Eficacia de la marcha en cinta rodante sobre el desarrollo motor de niños con parálisis cerebral y síndrome de down / Effectiveness of treadmill training on the motor development of children with cerebral palsy and Down syndrome

Resumen La parálisis cerebral y el síndrome de Down son dos afecciones que cursan con déficit del desarrollo motor. Este retraso mejora con el uso de cinta rodante. Se realizó una revisión sistemática en dife rentes bases de datos con el propósito de analizar estudios y s u calidad metodológica en relación a la aplicación del uso exclusivo de cinta rodante y su combinación con otras terapias para fomentar la marcha y equilibrio en niños menores de 12 años con parálisis cerebral y síndrome de Down. Se seleccionaron únicamente ensayos clínicos aleatorizados publicados hasta la fecha en PubMed, PEDro, Cochrane y Science Direct. La calidad me todológica de los estudios identificados se evaluó a través de la escala PEDro. De los 324 artículos inicialmente encontrados, se seleccionaron los 10 que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión establecidos para su análisis cualitativo. Las variables analizadas fueron la marcha y el equilibrio en ambas poblaciones tras la intervención con cinta rodante, con y sin suspensión del peso corporal. Concluimos que la aplicación de cinta rodante como única herramienta terapéutica resulta una intervención eficaz para favorecer el desarrollo de la marcha y el equilibrio en niños de 0 a12 años con parálisis cerebral y síndrome de Down.

Abstract Cerebral palsy and Down syndrome are two conditions that present with a deficit in motor development. Treadmill interventions were found to improve this delay in development. This work aimed to describe and analyze the methodological quality of studies that applied treadmill interventions alone or combined with other therapies to promote gait and balance in children under 12 years of age with cerebral palsy and Down syndrome. A systematic review was made in different databases: PubMed, PEDro, Cochrane and Science Direct. Only randomized clinical trials published to date were selected. The methodological quality of the identified studies was assessed using the PEDro scale. Of the 324 articles initially found, 10 were selected, which met the established inclusion criteria for qualitative analysis. The variables analyzed were gait and bal ance in both populations after the treadmill intervention, with and without suspension of body weight. The main conclusion was that the application of a treadmill alone is an effective intervention to promote the development of gait and balance in children under 12 years with cerebral palsy and Down syndrome.

Anomalías congénitas y comorbilidad en neonatos con Síndrome de Down / Congenital anomalies and comorbidities in neonates with Down Syndrome

INTRODUCCIÓN: El Síndrome de Down se presenta en 2,5 de 1.000 recién nacidos vivos chilenos. Presentan más anomalías congénitas y comorbilidades que la población general, aumentando su tasa de hospitalización. OBJETIVO: Describir las anomalías congénitas y comorbilidades de neonatos con Síndrome de Down nacidos y/u hospitalizados en la década 2008-2018. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Retrospectiva mente se revisaron registros de los pacientes nacidos y/u hospitalizados dentro de sus 28 días de vida entre el 1 de enero de 2008 y el 31 de diciembre de 2018. Para cada paciente se consignó: edad materna, antecedentes familiares de Síndrome de Down, antecedentes pre y perinatales y resultado de estudio genético. Se consignó la edad al ingreso, el motivo principal de ingreso, comorbilidades, días de hospitalización y fallecimiento. Se excluyeron dos pacientes con más del 50% de ficha in completa. Se exploraron asociaciones entre morbilidades, anomalías y fallecimiento. RESULTADOS: 140 de 79.506 (0,2%) recién nacidos vivos fueron diagnosticados con Síndrome de Down en el período neonatal. 24,7% fueron prematuros y 26,4% tuvieron bajo peso para su edad gestacional. Los porcentajes de morbilidad y hospitalización fueron 83,6% y 90%. La principal causa de ingreso fue la poliglobulia, y la más frecuente hiperbilirrubinemia. Fallecieron 4 pacientes (2,9%) y 70,7% presentó alguna una anomalía congénita, principalmente cardíaca. La mediana de edad materna fue de 36 años y 57,1% tenía 35 años o más. CONCLUSIONES: Esta investigación aporta información relevante para optimizar el manejo perinatal y el seguimiento de los pacientes con Síndrome de Down.

INTRODUCTION: In Chile, Down syndrome has a prevalence of 2.5 in 1,000 live births. These patients present more congenital anomalies and comorbidities than the general population, increasing their hospitaliza tion rate. OBJECTIVE: To describe congenital anomalies and comorbidities of neonates with Down syndrome born and/or hospitalized between 2008 and 2018. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We conducted a retrospective review of patient's medical records born and/or hospitalized during their first 28 days of life between January 1st, 2008, and December 31st, 2018. For each patient, we recorded maternal age, familiar cases of Down Syndrome, pre and perinatal history, genetic study result, as well as age at admission, reason for hospitalization, comorbidities, length of stay, and death. Two patients that had more than 50% of incomplete medical records were excluded. We studied the associations between comorbidities, congenital anomalies, and death. RESULTS: 140 in 79,506 newborns (0.2%) were diagnosed at our center with Down Syndrome in their neonatal period. 24.7% were born preterm and 26.4% had low birth weight for gestational age. Morbidities and hospitalizations were present in 83.6% and 90%, of the study population, respectively. The main reason for hospitalization was polycythemia and the most frequent was hyperbilirubinemia. Four patients died (2.9%) and 70.7% presented at least one congenital anomaly, mainly heart disease. Median maternal age was 36 years and 57.1% of mothers were aged 35 or older. CONCLUSIONS: This cohort of patients with Down Syndrome provides important information for the optimization of their perinatal management and follow-up.

Effect of horse riding equipment in activity of trunk and lower limb muscles in equine-assisted therapy

Equine-assisted therapy uses the horse in rehabilitation and/or education of people, such as Down syndrome(SD), cerebral palsy(PC)and intellectual disability(DI). In context, the rehabilitation program and horse riding equipment should be usedaccording to the specific characteristics of each individual, becoming an ally in the quest for excellence in equine-assisted therapy programs. The aim was to evaluate the effect of riding equipment used in equine-assisted therapy on the muscular activityof trunk and lower limb of individuals with SD, PC and DI. The study included 15 individuals equally assigned to each group: SD, PC and DIwith a mean age of 16.2 (±1.10), 16 (±1.22)e 16 (±0) years,respectively. The analysis of muscle activity was performed through surface electromyography, using four variations of horse riding equipment: saddle with and without feet supported on the stirrups and blanket with and without feet supported on the stirrups. Sigma Stat 3.5®software was used for statistical analysis.The Shapiro Wilk's test was used for normality of the data, the Bartlett test for homogeneity of the variances and the Kruskal-Wallis test for repeated measures with no normal distribution.Statistically significant differences were observed forp<0.05.The SDgroup presented a greater muscular activity of trunk and lower limbs with blanket equipment without the feet supported in the stirrups (H = 15.078, p = 0.002), as in the DI group (H=8.302, p = 0.040), while inPCgroup was the saddle with feet supported in the stirrups (H=11.137,p = 0.011). The choice of riding equipment used in equine-assisted therapy interferes differently in the pattern of muscular activation of the trunk and the lower limbs, according to the pathological processes of the practitioners. It should be an important aspect to consider when planninga treatment.

Efeito da fisioterapia aquática na força muscular respiratória de crianças e adolescentes com Síndrome de Down / Effect of aquatic physioterapy on the respiratory muscle strength of children and teenagers with Down Syndrome

A força muscular respiratória em crianças e adolescentes com Síndrome de Down é comprometida pela hipotonia generalizada que os acometem. Analisar os efeitos da fisioterapia aquática na força muscular respiratória em crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de Down. Estudo de intervenção, quasi-experimental, com amostra constituída de oito crianças e adolescentes diagnosticados com SD e média de idade de 12 anos (± 3,8). Foram realizadas 10 sessões de fisioterapia aquática, com 50 minutos de duração cada, em piscina com água aquecida. A força muscular respiratória foi avaliada a partir da pressão inspiratória máxima (PImáx) e pressão expiratória máxima (PEmáx) com auxílio do manuvacuômetro, sendo obtido seus valores antes do primeiro atendimento e após o último. Analisou-se ainda a saturação periférica de oxigênio e frequência cardíaca. Para comparação das médias antes e depois da intervenção foi utilizado o Teste T pareado. Amostra de indivíduos predominantemente do sexo feminino (75,0%), pardos (75,0%) e residentes em zona urbana (87,5%). A comparação da PImáx e PEmáx antes e após as 10 sessões de fisioterapia aquática evidenciou melhora da força muscular inspiratória e expiratória, sendo tais diferenças estatisticamente significantes (valor de p<0,01). Também foram notadas melhorias na frequência cardíaca e saturação de oxigênio (valor de p<0,05) com a intervenção. Destaca-se neste estudo que a fisioterapia aquática parece ser um recurso terapêutico eficiente para o fortalecimento da musculatura respiratória e melhora dos sinais vitais de crianças e adolescentes de com diagnóstico de Síndrome de Down.

Respiratory muscle strength in children and adolescents with Down syndrome is compromised by the generalized hypotonia that affects them. This study aims to analyze the effects of aquatic physical therapy on respiratory muscle strength in children and adolescents with Down syndrome. Material and method: A quasi-experimental study with a sample consisting of eight children and adolescents diagnosed with DS and mean age of 12 years (± 3.8). Ten sessions of aquatic physiotherapy were performed, each with a duration of 50 minutes, in a pool with heated water. Respiratory muscle strength was assessed from maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) using a manuvacuometer, and its values were obtained before the first session and after the last one. Peripheral oxygen saturation and heart rate were also analyzed. The paired T-test was used to compare the means before and after the intervention. Sample of predominantly female (75.0%), brown (75.0%) and urban residents (87.5%). The comparison of MIP and MEP before and after the 10 sessions of aquatic physiotherapy showed an improvement in inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength, and these differences were statistically significant (p <0.01). Improvements in heart rate and oxygen saturation (p value <0.05) were also noted with the intervention. In this study, aquatic physiotherapy seems to be an efficient therapeutic resource for the strengthening of respiratory muscles and improvement of the vital signs of children and adolescents diagnosed with Down's Syndrome.

Tratamiento de ortopedia en niños especiales / Orthopedic treatment in special children

Secuencia de tratamiento con ortopedia maxilar en una niña con síndrome de Down que presenta una mesiorrelación, debido a un maxilar superior chico y retruído y el maxilar inferior grande, con mordida invertida anterior y bilateral, alteraciones funcionales y tipo de crecimiento rotacional anterior, microdoncia y agenesias múltiples (AU)

Treatment with maxillary orthopedics in a girl with Down´s syndrome who presents a mesial relation due to a small and retruded superior maxillary and a big inferior maxillary, with inverted palatal and bilateral bite, functional alterations and palatal rotational growth, microdontia and multiple agenesis (AU)

Trastornos respiratorios del sueño en niños con síndrome de Down / Sleep disorder breathing in children with Down syndrome

Respiratory sleep disorders in children with Down syndrome (DS) have a high prevalence and are related to anatomical and functional characteristics of this syndrome. In this children we should have a high index of suspicion of sleep breathing disorders, diagnose and treat them in order to achieve their full potential in terms of physical and cogntive health

Los trastornos respiratorios del sueño (TRS) en niños con síndrome de Down (SD) tienen una alta prevalencia y estan relacionados con características estructurales y funcionales propias de la enfermedad. En el SD se debe mantener un alto índice de sospecha de los TRS, diagnosticarlos y tratarlos con el fin que los pacientes puedan alcanzar su pleno potencial en términos de salud física y cognitiva

Avaliação da modulação autonômica em indivíduos com síndrome de Down na equoterapia / Autonomic modulation of assessment in individuals with Down syndrome in hippotherapy

Introdução: A equoterapia é uma modalidade terapêutica que atende em grande parte os indivíduos com síndrome de Down, por apresentarem alterações motoras, cognitivas e sócio-afetivas. Sabe-se que as alterações na frequência cardíaca são moduladas pelo Sistema Nervoso Autônomo, entretanto, na literatura não há descrições sobre a Variabilidade de Frequência Cardíaca nestes praticantes, sobretudo na atividade relacionada à equoterapia. Objetivos: Avaliar a Variabilidade da Frequência Cardíaca de pacientes com Síndrome de Down antes, durante e após sessões de equoterapia. Métodos: Foram recrutadas 6 crianças com Síndrome de Down, idade média 12 ± 1,6 anos. A Frequência Cardíaca foi avaliada com um cardiofrequencímetro - Polar (RS800CX), antes, durante e após 5 sessões semanais. Resultados: Houve tendência a diminuição da atividade parassimpática no repouso inicial entre primeira e quinta sessão; e diminuição significativa da atividade parassimpática observada pelo índice pNN50 ao comparar a Frequência Cardíaca durante a primeira e quinta sessões. Conclusão: O tratamento equoterapêutico apresentou uma tendência à diminuição da Variabilidade da Frequência Cardíaca nas crianças estudadas.

Introduction: The hippotherapy is a therapeutic modality that serves largely individuals with Down syndrome, because they have motor, cognitive and socioemotional changes. It is known that changes in heart rate are modulated by the autonomic nervous system, however, in the literature there are no descriptions of the variability of heart rate in these practitioners, especially in the activity related to hippotherapy. Objectives: To evaluate Heart Rate Variability in practitioners of hippotherapy with Down Syndrome. Methods: Six children with Down Syndrome were recruited, age rate of 12 ± 1.6 years. The Heart Rate were evaluate using a cardiofrequencimetre ­ Polar (RS800CX), before, during and after 5 sessions of hippotherapy once weekly. Results: There were tendency of decrease in the parasympathetic activity during initial rest between first and fifth sessions, and significant decrease of the parasympathetic activity observed by the value of pNN50 compared to the Heart Rate during the first and fifth sessions. Conclusions: This study has shown that children treated with hippotherapy had tendency to have their Heart Rate Variability decreased.

Morbimortalidad hospitalaria en niños con síndrome de Down / Hospital morbidity and mortality in children with Down's syndrome: experience in a university hospital in Chile

INTRODUCCIÓN Los niños con síndrome de Down (SD) tienen mayor frecuencia de malformaciones congénitas y de enfermedades con riesgo de hospitalización en comparación con la población general. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar las estancias hospitalarias de niños con SD. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO Estudio retrospectivo en niños con SD menores de 15 años atendidos en el Servicio de Pediatría del Hospital Clínico de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, durante los años 2008-2011. RESULTADOS De los 222 egresos hospitalarios de 161 niños con SD, 110 correspondieron a mujeres, con una mediana de edad de 8 meses y una mediana de estancia hospitalaria de 6 días. El 56,7% ingresó en la unidad de pacientes críticos. El 59,4% de los egresos fue por corrección quirúrgica de su cardiopatía congénita. La infección respiratoria aguda baja fue el principal diagnóstico de egreso por causa no cardioquirúrgica. Hubo 3 fallecidos en la serie. CONCLUSIONES Los niños con SD son un grupo relevante para los cuidados hospitalarios, no solo por su alta incidencia en Chile, sino por ser un grupo de riesgo respiratorio y cardiovascular, con hospitalizaciones prolongadas, alta frecuencia de estancia en cuidados críticos y riesgo de mortalidad. Este grupo de niños necesita cuidados complejos y su atención requiere de un equipo multidisciplinario que conozca sus características particulares.

INTRODUCTION Children with Down's syndrome (DS) have a higher risk of congenital malformations and acute diseases, with increased risk of hospital admissions compared with the general population. This study describes patterns of hospital admissions for children and adolescents with DS. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective study of hospital admissions of children with DS, younger than 15 years old, and cared for by the Paediatric Department of the Hospital Clínico Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, between 2008 and 2011. RESULTS There were 222 admissions of 161 patients with DS during the study period, of which 110 were girls. The median age was 8 months, and the median hospital stay was 6 days. Just over half (56.7%) of the hospital stays were in the Paediatric Critic Care Unit. Heart surgery was performed on 59.4%, and the principal congenital heart defect attended was atrioventricular canal. The principal diagnosis, other than heart surgery, was lower respiratory tract infection. In this series, 3 children died. CONCLUSIONS Children with DS are a relevant group for inpatient care, because their high incidence in Chile, their respiratory and cardiovascular risk, prolonged hospitalizations, high frequency of critical care days and mortality risk. This group has special and complex needs during their hospitalizations and it is necessary to create a multidisciplinary team with competences to take care the particular characteristics of this vulnerable group.

Motor learning in mobile (cell phone) device in Down syndrome patients - pilot project / Aprendizado motor para portadores de síndrome de down usando um telefone celular - projeto piloto

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to verify if individuals with Down syndrome have improved performance in completing a virtual maze task using a mobile phone. METHOD: For this task, 30 teenagers and young adults were evaluated, 15 Down syndrome patients and 15 typically developed controls. The execution of the task was to play a maze on a mobile phone. The subjects performed 30 repetitions of the maze game in the acquisition phase, five repetitions for retention and five for transfer phase. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare blocks (first and last - A1 - A6 acquisition blocks, retention A6 - R and transfer A6 - T) and Groups (Down syndrome and typical development). RESULTS: The results showed that both groups had significant improvement over time in the acquisition phase, the retention and transfer tests showed that there was performance consolidation for both groups, but with longer movement time in the Down syndrome group. CONCLUSION: Comparing the two groups, individuals with Down syndrome required more time to run the maze in all phases of the task.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se os indivíduos com síndrome de Down melhoram o desempenho em uma tarefa de labirinto virtual usando um telefone celular. MÉTODO: Para esta tarefa, foram avaliados 30 adolescentes e adultos jovens, onde 15 eram parte do grupo experimental e 15 do grupo controle. RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram que ambos os grupos apresentavam uma melhoria significativa ao longo do tempo nas fases de aquisição e de retenção. Na fase de transferência, eles foram capazes de manter o desempenho, permitindo uma adaptação da fase de estabilização, que caracteriza a aprendizagem de motora. CONCLUSÃO: Comparando os dois grupos, os indivíduos com SD tem necessidade de um tempo maior para completar o labirinto em todas as fases da tarefa.

Afeto, proximidade, frequência e uma clínica hesitante: bases do "vínculo" entre pacientes com síndrome de Down e a Atenção Primária à Saúde? / Affection, proximity, frequency and hesitant clinical practice: basis of the "bond" between Down syndrome patients and primary health care?

A Política Nacional de Atenção Integral em Genética Clínica preconiza que famílias e indivíduos com doenças genéticas sejam acompanhados na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Neste trabalho investigamos as representações sociais de profissionais que trabalham em Unidades de Saúde de Família (USF) sobre o "vínculo" entre eles e os pacientes com síndrome de Down, considerando que esta expressão concentra atualmente significados relevantes no cotidiano clinico e gerencial dos serviços. Dezesseis profissionais foram entrevistados, tendo a amostra sido fechada por saturação teórica. Os enunciados proferidos pelos participantes expressaram saberes baseados sobretudo nas ideias de habilidades afetivas, de proximidade física e de frequência de comparecimento dos pacientes às USF. Habilidades clínicas de outras dimensões, notadamente as cognitivas, não parecem fundamentar a noção de "vínculo". Os resultados sugerem a necessidade de educação profissional continuada e de estabelecimento de diretrizes e linhas de cuidado para as síndromes genéticas mais comuns no âmbito da APS.

The national policy of comprehensive care in clinical genetics propounds that families and individuals with genetic disorders should receive ongoing assistance at primary health care (PHC) level. In this study, the social representation of professionals working in family health care units (FHCU) is investigated based on their "bond" with Down syndrome patients, bearing in mind that this expression currently contains relevant meanings in the clinical practice and service management routine. Sixteen practitioners were interviewed, and the sample was defined by theoretical saturation. The statements given by the participants expressed knowledge based mainly on affective skills, physical proximity and patients' frequency of attendance at the family health care unit (FHCU). Clinical skills of other kinds, especially cognitive skills, do not appear to justify the notion of "bond." The results indicate the need of continuous professional education and definition of guidelines and approaches in care to the most common syndromes in the context of primary health care (PHC).

A intervenção fisioterapêutica no ambulatório de cuidado a pessoa com síndrome de Down no Instituto de Medicina Física e Reabilitação HC FMUSP / Physiotherapeutic intervention in the outpatient care of persons with Down syndrome at the Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at HC FMUSP

A Síndrome de Down (SD) é a cromossosmopatia mais comum do ser humano. Sabe-se que estas pessoas quando estimuladas adequadamente apresentam potencial para uma plena inclusão social. O objetivo deste texto é divulgar o trabalho realizado junto a esta população pelo serviço de Fisioterapia que compõem a equipe multiprofissional do Ambulatório de Cuidado a Pessoa com SD do Instituto de Medicina Física e Reabilitação - HC FMUSP. Tal ambulatório desenvolve atividades terapêuticas com pessoas entre zero e 18 anos de idade. Os trabalhos são realizados em modelos que são subdivididos em: Modelo de Etimulação Global, que atende de zero a três anos cujos os objetivos são voltados a aquisição dos marcos motores, essenciais para o desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor; Modelo de Desenvolvimento Infantil que aborda crianças dos quatro aos onze anos e estão focados no desenvolvimento de habilidades motoras mais avançadas, força, estruturação postural, aprimoramento da motricidade, equilíbrio e propriocepção para otimização da atividade cerebelar e consequente melhora do equilíbrio estático e dinâmico; Modelo Adolescentes Down dos doze aos dezoito anos e Modelo Adulto Down a partir de dezenove anos que visa tratar do reestabelecimento ortopédico e postural, além de fornecer orientações de promoção e prevenção em saúde. O acompanhamento fisioterapêutico é fundamental dentro do ambulatório do cuidado à pessoa com SD pois estimula junto à equipe mustiprofissional e à família, o desenvolvimento motor destas crianças, respeitando o seu tempo e valorizando suas potencialidades, além de atuar como educador em saúde junto á família, com objetivo de prevenção e promoção da saúde da pessoa com SD e seu núcleo familiar.

Down Syndrome (SD) is the most common chromosomopathy in humans. It is known that, if properly stimulated, these people have the potential for full social inclusion. The objective of this study is to show the work done with this population by the Physiotherapy service provided by the multiprofessional team at the Clinic for the Care of Persons with DS at the Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at HC FMUSP. This clinic develops therapeutic activities for persons up to 18 years of age. The work is carried out in models, which are subdivided into: a DS General Stimulation Model which serves patients up to three years of age whose objectives are focused on the acquisition of motor marks, essential for neuropsychomotor development; a DS Child Development Model which helps children from four to eleven years of age that focuses on the development of more advanced motor skills, strength, posture, improvement of mobility, balance, and proprioceptionto optimize cerebellar activity and the consequent enhancement of static and dynamic balance; a DS Adolescent Model for those aged twelve to eighteen; and a DS Adult Model starting at age nineteen aimed at orthopedic and postural restoration in addition to providing health guidance. Physiotherapeutic monitoring is fundamental within the clinic for the care of a person with DS, for it stimulates the motor development of these children, along with the multiprofessional team and the family, respecting their time and favoring their potentials, in addition to acting to educate the family on health so as to prevent problems and promote the health of the person with DS and their nuclear family.

Recomendaciones de cuidados en salud de personas con síndrome de Down: 0 a 18 años / Recommendations for health care of people with Down syndrome from 0 to 18 years of age

People born with Down syndrome have an increased risk of birth defects and are more vulnerable to certain illnesses. Health care for them should emphasize prevention, early diagnosis and early treatment of their most common health conditions. A healthy lifestyle promotes future physical and intellectual development. The purpose of this review is to update health care recommendations for individuals with Down syndrome from 0 to 18 years ofage. The health professionals members involved in the care of these patients should be aware of these guidelines.

Participación de los padres en las actividades terapéuticas de las personas con Síndrome de Dow que asisten al Centro de Rehabilitación Cochabamba, durante el 3er. trimestre de la gestión 2010 / Parental involvement in therapeutic activities for people with Dow syndrome attending the Cochabamba Rehabilitation Center during the 3rd. quarter of 2010 management

El ser humano es considerado como un ser racional y consiente de sí mismo, el cual tiene aspectos físicos y psíquicos; para definir su carácter singular y único, éste debe estar en constante interrelación con el medio ambiente, debe vivir en grupo y sentirse adaptado e insertado en una sociedad.Hoy en día hay muchas Discapacidades físicas y/o mentales que discriminan a las personas, se puede citar al Síndrome de Down que es un trastorno genético.Es absolutamente necesario comprender que todo niño con Síndrome de Down o sin él constituye un ser individual. El presente trabajo busca describir las características de las personas con Síndrome de Down que asisten a CERECO y cual es la participación de los padres en actividades terapéuticas y/o de rehabilitación, la muestra estuvo representada por 25 responsables de niños con Síndrome de Down a los que se les aplicó una entrevista.Los resultados del estudio refieren que las actividades de rehabilitación que se realizan el CERECO por diferentes profesionales no son reforzadas en la casa en su totalidad, por falta de tiempo, edad de los responsables; se aprecia que las personas que dedican más tiempo al proceso de rehabilitación son en gran porcentaje madres, seguidas de hermanos, padres, tíos y abuelos

Desempenho comunicativo de crianças com síndrome de Down em duas situações diferentes / Communicative performance of children with Down syndrome in two different situations

TEMA: análise dos aspectos pragmáticos da linguagem de crianças com síndrome de Down. OBJETIVO: verificar influência de variáveis ambientais e contextuais nos aspectos pragmáticos da linguagem de crianças com síndrome de Down, na interação com seu cuidador e com seu terapeuta e comparar o desempenho da criança nas duas situações. MÉTODO: participaram desse estudo 15 crianças com síndrome de Down, com idade entre 4 e 6:11 anos. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de anamnese, protocolo de avaliação pragmática da linguagem e questionário para determinar o nível econômico da família. Os dados obtidos nas duas situações foram comparados e realizou-se estudo estatístico. RESULTADOS: o nível econômico e o grau de escolaridade do cuidador foram os fatores que mais influenciaram os aspectos pragmáticos da criança nas duas situações. As crianças usaram sua comunicação de forma funcional e equilibrada em relação ao adulto e as funções comunicativas mais utilizadas por elas foram reconhecimento do outro, comentário e performativo. Foi observado que as crianças apresentaram desempenho comunicativo semelhante nas duas situações. CONCLUSÃO: o baixo nível econômico da família e o baixo grau de escolaridade do cuidador podem ser considerados como fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento dos aspectos pragmáticos da linguagem de crianças com SD e essas famílias devem ter atenção especial do fonoaudiólogo durante o processo terapêutico. Independente do interlocutor, essas crianças foram capazes de iniciar e manter a comunicação, utilizando os modos e funções comunicativas de forma semelhante.

BACKGROUND: analysis of the pragmatic aspects of language in children with Down syndrome. AIM: to verify the influence of environmental and contextual variables in the pragmatic aspects of language of Down syndrome (DS) children when interacting with their caregivers and therapist, and to compare their performance in both situations. METHOD: participants were 15 children with DS with ages ranging from 4 to 6.11 years. Data were obtained through anamnesis, the protocol of functional communicative profile, and a socioeconomic questionnaire. Data obtained from both interaction situations (with the caregiver and with the therapist) were compared, and submitted to statistical analysis. RESULTS: Caregiver's socioeconomic and educational levels were the variables that most had an influence on the pragmatic aspects of the child in both interaction situations. Children presented proportional rates of functional communication when compared to the data obtained for their caregivers and the communicative functions more frequently used by them were recognition of others, comment and performative. Comparisons between the interaction situations indicated no statistically significant differences concerning the children's communicative performance. CONCLUSION: caregivers' socioeconomic and educational levels might be considered risk factors for the development of the pragmatic aspects of language in children with DS and special attention should be given to these families during the speech-language therapeutic process. Independently of the interlocutor, these children were able to initiate and maintain communication, using communicative means and functions in a similar fashion.

[keyword type=m language=en]Down Syndrome[ign]; [keyword type=m language=en]Communication[ign]; [keyword type=m language=en]Language[ign]; [keyword type=m language=en]Child[ign].

Efectividad del uso de placas palatinas y de la estimulación orofacial en el desarrollo oral en niños con síndrome de Down / Effectiveness of the use of palate plates and orofacial stimulation in the oral development of children with Down's syndrome

Down's syndrome children shown multiple alterations, among them marked general hypotonic. While this produces some basic difficulties, at the orofacial level it generates a characteristic expression marked by open mouth, hypotonic tongue that rests upon the lower lip, and great salivation. To ameliorate this, an orofacial regulation therapy was initiated, to stimulate this musculature, strengthen it and mold it during development. Objective: To observe the effect of stimulating palate plates, and orofacial exercises in the function and tonicity of children with Down's syndrome. Patients and Methods: Five children, 10 to 21 months old, with Down's syndrome, were treated through orofacial regulation for 20 to 30 minutes, 4 times a day for 2 months (palate plates and orofacial stimulation exercises). Pre and post treatment evaluations were made and a photographic and video evaluation was registered weekly. Results and Conclusions: Therapy decreased lingual protrusion and increased mouth closure. This is not thought as real tonicity change since that statement would require a long term and wider area study to determine effectiveness and applicability.

Introducción: Se sabe que los pacientes con Síndrome de Down presentan múltiples alteraciones, entre ellas marcada hipotonía general lo que dificulta las funciones básicas y a nivel orofacial genera una expresión característica de boca abierta, lengua hipotónica descansando sobre el labio inferior y gran salivación. En respuesta a esto se creó la terapia de regulación orofacial que estimula la musculatura orofacial, para fortalecerla y modelarla durante el desarrollo. Objetivo: Observar los efectos de las placas palatinas estimulantes y de los ejercicios orofaciales, en la función y tonicidad de la musculatura orofacial de niños con Síndrome de Down. Pacientes y Métodos: seleccionamos 5 niños con síndrome de Down, entre 10 y 21 meses de edad, se les aplicó la terapia de regulación orofacial durante 2 meses con uso de 20 a 30 min por 4 veces al día (placas palatinas estimulantes y ejercicios de estimulación orofacial). Se realizaron evaluaciones pre y post tratamiento, y controles semanales con registro fotográfico y video. Resultados y Conclusiones: La terapia aumentó el cierre bucal y disminuyó la protrusión lingual. Sin embargo, no se observaron cambios "reales" en la tonicidad muscular, ya que su evaluación requiere estudios a largo plazo y de un universo mayor, para determinar la efectividad de la técnica y masificar su aplicación.

La delfinoterapia en niños con síndrome Down atendidos en un círculo infantil especial / Dolphin therapy in children with Down's syndrome in a special day care center

El síndrome Down continúa siendo la enfermedad genética por alteración cromosómica más frecuente en el mundo y en Cuba, por lo que se buscan procedimientos que mejoran la atención integral a estos niños, entre los cuales se encuentra la delfinoterapia. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo constatar el conocimiento de padres y profesores sobre esta terapia, conocer las habilidades alcanzadas por los niños y el grado de satisfacción de las familias. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo sobre el conocimiento y características de la delfinoterapia en niños con síndrome Down, tratados de esta forma desde octubre del 2004. A los tres años, en septiembre de 2007, se encuestaron 18 padres o madres y 8 profesores, y se incluyó la valoración logopédica y psicométrica cada 20 semanas y una evaluación anual por el Centro de Diagnóstico y Orientación. Los datos obtenidos se tabularon mediante conteo simple y se expresaron en porcentajes. Se siguieron los principios éticos de respeto a los niños discapacitados y del consentimiento de los padres. El 87,5 por ciento de los profesores y el 33,4 por ciento de los padres conocían de esta terapia. Todos los profesores y el 77,7 por ciento de los padres reconocieron nuevas habilidades en los niños, más importantes en el aprendizaje y la socialización de aquellos. El 100 por ciento de los profesores y el 88,8 por ciento de los padres desearon incorporar esta terapia en la educación especial. El conocimiento de los padres es menor que el de los profesores. Esta terapia propicia avance en diferentes áreas del desarrollo psicomotor y es un método eficaz para la estimulación de los niños con síndrome de Down, que puede contribuir a su integración social.

Down's syndrome is still the most common genetic disease by chromosomic alteration in the world and in Cuba. That's why, procedures improving the comprehensive attention to these children, such as dolphin therapy, are searched. The objective of this study was to confirm the knowledge of parents and professors about this therapy, to know the abilities attained by the children and the satisfaction degree of the families. A descriptive study on the knowledge and characteristics of dolphin therapy in children with Down's syndrome treated this way from October 2004 on was conducted. Three years later, 18 fathers or mothers and 8 professors were surveyed, and a logopedic and psychometric evaluation was included every 20 weeks, as well as an annual assessment made by the Center of Diagnosis and Guidance. The data obtained were tabulated by simple count and they were expressed in percentages. The ethical principles of respect to the disabled children and to parents' consent were followed . 87,5 percent of the professors and 33,4 percent of the parents knew about this therapy. All the professors and 77,7 percent of the parents recognized new abilities in the children, which were more important for their learning and socialization process. 100 percent of the professors and 88 percent of the parents wished to incorporate this therapy to special education. the knowledge of the parents is lower than that of the professors. This therapy propitiates the advance in different areas of psychomotor development and it is an efficient method for stimulating those children with Down's syndrome, since it may contribute to their social integration.

Enfoque odontológico en la atención del niño con síndrome de Down / Dental approach to the dental care of Down syndrome children

El síndrome de Down (SD) es la mayor condición genética que se asocia con retardo mental y con características físicas específicas. Además de las mismas, se manifiestan condiciones sistémicas e intelectuales que pueden comprometer la salud bucal y el manejo de la situación odontológica. El conocimiento de estos aspectos, al igual que de las alteraciones orofaciales y el desarrollo de las estructuras del sistema estomatognático, son necesarios para la planificación de un programa efectivo de salud bucal.

Acolhimento e inclusão: da clínica ao acompanhamento escolar de um sujeito com Síndrome de Down / Acceptance and inclusion: from clinical to school follow up of a patient with Down syndrome

Neste artigo, visa-se discutir a transformação no manejo clínico e escolar ocorrido no trabalho multidiscipinar realizado com uma criança com Síndrome de Down. Trata-se de um estudo de caso de um paciente acompanhado desde os 11 meses de idade em clínica fonoaudiológica particular. As referências teóricas utilizadas foram a teoria da constituição da pessoa de D. Winnicott e as concepções de linguagem de M. Bakhtin, que, juntas, permitiram que os pesquisadores assumissem uma posição na coleta e análise dos dados, que provieram fundamentalmente dos registros de reuniões de equipe realizadas durante os anos de 2003 e 2004. O paciente em questão desenvolveu efetivamente a comunicação por meio da escrita, quando se integrou ao grupo de crianças de sua série escolar. A escrita adquiriu uma função em seu cotidiano, o que permitiu ao paciente sentir-se respeitado em suas particularidades e participar da construção de seu conhecimento. O diálogo estabelecido entre os profissionais, a família e a criança favoreceu a criação de situações de comunicação em um ambiente acolhedor da diversidade, fundamental em um processo de inclusão

Guía anticipatoria quirúrgica del niño con síndrome de Down / Surgical guideline anticipate of the boy with syndrome of Down

Esta guía anticipatoria ha sido diseñada para responder a la inquietud que nos provoca el niño con Síndrome de Down. El énfasis ha sido puesto en los aspectos quirúrgicos del manejo del niño con Síndrome de Down.