Integrated management during the perinatal period for total anomalous pulmonary venous connection / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of integrated management during the perinatal period for fetuses diagnosed with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) by prenatal echocardiography.@*METHODS@#Clinical data of 64 cases of TAPVC fetuses diagnosed by prenatal echocardiography and managed with integrated perinatal care in Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital from January 2017 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Integrated perinatal care included multidisciplinary collaboration among obstetrics, fetal medicine, ultrasound, pediatric cardiology, pediatric anesthesia, and neonatology.@*RESULTS@#Among the 64 TAPVC fetuses, there were 29 cases of supracardiac type, 27 cases of intracardiac type, 2 cases of infracardiac type, and 6 cases of mixed type. Chromosomal analysis was performed in 42 cases, and no obvious abnormalities were found. Among the 64 TAPVC fetuses, 37 were induced labor, and 27 were followed up until term birth. Among the 27 TAPVC cases, 2 cases accepted palliative care, 2 cases were referred to another hospital for treatment and lost to follow-up, while the remaining 23 cases underwent primary repair surgery. One case died within 6 months after the operation due to low cardiac output syndrome, while the other 22 cases were followed up for (2.1±0.3) years with good outcomes (2 cases underwent a second surgery within 1 year after the first operation due to anastomotic stenosis or pulmonary vein stenosis).@*CONCLUSIONS@#TAPVC fetuses can achieve good outcomes with integrated management during the perinatal period.

A Rare Associated Anomaly in Tetralogy of Fallot: Scimitar Syndrome in an Infant

Abstract Pulmonary venous connections may be infrequently abnormal in patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). A special subgroup of partial anomalous pulmonary venous return,"scimitar cyndrome", and its coexistence with TOF is less frequently reported. It may proceed unnoticed, as cyanosis already predominates in the clinical picture. This uncommon association must be kept in mind for patients with TOF who have an accessory flow in the inferior vena cava, especially when all pulmonary venous return to the left atrium is not clearly seen.

Successful repair of infantile scimitar syndrome with contralateral pulmonary vein stenosis in an infant

Abstract Infantile scimitar syndrome (SS) is a rare congenital heart disease and has high mortality. Guidelines have not been established, but surgery is indicated in symptomatic patients. Despite the various surgical approaches, outcomes continue to be disappointing. We present our surgical experience with an infantile SS patient who had stenotic pulmonary veins contralateral to the hypoplastic lung with complicated anatomy. There are few cases with this complex pathology in the literature. Moreover, our patient was the first transplant-free survivor with this complexity in the literature.

A very rare combination: two scimitar veins and a myocardial bridge

Abstract Scimitar syndrome is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by partial or complete anomalous pulmonary venous drainage of the right (rarely left) lung into the inferior vena cava. This anomalous vein resembles the curved Turkish sword "scimitar"[1]. Only few cases were reported with two scimitar veins[2]. "Myocardial bridge" constitutes a portion of the myocardial tissue that bridges a segment of the coronary artery, mostly the left anterior descending coronary artery . For the first time, a combination of double scimitar vein and a myocardial bridge was described in this study.

Síndrome de Cimitarra: revisión a partir de un caso clínico / Scimitar syndrome: a review based on a clinical case

Resumen Así como otros síndromes congénitos considerados raros por su baja incidencia, el diagnóstico del síndrome de la Cimitarra se basa en la presencia de un drenaje venoso anómalo de las venas pulmonares derechas que en muchas ocasiones se asocia con la presencia de otras malformaciones pulmonares y cardíacas. La gran mayoría pasan desapercibido puesto que los síntomas pueden manifestarse hasta en edades adultas y puede pasarse por alto. A propósito de un caso clínico, presentamos una revisión de este tema, que es importante tomar en cuenta para darles a estos pacientes un seguimiento y tratamiento adecuados.

Abstract As other congenital syndromes are considered rare based on their low incidence, the diagnosis of scimitar síndrome is based on the presence of an abnormal right venous pulmonary drainage, accompanied in many cases with other pulmonary and cardiac malformations. The vast majority of them has been undiagnosed, because the symptoms present later in adulthood. With regard to a clinical case, we present a review of this topic, which is important to take into account to give this patients a follow-up and adequate treatment.

Mal-positioning of dialysis catheter in anomalous left superior pulmonary vein in a patient with acute type a dissection, a case report

Abstract The partial anomalous pulmonary vein drainage is a rare congenital defect. The pulmonary vein drains in to a systemic vein instead of draining in to the left atrium. In this rare birth defect, the right sided pulmonary vein involvement is more prevalent than the left sided pulmonary veins. We present a case where the anomalous left superior pulmonary vein was diagnosed when a renal dialysis catheter (size = 12F x 16cm) was mal-positioned in to the Anomalous left superior pulmonary vein, demonstrating confusing blood results. We describe how a systematic multidisciplinary approach and use of advanced imaging techniques can recognise and deal with this rare clinical dilemma.

Síndrome de cimitarra, valoración con ecocardiografía transesofágica intraoperatoria. Informe de caso / Scimitar syndrome; intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography assessment. Case report

9-year-old patient diagnosed with scimitar syndrome through transthoracic echocardiogram and cardiac catheterization. Surgical correction is performed by anastomosing the collector of the pulmonary right vein to AI through the interatrial septum, tunneling it with a pericardic patch. The study findings and echocardiographic images of such surgical repair and the spectrum of pulsed Doppler differentiating between right and left pulmonary veins will be shown below. The connection through the septum was evidenced, simulating an interatrial communication. A difference was found among the measured points S, D, A and between the left and right pulmonary veins, without this resulting in a stenosis during the repair.

Paciente de 9 años de edad el cual es diagnosticado con síndrome de cimitarra a través de ecografía transtorácica y cateterismo cardiaco. Se realiza cirugía correctora la cual se anastomosa el colector de vena pulmonar derecha hacia AI a través del septum interauricular, tunelizándolo con parche pericárdico. A continuación se muestran los hallazgos e imágenes ecocardiográficas de tal reparación y el espectro doppler pulsado diferenciado entre las venas pulmonares derechas e izquierdas. Se pudo evidenciar la conexión a través del septum, simulando una comunicación interauricular. Se halló una diferencia entre los puntos medidos S, D, A entre las venas pulmonares izquierdas y derechas, sin que esto significara una estenosis en la reparación.

Remodelación de cavidades izquierdas en el posoperatorio de retorno venoso pulmonar anómalo total: utilidad del NTProBNP / Left chambers remodeling after repair of TAPVR connection: usefulness of NTProBNP

Resumen: El retorno venoso pulmonar anómalo total se caracteriza por la falla de conexión entre la aurícula primitiva y el retorno venoso pulmonar, este último se conecta al retorno venoso sistémico a través de la persistencia de conexiones embrionarias. En esta patología, el ventrículo izquierdo suele tener un tamaño en el límite inferior de la normalidad, con una aurícula izquierda pequeña y atrófica. En el período posoperatorio las cavidades izquierdas deben manejar todo el retorno venoso pulmonar, lo que podría determinar sobrecarga de estas cavidades. Presentamos dos casos de posoperatorio de retorno venoso pulmonar anómalo total, evaluando la relación entre el tamaño auricular izquierdo y los niveles de péptido natriurético. Se plantea como hipótesis una disfunción en el llenado de cavidades izquierdas como sustrato causal de este fenómeno, teniendo como consecuencia modificaciones adaptativas anatómicas y funcionales. La determinación de los niveles de péptido natriurético podría ser útil en la monitorización de este proceso adaptativo.

Summary: Total anomalous pulmonary venous return is a congenital heart disease characterized by failure of connection between the primitive left atrium and the pulmonary venous return, the latter drains to the systemic venous return trough persistent embryologic connections. In this pathology there is a normal size, but rather small, left ventricle with a small and undeveloped left atrium. In the postoperative period, the left chambers must handle all the pulmonary venous return, which could mean an increased wall stress. The study presents two cases of Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return, and the behavior of left atrial size and natriuretic peptide level after surgery. We set a hypothesis by which a dysfunction in the filling of the left chambers could explain this phenomenon and how this triggers compensatory modifications. Analyzing the level of natriuretic peptide might help monitor this process.

Síndrome de la cimitarra en resonancia magnética cardiovascular / Scimitar syndrome in a cardiovascular magnetic resonance scan

Resumen El síndrome de la cimitarra es una anomalía parcial del retorno venoso pulmonar de características complejas. Está asociado a múltiples malformaciones cardiovasculares y pulmonares, y representa un diagnóstico diferencial importante en los pacientes con dilatación inexplicada de las cavidades derechas. Se expone el caso de una mujer en la cuarta década de la vida, con un cuadro clínico de dolor torácico, episodios sincopales y deterioro de su clase funcional, que por sus hallazgos en la ecocardiografía fue llevada a resonancia magnética cardíaca que mostró anomalía parcial del retorno venoso pulmonar infracardiaca, hallazgo no visualizado en la ecocardiografía, y confirmó el diagnóstico específico de síndrome de la cimitarra.

Abstract Scimitar syndrome is a partial anomaly, of complex characteristics, of pulmonary venous return. It is associated with multiple cardiovascular and lung malformations, and requires a significant differential diagnosis in patients with an unexplained dilation of the right cavities. The case is presented of a woman, in the fourth decade of life, with a clinical picture of chest pain, syncopal episodes, and a deterioration of her functional class. Due to her findings in the echocardiograph, a cardiac magnetic resonance scan was performed that showed an infra-cardiac partial anomalous pulmonary venous return, a finding that was not observed in the echocardiograph, and confirmed the specific diagnosis of scimitar syndrome.

Cierre percutáneo de conducto arterioso mediante un asa arteriovenosa en un paciente con síndrome de la cimitarra / Percutaneous closure of ductus arteriosus through an arteriovenous loop in a patient with scimitar syndrome

Resumen: Introducción: El síndrome de la cimitarra consiste en una rara malformación, caracterizada por una conexión anómala parcial de una o ambas venas pulmonares derechas a la vena cava inferior, hipoplasia de pulmón derecho y circulación sistémica desde la aorta descendente. El síndrome de la cimitarra en ocasiones se asocia con otras malformaciones congénitas, entre las que se incluye la persistencia del conducto arterioso (PCA). Caso clínico: Paciente de sexo femenino de cuatro años de edad con síndrome de la cimitarra, variedad ''adulto'', asociado con PCA sintomático. Se realizó exitosamente oclusión del conducto mediante un asa arteriovenosa femoral con un dispositivo Amplatzer® PDA, sin complicaciones. Conclusiones: El manejo del síndrome de la cimitarra es complejo y amerita de un estudio hemodinámico completo para determinar el tratamiento adecuado. La hipertensión arterial pulmonar es un factor de mal pronóstico.

Abstract: Background: Scimitar syndrome consists in a rare malformation characterized by a partial abnormal connection in one or both right pulmonary veins to the inferior vena cava, right lung hypoplasia and systemic circulation from the descending aorta. Scimitar syndrome is occasionally associated to other congenital malformations, such as patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Case report: We report a 4-year-old patient with ''adult'' variety of scimitar syndrome associated to symptomatic PDA, which was successfully occluded using retrograde guidewire-established femoral arteriovenous loop with an Amplatzer® PDA occluder, without complications. Conclusions: Scimitar syndrome is complex and requires a complete hemodynamic study for the determination of the appropriate treatment. Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a factor associated with poor prognosis.

Clinics in diagnostic imaging (173). Scimitar syndrome with horseshoe lung

A 56-year-old Chinese man presented with giddiness and vertigo. Subsequent chest radiography showed the classic scimitar sign of an abnormal pulmonary venous return. Further evaluation with non-contrast computed tomography substantiated the finding of a partial anomalous venous drainage pattern and identified an associated rare lung anomaly, horseshoe lung. The imaging findings of scimitar syndrome and its association with horseshoe lung are reviewed.

Síndrome de la cimitarra. Correlación anatomoembriológica / Scimitar syndrome. Correlation anatomo-embryological

Resumen Objetivos Describir morfológicamente un bloque visceral toracoabdominal de un caso de síndrome de la cimitarra. Proponer una hipótesis patogenética que explique el desarrollo de las conexiones venosas pulmonares de este síndrome. Método El espécimen anatómico se describió con el sistema secuencial segmentario. Se determinó el situs, las conexiones entre los segmentos cardíacos y las anomalías agregadas. Se describió la anatomía de ambos pulmones, incluida la conexión venosa pulmonar. Se elaboró una hipótesis patogenética que explica la conexión venosa pulmonar a través de una correlación entre la patología del síndrome y el desarrollo normal de las venas pulmonares. Resultados El situs fue solitus, las conexiones entre los segmentos cardíacos fueron normales, existió hipoplasia y displasia del pulmón derecho con secuestro del lóbulo inferior; las venas pulmonares derechas drenaron a un colector curvo en la porción suprahepática de la vena cava inferior y las venas pulmonares izquierdas lo hicieron a la aurícula izquierda. El secuestro pulmonar recibió irrigación a través de una colateral aortopulmonar. Existió una comunicación interauricular. Conclusiones La hipótesis patogenética propone que las conexiones venosas pulmonares de este síndrome representan la persistencia del horizonte XIV de Streeter (28-30 días de desarrollo), período en el que el seno de las venas pulmonares presenta conexión venosa doble con la aurícula izquierda y con un colector de la conexión primitiva que desemboca en la vitelina derecha de la que se deriva la porción suprahepática de la vena cava inferior.

Abstract Objectives To describe morphologically a toracoabdominal visceral block of a scimitar's syndrome case. We propose a pathogenetic theory wich explains the development of the pulmonary venous connection in this syndrome. Method The anatomic specimen was described with the segmental sequential system. The situs was solitus, the connections between the cardiac segments and the associated anomalies were determined. The anatomy of both lungs, including the venous pulmonary connection, was described. A pathogenetic hypothesis was made, which explains the pulmonary venous connection throw a correlation between the pathology of this syndrome and the normal development of the pulmonary veins. Results The situs was solitus, the connections of the cardiac chambers were normal; there were hypoplasia and dysplasia of the right lung with sequestration of the inferior lobe; the right pulmonary veins were connected with a curved collector which drainaged into the suprahepatic segment of the inferior vena cava; the left pulmonary veins were open into the left atrium. The sequestered inferior lobe of the right lung received irrigation throw a collateral aortopulmonary vessel. There was an atrial septal defect. Conclusions The pathogenetic hypothesis propose that the pulmonary venous connection in this syndrome represent the persistent of the Streeter's horizon XIV (28-30 days of development), period in which the sinus of the pulmonary veins has double connection, with the left atrium and with a primitive collector into the right viteline vein which forms the suprahepatic segment of the inferior vena cava.

Major intrahepatic veno-venous fistula after fontan operation treated by transcatheter implantation of amplatzer septal occluder through internal jugular vein

Abstract Six months after undergoing a Fontan operation, a 7-year-old boy with right atrial isomerism and a single functional ventricle was admitted to our emergency department with cyanosis. Emergency cardiac catheterization revealed a large veno-venous fistula that began in a left hepatic vein, connected to the left accessory hepatic veins, and drained into the common atrium, resulting in desaturation. The fistula was occluded proximally with an Amplatzer septal occluder, with satisfying results; the patient's systemic arterial saturation decreased during his hospital stay. Three weeks after the first intervention, a second procedure was performed to retrieve the first device and to close the fistula distally. Multiple attempts with different types of gooseneck snares and a bioptome catheter failed to retrieve the first device, so a telescopic method was used to re-screw it. Using a Mullins long sheath and delivery sheath, the delivery cable was manipulated to fit into the slot of the end screw, and the cable was rotated gently in a clockwise direction to re-screw the device. Then, another Amplatzer septal occluder was placed at the distal end of the fistula. In conclusion, distal transcatheter occlusion of intrahepatic veno-venous fistulas might lead to better clinical outcomes in selected patients. Amplatzer septal occluder device can be retrieve without any complication within three weeks.

Treatment of Tachycardia and Bradycardia in a Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava Patient Who Underwent Warden's Procedure and Tricuspid Annuloplasty

53-year-old female was admitted to our institution with alternating atrial flutter and junctional bradycardia. The patient had undergone the Warden procedure to correct sinus venosus type atrial septal defect combined with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return, and ring tricuspid annuloplasty for severe tricuspid regurgitation. She also had persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC). With the assistance of a 3D electroanatomic mapping system, catheter ablation therapy was used successfully to treat atrial flutter associated with a channel in the right atrial scar, and a pacemaker was implanted through the PLSVC because of resulting symptomatic bradycardia.

Outcomes of Surgery for Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return without Total Circulatory Arrest

BACKGROUND: Recent developments in surgical techniques and hospital care have led to improved outcomes following total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) repair. However, the surgical repair of TAPVR remains associated with a high risk of mortality and need for reoperation. We conducted this retrospective study to evaluate mid-term outcomes following in situ TAPVR repair without total circulatory arrest (TCA), and to identify the risk factors associated with surgical outcomes. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 29 cases of surgical intervention for TAPVR conducted between April 2000 and July 2015. All patients were newborns or infants who underwent in situ TAPVR repair without TCA. RESULTS: Four anatomic subtypes of TAPVR were included in this study: supracardiac (20 cases, 69.0%), cardiac (4 cases, 13.8%), infracardiac (4 cases, 13.8%), and mixed (1 case, 3.4%). The median follow-up period for all patients was 42.9 months. Two (6.9%) early mortalities occurred, as well as 2 (6.9%) cases of postoperative pulmonary venous obstruction (PVO). Preoperative ventilator care (p=0.027) and preoperative PVO (p=0.002) were found to be independent risk factors for mortality. CONCLUSION: In situ repair of TAPVR without TCA was associated with encouraging mid-term outcomes. Preoperative ventilator care and preoperative PVO were found to be independent risk factors for mortality associated with TAPVR repair.

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in a 1,360-g Premature Neonate after Repairing Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return

With advancements in complex repairs in neonates with complicated congenital heart diseases, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been increasingly used as cardiac support. ECMO has also been increasingly used for low birth weight (LBW) or very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates. However, since prematurity and LBW are risk factors for ECMO, the appropriate indications for neonates with LBW, especially VLBW, are under dispute. We report a case of ECMO performed in a 1,360-g premature infant with VLBW due to cardiopulmonary bypass weaning failure after repairing infracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous return.