Regulation of kidney on potassium balance and its clinical significance / 生理学报

Virtually all of the dietary potassium intake is absorbed in the intestine, over 90% of which is excreted by the kidneys regarded as the most important organ of potassium excretion in the body. The renal excretion of potassium results primarily from the secretion of potassium by the principal cells in the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron (ASDN), which is coupled to the reabsorption of Na+ by the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) located at the apical membrane of principal cells. When Na+ is transferred from the lumen into the cell by ENaC, the negativity in the lumen is relatively increased. K+ efflux, H+ efflux, and Cl- influx are the 3 pathways that respond to Na+ influx, that is, all these 3 pathways are coupled to Na+ influx. In general, Na+ influx is equal to the sum of K+ efflux, H+ efflux, and Cl- influx. Therefore, any alteration in Na+ influx, H+ efflux, or Cl- influx can affect K+ efflux, thereby affecting the renal K+ excretion. Firstly, Na+ influx is affected by the expression level of ENaC, which is mainly regulated by the aldosterone-mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) pathway. ENaC gain-of-function mutations (Liddle syndrome, also known as pseudohyperaldosteronism), MR gain-of-function mutations (Geller syndrome), increased aldosterone levels (primary/secondary hyperaldosteronism), and increased cortisol (Cushing syndrome) or deoxycorticosterone (hypercortisolism) which also activate MR, can lead to up-regulation of ENaC expression, and increased Na+ reabsorption, K+ excretion, as well as H+ excretion, clinically manifested as hypertension, hypokalemia and alkalosis. Conversely, ENaC inactivating mutations (pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1b), MR inactivating mutations (pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1a), or decreased aldosterone levels (hypoaldosteronism) can cause decreased reabsorption of Na+ and decreased excretion of both K+ and H+, clinically manifested as hypotension, hyperkalemia, and acidosis. The ENaC inhibitors amiloride and Triamterene can cause manifestations resembling pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1b; MR antagonist spironolactone causes manifestations similar to pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1a. Secondly, Na+ influx is regulated by the distal delivery of water and sodium. Therefore, when loss-of-function mutations in Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC) expressed in the thick ascending limb of the loop and in Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC) expressed in the distal convoluted tubule (Bartter syndrome and Gitelman syndrome, respectively) occur, the distal delivery of water and sodium increases, followed by an increase in the reabsorption of Na+ by ENaC at the collecting duct, as well as increased excretion of K+ and H+, clinically manifested as hypokalemia and alkalosis. Loop diuretics acting as NKCC inhibitors and thiazide diuretics acting as NCC inhibitors can cause manifestations resembling Bartter syndrome and Gitelman syndrome, respectively. Conversely, when the distal delivery of water and sodium is reduced (e.g., Gordon syndrome, also known as pseudohypoaldosteronism type 2), it is manifested as hypertension, hyperkalemia, and acidosis. Finally, when the distal delivery of non-chloride anions increases (e.g., proximal renal tubular acidosis and congenital chloride-losing diarrhea), the influx of Cl- in the collecting duct decreases; or when the excretion of hydrogen ions by collecting duct intercalated cells is impaired (e.g., distal renal tubular acidosis), the efflux of H+ decreases. Both above conditions can lead to increased K+ secretion and hypokalemia. In this review, we focus on the regulatory mechanisms of renal potassium excretion and the corresponding diseases arising from dysregulation.

Clinical and genetic analysis of a case of Gitelman syndrome with comorbid Graves disease and adrenocortical adenoma / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To report the clinical and genetic characteristics of a rare case of Gitelman syndrome with comorbid Graves disease and ACTH-independent adrenocortical adenoma.@*METHODS@#A patient who had presented at the Nanchong Central Hospital on December 21, 2020 was selected as the study subject. Clinical data of the patient was collected. Whole-exome sequencing was carried out on DNA extracted from peripheral venous blood samples from the patient and her family members.@*RESULTS@#The patient, a 45-year-old woman, was found to have Graves disease, ACTH-independent Cushing syndrome, hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia following the discovery of an adrenal incidentaloma. MRI scan had revealed a 3.8 cm × 3.2 cm mass in the left adrenal gland. The mass was removed by surgery and confirmed as adrenocortical adenoma. DNA sequencing revealed that the patient and her sister have both harbored compound heterozygous variants of the SLC12A3 gene, namely c.1444-10(IVS11)G>A and c.179(exon1)C>T (p.T60M), which were respectively inherited from their father and mother. Based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), the c.1444-10(IVS11)G>A and c.179(exon1)C>T (p.T60M) were respectively classified as a variant of uncertain significance (PM2_Supporting+PP3) and a likely pathogenic variant (PM3_Strong+PM1+PP3).@*CONCLUSION@#The conjunction of Gitelman syndrome with Graves disease and adrenal cortex adenoma is rather rare. The newly discovered c.1444-10(IVS11)G>A variant of the SLC12A3 gene, together with the heterozygous variant of c.179(exon1)C>T (p.T60M), probably underlay the pathogenesis in this patient.

Whole-exome sequencing in diagnosing 2 cases of Gitelman syndrome / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Two patients with Gitelman syndrome were admitted to the Department of Endocrinology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University. The genomic DNA from the patients' peripheral blood was extracted and the whole-exome sequencing was performed to detect the possible mutations. The function of the mutation sites was analyzed by bioinformatics software. Through whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing, we have found that 2 patients with Gitelman syndrome carried compound heterozygous mutations of SLC12A3 gene, which were c.486_490delTACGGinsA, p.R943W, p.D486N, and p.R928C. Among them, c.486_490delTACGGinsA insertion deletion mutation causes frame shift and protein truncation. The p.R943W, p.D486N, and p.R928C of SLC12A3 gene were predicted to be pathogenic mutations by SIFT, PolyPhen2, and Mutation Taster. These 4 mutations were all reported, but p.R943W was first reported in Chinese population. Gitelman syndrome is rare in clinic and the rate of missed diagnosis is high. Early genetic analysis in patients with Gitelman syndrome is helpful to determine the etiology and guide the treatment.

Correlation between genotypes with metabolic markers and microstructure of bones in children with Gitelman syndrome / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the correlation between the genotypes and metabolic markers and microstructure of bones in children with Gitelman syndrome (GS).@*METHODS@#For 15 children with GS and 10 healthy individuals, baseline data and bone metabolic markers including parathyroid hormone, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen, beta isomer of the C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen and 25-hydroxyvitamin D, high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography indicators (volumetric bone mineral density, bone microstructure indicators) were collected. Genetic testing was carried out to determine their genotypes.@*RESULTS@#The volumetric bone mineral density, bone geometry and bone microstructure parameters of the GS group were better than those of the healthy controls (P<0.05). Variants of the SLC12A3 gene were identified in 9 of the 15 patients but none of the 10 healthy controls.@*CONCLUSION@#The phenotype of GS children is influenced by the interaction of genetic variants, though the phenotype associated with high frequency mutations showed no specificity. There is also a correlation between their genotype and the bone microstructure.

Analysis of clinical features and genetic variants among 12 children with Gitelman syndrome / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To summarize clinical manifestations and results of genetic testing in 12 children with Gitelman syndrome (GS).@*METHODS@#Clinical data of the children was collected. Whole exome sequencing(WES) was carried out to screen potential variants of genomic DNA. Candidate variants were verified by Sanger sequencing.@*RESULTS@#The patients have included 10 boys and 2 girls, whom were diagnosed at between 2.8 to 15.0 year old. Six patients were due to infections, 5 were due to short stature, and 1 was due to lower limb weakness. All patients were found to carry variants of SLC12A3 gene, which included 11 with compound heterozygous variants and 1 with homozygous variant. All of the 19 alleles of the SLC12A3 gene carried by the patients were delineated, which included 15 missense variants, 2 frameshift variants and 2 splice region variants. These variants were unreported previously, which included c.578_582dupCCACC (p.Asn195Profs*109), c.251C>T (p.Pro84Leu) and c.2843G>A (p.Trp948X).@*CONCLUSION@#The clinical symptoms of GS in children are atypical and often seen in older children. For children with occasional hypokalemia associated with growth failure, GS should be suspected. The majority of GS children carry two pathogenic variants of the SLC12A3 gene, mainly compound heterozygotes, among which p.Thr60Met is the most common one. The discovery of new variants has enriched the spectrum of SLC12A3 gene variants.

Diagnóstico de síndrome de Gitelman en paciente con condrocalcinosis / Diagnosis of gitelman syndrome in patient with condrocalcinosis

RESUMEN Introducción: El síndrome de Gitelman es una tubulopatía caracterizada por alcalosis metabólica hipopotasémica, hipomagnesemia e hipocalciuria. Sus efectos musculoesqueléticos son comunes, pudiendo provocar desarrollo de condrocalcinosis. Caso clínico: Paciente con condrocalcinosis de larga data asociada a hipomagnesemia crónica en tratamiento con calcio y magnesio. Tras la suspensión del tratamiento debido a una intervención quirúrgica presentó debilidad generalizada, alcalosis metabólica, hipopotasemia, hipomagnesemia e hipocalciuria con diagnóstico final de síndrome de Gitelman. Tras la instauración de tratamiento, mejoró clínica y analíticamente manteniendo cifras iónicas estables. Discusión y conclusiones: Resulta fundamental un adecuado diagnóstico de este tipo de tubulopatías, ya que un tratamiento adecuado evita complicaciones asociadas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Gitelman syndrome is a renal tubule disease that involves hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis, hypomagnesaemia and hypocalciuria. The musculoskeletal effects of Gitelman syndrome are common, including the development of chondrocalcinosis. Clinical case: A female patient with long-standing chondrocalcinosis associated with chronic hypomagnesaemia on treatment with calcium and magnesium. After the suspension of the treatment due to surgery, she presented with a generalised weakness, metabolic alkalosis, hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia and hypocalciuria, with final diagnosis of Gitelman syndrome. After re-introducing the treatment, she improved clinically, with electrolytes remaining stable. Discussion and conclusions: A proper diagnosis of this type of tubular diseases is essential because an adequate treatment avoids associated complications.

Síndrome de Gitelman / Gitelman syndrome

El síndrome de Gitelman forma parte de las denominadas tubulopatías perdedoras de sal. El bloqueo parcial de la reabsorción de sodio en el túbulo contorneado distal determina la aparición de hipokalemia e hipomagnesemia. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de una serie de cinco casos de síndrome de Gitelman (4 mujeres, de 28 a 85 años de edad) atendidos en nuestra institución entre los años 2004 y 2015. La forma de diagnóstico más frecuente en nuestra serie fue por hallazgo de laboratorio. El único síntoma clínico manifestado en forma espontánea fue astenia. En cuanto a los valores de laboratorio, la potasemia fue 2.5 ± 0.5 mmol/l, con un valor mínimo de 2.1. Adicionalmente, el valor de magnesio en sangre fue 1.3 ± 0.3 mg/dl. Como conclusión, observamos que las formas de presentación consisten en alteraciones bioquímicas con o sin manifestaciones inespecíficas, lo que representa actualmente la mayor dificultad diagnóstica y refuerza la importancia de lograr un diagnóstico oportuno, en especial en pacientes jóvenes y con valores críticos de potasio sérico.

Gitelman syndrome is one of the salt losing tubulopathies. Hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia appear in the setting of the partial blockade of salt absorption in the distal tubule. We conducted a descriptive study of a case series of five patients with Gitelman syndrome (4 women, from 28 to 85 years) in our institution, between the years 2004 and 2015. The most frequent form of diagnosis in our series was by laboratory finding. The only acknowledged clinical symptom was malaise. Regarding laboratory findings, the mean potassemia was of 2.5 ± 0.5 mmol/l, with a minimum value of 2.1 mmol/l. Additionally, the serum magnesium value was of 1.3 ± 0.3 mg/dl. In conclusion, we observed that the forms of presentation consist of biochemical alterations with or without nonspecific manifestations, which currently represents the greatest diagnostic difficulty and reinforces the importance to achieve a timely diagnosis, especially in young patients with critical serum potassium values.

Identification of pathological variants of SLC12A3 gene in a pedigree affected with Gitelman syndrome / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To detect pathological variants of the SLC12A3 gene in a Chinese pedigree affected with Gitelman syndrome (GS).@*METHODS@#Clinical data and peripheral blood samples of the proband and his family members were collected. All exons of the SLC12A3 gene were amplified by PCR and subjected to Sanger sequencing.@*RESULTS@#Sanger sequencing has revealed that the proband has carried a c.486_489 delTACG (p.Ile162Met fs*8) deletion and a heterozygous c.2890C>T (p.Arg964Trp) missense variant in the SLC12A3 gene. Neither variant was reported previously and was not found among healthy controls.@*CONCLUSION@#The c.486_489delTACG (p.Ile162Met fs*8) and c.2890C>T (p.Arg964Trp) variants of the SLC12A3 gene probably underlay the GS in the proband. Above discovery has enriched the variant spectrum of GS.

Wilson Disease Comorbid with Hereditary Sensory Autonomic Neuropathy Type IV and Gitelman Syndrome / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

Wilson disease a rare autosomal recessive inherited disorder of copper metabolism, is characterized by excessive deposition of copper in the liver, brain, and other tissues. Wilson disease is often fatal if it is not recognized early and treated when it is symptomatic. Gitelman syndrome is also an autosomal recessive kidney disorder characterized by low blood levels of potassium and magnesium, decreased excretion of calcium in the urine, and elevated blood pH. Hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy type IV (HSAN-IV), a very rare condition that presents in infancy, is characterized by anhidrosis, absence of pain sensation, and self-mutilation. It is usually accompanied by developmental delay and mental retardation. We report a case of Wilson disease manifested as fulminant hepatitis, acute pancreatitis, and acute kidney injury in a 15-year-old boy comorbid with HSAN-IV and Gitelman syndrome. Such concurrence of three genetic diseases is an extremely rare case.

Persistent severe hypokalemia: Gitelman syndrome and differential diagnosis / Hipocalemia grave persistente: Síndrome de Gitelman e diagnósticos diferenciais

Abstract The main causes of hypokalemia are usually evident in the clinical history of patients, with previous episodes of vomiting, diarrhea or diuretic use. However, in some patients the cause of hypokalemia can become a challenge. In such cases, two major components of the investigation must be performed: assessment of urinary excretion potassium and the acid-base status. This article presents a case report of a patient with severe persistent hypokalemia, complementary laboratory tests indicated that's it was hypomagnesaemia and hypocalciuria associated with metabolic alkalosis, and increase of thyroid hormones. Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis was included in the differential diagnosis, but evolved into euthyroid state, persisting with severe hypokalemia, which led to be diagnosed as Gitelman syndrome.

Resumo As principais causas de hipocalemia normalmente são evidentes na história clínica dos pacientes em investigação etiológica, com episódios prévios de vômitos, diarréia ou uso de diuréticos. Entretanto, em alguns pacientes, a causa da hipocalemia pode se tornar um desafio. Em tais casos, dois principais componentes da investigação devem ser realizados: avaliação da excreção do potássio urinário e do "status" ácido-básico. Este artigo traz um relato de caso de uma paciente portadora de hipocalemia grave persistente, com investigação laboratorial complementar caracterizada por hipomagnesemia e hipocalciúria, associada à alcalose metabólica e elevação dos hormômios tireoideanos. A apresen- tação inicial do quadro incluiu paralisia periódica tireotóxica como um dos principais diagnósticos diferenciais, porém, a paciente evoluiu para um es- tado eutireoideo e persistiu com grave hipocalemia, sendo, por fim, realizado diagnóstico clínico de Síndrome de Gitelman.

HELLP syndrome in a pregnant patient with Gitelman syndrome

Gitelman syndrome is characterized by hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, hypocalciuria, and hypomagnesemia. The clinical course of Gitelman syndrome in pregnant women remains unclear, but it is thought to be benign. We report here the first Korean case of atypical eclampsia in a 31-year-old who was diagnosed with Gitelman syndrome incidentally during an antenatal screening test. The patient did well during pregnancy despite significant hypokalemia. At 33 weeks’ gestation, the patient exhibited eclampsia, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets (HELLP) syndrome, and renal insufficiency without significant hypertension or proteinuria. We explain this unusual clinical course through a review of the relevant literature.

Rheumatoid arthritis accompanied by Gitelman syndrome / 영남의대학술지

Gitelman syndrome is a condition caused by a mutation of the thiazide sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter gene on the distal convoluted tubule. It results in a variety of clinical features, including hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalciuria, and metabolic alkalosis. It is often diagnosed in asymptomatic adults presented with unexplained hypokalemia; however, it is sometimes associated with muscular cramps, numbness, fatigue, weakness, or paralysis. We experienced a case of rheumatoid arthritis accompanied by Gitelman syndrome, presented with hand tremor. We diagnosed her using renal clearance study and genetic analysis. Here, we report our experiences regarding this case along with a literature review.

Rheumatoid arthritis accompanied by Gitelman syndrome / 영남의대학술지

Gitelman syndrome is a condition caused by a mutation of the thiazide sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter gene on the distal convoluted tubule. It results in a variety of clinical features, including hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalciuria, and metabolic alkalosis. It is often diagnosed in asymptomatic adults presented with unexplained hypokalemia; however, it is sometimes associated with muscular cramps, numbness, fatigue, weakness, or paralysis. We experienced a case of rheumatoid arthritis accompanied by Gitelman syndrome, presented with hand tremor. We diagnosed her using renal clearance study and genetic analysis. Here, we report our experiences regarding this case along with a literature review.

Transient hyperphosphatemia: a benign laboratory disorder in a boy with Gitelman syndrome / Hiperfosfatemia transitória: uma alteração laboratorial benigna em um menino com síndrome de Gitelman

Abstract Transient hyperphosphatasemia of infancy and early childhood (THI) is characterized by transiently increased activity of serum alkaline phosphatase (S-ALP), predominantly its bone or liver isoform, in children under five years of age. There are no signs of metabolic bone disease or hepatopathy corresponding with the increased S-ALP. THI is benign disorder, rather laboratory than clinical disorder, which is usually accidentally detected in both healthy and sick children. When encountered in a child with either chronic bone, liver or kidney disease, it might concern the physician. We present a three year old boy with genetically confirmed Gitelman syndrome where THI was detected accidentally during periodic check-up. S-ALP peaked to 41.8 µkat/L, there were neither laboratory or clinical signs of liver or bone disease; the S-ALP dropped to normal value of 4 µkat/L 60 days later. Therefore, the patient fulfilled the criteria for THI. There were no further increases in S-ALP.

Resumo A hiperfosfatasemia transitória benigna da infância (HTBI) é caracterizada por elevação transitória da atividade da fosfatase alcalina sérica (S-ALP), predominantemente em sua isoforma óssea ou hepática, em crianças com menos de cinco anos de idade. Não há sinais de patologia óssea metabólica ou hepatopatia correspondentes ao aumento da S-ALP. A HTBI é um distúrbio benigno, mais laboratorial que clínico, normalmente detectado acidentalmente em crianças saudáveis e acometidas por alguma patologia. Quando encontrada em crianças com doença crônica óssea, hepática ou renal, maiores preocupações são justificadas. O presente relato descreve o caso de um menino de três anos de idade com síndrome de Gitelman geneticamente confirmada, em que a HTBI foi detectada acidentalmente durante um exame periódico. A S-ALP atingiu o pico de 41,8 µkat/L, sem sinais laboratoriais ou clínicos de doença hepática ou óssea. O valor de S-ALP caiu para o nível normal de 4 µkat/L 60 dias mais tarde. Portanto, o paciente satisfazia os critérios para HTBI. Não houve outros aumentos na S-ALP.

A novel homozygous mutation in the solute carrier family 12 member 3 gene in a Chinese family with Gitelman syndrome

Loss of function of mutated solute carrier family 12 member 3 (SLC12A3) gene is the most frequent etiology for Gitelman syndrome (GS), which is mainly manifested by hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia and hypocalciuria. We report the genetic characteristics of one suspicious Chinese GS pedigree by gene sequencing. Complete sequencing analysis of the SLC12A3 gene revealed that both the proband and his elder sister had a novel homozygous SLC12A3 mutation: c.2099T>C and p.Leu700Pro. Moreover, the SLC12A3 genes of his mother and daughter encoded the same mutated heterozygote. It was noted that in this pedigree, only the proband complained about recurrent episodes of bilateral lower limb weakness over 8 years, while his elder sister, mother and daughter did not present symptoms. The inconsistent clinical features of this pedigree implied that besides diverse phenotypes possibly originated from the same genotype, gender difference may also dominate the variant GS phenotypes. Further genetic and proteomic research are needed to investigate the precise mechanisms of GS, including the study of specific ethnicities.

Mutations in SLC12A3 and CLCNKB and Their Correlation with Clinical Phenotype in Patients with Gitelman and Gitelman-like Syndrome

Gitelman's syndrome (GS) is caused by loss-of-function mutations in SLC12A3 and characterized by hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, hypocalciuria, and hypomagnesemia. Long-term prognosis and the role of gene diagnosis in GS are still unclear. To investigate genotype-phenotype correlation in GS and Gitelman-like syndrome, we enrolled 34 patients who showed hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis without secondary causes. Mutation analysis of SLC12A3 and CLCNKB was performed. Thirty-one patients had mutations in SLC12A3, 5 patients in CLCNKB, and 2 patients in both genes. There was no significant difference between male and female in clinical manifestations at the time of presentation, except for early onset of symptoms in males and more profound hypokalemia in females. We identified 10 novel mutations in SLC12A3 and 4 in CLCNKB. Compared with those with CLCNKB mutations, patients with SLC12A3 mutations were characterized by more consistent hypocalciuria and hypomagnesemia. Patients with 2 mutant SLC12A3 alleles, compared with those with 1 mutant allele, did not have more severe clinical and laboratory findings except for lower plasma magnesium concentrations. Male and female patients did not differ in their requirement for electrolyte replacements. Two patients with concomitant SLC12A3 and CLCNKB mutations had early-onset severe symptoms and showed different response to treatment. Hypocalciuria and hypomagnesemia are useful markers in differentiation of GS and classical Bartter's syndrome. Gender, genotypes or the number of SLC12A3 mutant alleles cannot predict the severity of disease or response to treatment.

A Pedigree with c.179 Cytosine to Threonine Missense Mutation of SLC12A3 Gene Presenting Gitelman's Syndrome

A 42-year-old man came to the hospital presenting chest discomfort and general weakness. He had come to the hospital with the same symptoms 3 months ago and 12 years prior. His laboratory test showed hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia and hypocalciuria. The arterial blood gas analysis showed hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. He had an ultrasonography guided renal biopsy, the result was normal at light microscopy and immunofluorescence microscopy. However, a special stain for Na-Cl cotransporter was weakly expressed compared with the control. The patient and his family underwent genetic sequencing about the SLC12A3 gene. He had a homozygous mutation in the 179th nucleotide of Exon 1 on the SLC12A3 gene (p.Thr60Met) and his parents and sisters were diagnosed as carrier state of Gitelman's syndrome (GS). GS is an inherited tubular disorder which presents mild hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia and hypocalciuria. Since the symptoms and laboratory results are not severe, it can go unnoticed by physicians. Herein we present a family with GS, diagnosed by genetic sequencing.

Clinical Study of a Newly Diagnosed Case of Gitelman Syndrome in a Patient Monitored for Liddle Syndrome

A 55-year-old man who had been monitored for Liddle syndrome in the nephrology division for 15 years visited again Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital for a newly developed electrolyte disorder. Because his blood pressure was normal and he showed hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia, a renal clearance test and renal biopsy were conducted for suspected Gitelman syndrome. The patient was diagnosed with Gitelman syndrome, which has been previously reported 12 cases in South Korea. The renal clearance test revealed a disorder of the Na-Cl cotransporter (NCCT) in the distal tubule, while the renal biopsy revealed partial expression of NCCT, typical of Gitelman syndrome. Currently, the patient is being monitored, and is receiving oral administration of calcium and magnesium.

Gitelman's Syndrome Associated with Chondrocalcinosis

Gitelman's syndrome (GS), a hereditary disease characterized by hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypocalciuria, is a salt-losing renal tubulopathy. Herein, we describe a case of a 28-year-old woman diagnosed with atypical GS accompanying chondrocalcinosis. One year ago, she presented with vomiting, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, and hypocalciuria, and was tested by diuretic challenge test. As a result, she was diagnosed with atypical GS with normomagnesemia and treated with spironolactone and potassium supplementation. Meanwhile, acute arthritis of the right 1st metatarsophalangeal joint occurred. On the radiographies of the knees, chondrocalcinosis was observed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in Korea of GS with chondrocalcinosis. Antialdosterone therapy or magnesium supplementation is effective in preventing the progression of chondrocalcinosis; thus, early diagnosis and treatment of GS are important.

A novel mutation of CLCNKB in a Korean patient of mixed phenotype of Bartter-Gitelman syndrome / 소아과

Bartter syndrome (BS) is an inherited renal tubular disorder characterized by low or normal blood pressure, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, and hyperreninemic hyperaldosteronism. Type III BS is caused by loss-of-function mutations in CLCNKB encoding basolateral ClC-Kb. The clinical phenotype of patients with CLCNKB mutations has been known to be highly variable, and cases that are difficult to categorize as type III BS or other hereditary tubulopathies, such as Gitelman syndrome, have been rarely reported. We report a case of a 10-year-old Korean boy with atypical clinical findings caused by a novel CLCNKB mutation. The boy showed intermittent muscle cramps with laboratory findings of hypokalemia, severe hypomagnesemia, and nephrocalcinosis. These findings were not fully compatible with those observed in cases of BS or Gitelman syndrome. The CLCNKB mutation analysis revealed a heterozygous c.139G>A transition in exon 13 [p.Gly(GGG)465Glu(GAG)]. This change is not a known mutation; however, the clinical findings and in silico prediction results indicated that it is the underlying cause of his presentation.