en la segunda cámara estuvo limitado por la tasa de suministro del alga. La tasa de suministro del alga y la tasa de crecimiento poblacional del rotífero fueron determinadas a partir de la tasa de dilución en la segunda cámara. La tasa máxima poblacional de crecimiento en estado de transición de B. rotundiformis (1.96 día-1) se obtuvo a 2.5 x106 cel/ml del alga, mientras que en estado estacionario la tasa máxima (1.09 día-1) fue similar al punto de bifurcación de Hopf predicho en Fussmann et al., (2000) y se obtuvo a 1 x106 cel/ml del alga. En la fase de transición se observó que a mayor concentración del alga, mayor era la tasa de crecimiento del rotífero y menor su tiempo de duplicación, hasta alcanzar un pico donde comienza a decrecer. En la fase estacionaria se observó lo contrario. Los valores obtenidos se encuentran entre los más altos reportados hasta ahora para este rotífero en cultivos continuos.

Production of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis (Ploimida: Brachionidae) in a Brazilian coastal lagoon

Secondary production, density and biomass fluctuations, and some reproductive aspects of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis were studied weekly for two years in a Brazilian coastal lagoon. Food (and secondarily temperature) seemed to be the main factor involved in the summer increments. In the first summer, a mass mortality of fish caused changes in the phytoplankton, which switched from the dominance of Cyanophyceae to Chlorophyceae and other groups. For two months, production, density and biomass were relatively high until the recovery of the Cyanophyceae dominance. In the second summer, peaks of shorter duration and higher values of production, in comparison to the first one, were found. The contribution of resting eggs hatching, in the first summer, and the increment in parthenogenetic reproduction, in the second summer, would account for the population increases observed. Males and mictic females occurred when densities were high.