Relationship between Autistic Spectrum Trait and Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Healthy Male Subjects

OBJECTIVE: Autistic spectrum traits are postulated to lie on a continuum that extends between individuals with autism and individuals with typical development. The present study was carried out to investigate functional and network abnormalities associated with autistic spectrum trait in healthy male subjects. METHODS: Subjects were 41 healthy male subjects who underwent the social responsiveness scale-adult (SRS-A) and magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: There was significant positive correlation between the total score of SRS-A and the regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) in posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). Also, there were changes in functional network such as in cingulate corti, insula and fusiform cortex. Further, we also found the significant difference of functional networks between the healthy male subjects with high or low autistic spectrum trait, and these points were congruent with the previous perceptions derived from autistic-spectrum disorders. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest a biological basis for the autistic spectrum trait and may be useful for the imaging marker of autism symptomatology.

Leukotriene D4 activates BV2 microglia in vitro / 浙江大学学报·医学版

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of CysLT receptor agonist leukotriene D4(LTD4) and antagonists on activation of microglia BV2 cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The expression of CysLT1 and CysLT2 protein was determined by Western blotting and immunostaining in microglia BV2 cells. BV2 cells were pretreated with or without CysLT1 receptor selective antagonist montelukast, CysLT2 receptor selective antagonist HAMI 3379, or CysLT1/CysLT2 receptor dual antagonist BAY u9773 for 30 min, then the cells were treated with LTD4 for 24 h. Cell viability was detected by MTT reduction assay. Phagocytosis and mRNA expression of IL-6 were determined by fluorescent bead tracking and RT-PCR, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In BV2 cells, LTD4 did not affect proliferation but significantly enhanced phagocytosis and increased IL-6 mRNA expression in a concentration-dependent manner. LTD4 at 100 nmol/L induced a 1.4-fold increase of phagocytic index and a 2-fold up-regulation of IL-6 mRNA expression (P<0.01). HAMI 3379 and BAY u9773 (100 nmol/L) further increased LTD4-induced phagocytosis; BAY u9773 and montelukast decreased LTD4-induced IL-6 mRNA expression, while HAMI 3379 had no effect on that.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>LTD4 activates BV2 cells in vitro and enhances IL-6 mRNA expression mediated by CysLT1 receptor, LTD4 induces phagocytosis which might be negatively regulated by CysLT2 receptor in BV2 cells.</p>

Anafilaxia, una visión práctica actual acerca de sus mecanismos y manejo clínico / Escribe texto o la dirección de un sitio web, o bien, traduce un documento. Cancelar inglés español francés Alpha Anaphylaxis, a vision about their current practice and clinical management mechanisms

La denominación anafiláctica u anafilactoide, tienen que ver con el mecanismo de producción que, podrá ser distinto en relación a la causa desencadenante, no lo es, sin embargo, si se consideran las células implicadas, los mediadores involucrados, las expresiones clínicas y, sobre todos, su manejo. Es por eso que se reporduce dos cuadros sintéticos que abordan la temática.

Anafilaxia: guías de tratamiento / Anaphylaxis: treatment guidelines

El tratameinto apropiado deberá instituirse tan rápido como sea posible.

Effect of Cryptoporus volvatus (Peck) Schear on leukotriene production from polymorphonuclear leukocytes in rats / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study action of Cryptoporus volvatus ferment substance (CVFS) on leukotriene production of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The level of slow reaction substance (SRS) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in rats in vitro were determined with bioassay and HPLC.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>CVFS 0.9, 2.7 g.kg-1 by ig significantly inhibited SRS and LTB4 production in PMNs in rats in vivo.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The inhibition effect of CVFS on SRS and LTB4 release may be related to its mechanism of anti-inflammation and anti-asthma.</p>

Papel de los leucotrienos y modificadores de leucotrienos en el tratamiento del asma / Leukotrienes and leukotrienes modifiers in asthmatic patients

El asma es una enfermedad crónica inflamatoria de la vía aérea inferior caracterizada por broncoconstricción reversible, tos, sibilancias y disnea. El patrón inflamatorio del asma es de naturaleza multicelular, involucrando mastocitos, neutrófilos, eosinófilos, linfocitos T y células epiteliales, cuyos mediadores químicos (histamina, leucotrienos, citocinas, quimoquinas, etc.) contribuyen al desarrollo del proceso inflamatorio. Los leucotrienos derivan del metabolismo del ácido araquidónico por efecto de la enzima 5-lipoxigenasa y regulan la broncoconstricción y los cambios inflamatorios del asma. El descubrimiento de la respuesta inflamatoria subyacente en el asma estimuló el desarrollo de nuevos medicamentos antiasmáticos, los cuales representan una nueva dirección en el tratamiento del asma, ya que pueden bloquear la síntesis de leucotrienos (por ejemplo, zileuton) o actuar como antagonistas de los receptores de leucotrienos (por ejemplo, montelukast, pranlukast y zafirlukast). Este artículo revisa brevemente los avances en el manejo del asma con particular atención en el papel de los modificadores de leucotrienos. Además, se presentan los lineamientos del diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad, que para mejorar la atención de los asmáticos desarrolló la iniciativa Global para el Asma. Estos lineamientos proporcionan información sobre como tratar el asma crónica y como manejar las crisis asmáticas. Sin embargo, se debe de tener en mente que el mejor régimen terapéutico debe de individualizarse para obtener la máxima eficacia y tolerabilidad

Alergia al látex: Un problema médico en incremento / Latex allergy: A growing medical problem

Los productos de látex son escenciales en la vida cotidiana y en la práctica médica. Su uso se ha ralacionado con un incremento en la frecuencia de reacciones alérgicas. La presentación clínica más común es la hipersensibilidad tardía de origen no inmunológico. Aunque menos frecuente, la hipersensibilidad inmediata puede ocasionar reacciones anafilácticas graves, inclusive letales. En pacientes con factores de riesgo, es necesaria la detección oportuna del problema. En el momento actual, la única medida contra la alergia al látex consiste en evitar por completo todo contacto con sus antígenos

role of leukotrienes B4 and C4 in bronchial asthma

This study was carried out on 35 asthmatic patients and ten normal control subjects. They were 25 males [71.4%] and 10 females [28.6%]. Their ages ranged between 15-48 years old. Fifteen out of 25 asthmatic males were cigarette smokers [60%], their smoking index ranged, from 50-1000 cigarette with mean 358 cigarette. The asthmatic patients were classified into 3 groups thirteen patients with acute recurrent asthma received salbutamol, eleven patients with chronic asthma received salbutamol, and eleven patients with acute severe asthma received salbutamol and corticosteroid. Control subjects were classified into 2 groups: 5 control smokers and 5 non smokers. Serum LTB[4] and LTC[4] were measured in each patient before and after control of asthma. There was a significant increase in these parameters in asthmatic patients during acute attack than control subjects. Moreover, there was a significant increase in serum LTB[4] in asthmatic patients during remission than control subjects. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in serum LTC[4] in asthmatic patients during remission and control subjects. There was a significant difference in serum LTC[4] in control smokers than in control non smokers. However, there was no significant difference in asthmatic smokers and non smokers in serum LTB[4] and LTC[4]. Furthermore, clinical and ventilatory improvement in asthmatic patients during remission were associated with decreased levels of serum LTB[4] and LTC[4]. However, there was no significant difference in serum LTB[4] and LTC[4] levels in asthmatics patients who received corticosteroid and those who did not receive corticosteroid. These findings suggest that the leukotrienes have a role in the development of acute asthmatic attack and are associated with the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. The leukotrienes play a definitive role as mediators in bronchial asthma, as they present at serum levels consistent with the severity of acute asthma, and decreased with the improvement of the disease. The beneficial effects of corticosteroid in asthmatic patients appear to be mediated by mechanisms other than reduction of leukotrienes. The development of selective leukotriene antagonist may help in the treatment of asthmatic patients

effect of mast cell stabilization on leukotriene C4 in bronchial asthma

In this study, plasma levels of leukotriene C4 [LTC4] were estimated in twenty asthmatic patients before and after the intake of one mg of ketotifen twice daily for two months. The results showed statistically significant decrease in plasma LTC4 after the intake of ketotifen. Also, there was a statistically significant increase in pulmonary functions, namely FEV1% [forced expiratory volume in the first second], and MVV 1/min [maximum voluntary ventilation] after ketotifen intake. It was concluded in this study that the administration of ketotifen is recommended as a preventive measure in the treatment of bronchial asthma

The effect of immunotherapy on the in vitro productions of histamine, prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene C4 in asthmatic children.

In order to elucidate the working mechanisms of immunotherapy (IT), the in vitro productions of histamine, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene C4 (LTC4) were studied in 18 newly diagnosed and 20 hyposensitized (greater than 2 yr) asthmatic children. All were sensitive to house dust and dust mites. (D. pteronyssinus). Ten age-matched normal children were included as control. Polymorphonuclear (PMNs) and mononuclear (MNCs) leukocytes were separated by density gradient centrifugation and dextran sedimentation. PMNs (2 x 10(7) cells/ml) and MNCs (2 x 10(7) cells/ml) were stimulated with mite allergen (10 micrograms/ml) and calcium ionophore A23187 (1 microgram/ml) for 15 minutes. The plasma and culture supernatant (sup) histamine levels and sup PGE2 and LTC4 were measured by RIA. The results showed; 1) When compared to new patients, the treated patients had much lower plasma and sup histamine (p less than 0.001), no matter whether PMNs and MNCs were stimulated with allergen or A23187 and the normals had the lowest histamine level among 3 groups; 2) LTC4 in A23187-stimulated sup was lower in treated patients (p less than 0.05); 3) The PGE2 in allergen-stimulated sup was markedly increased in treated patients as compared to new patients (p less than 0.01) and the PGE2 in sup of normals was also much higher than that of new patients. Thus, immunotherapy is able to reverse the abnormal secretory pattern of inflammatory mediators of allergic patients, and this change may account, partly, for its clinical effectiveness.

Estudo dos leucotrienos no humor aquoso e soro de pacientes portadores de uveítes e controles: análise de 93 casos / Study of leukotriene in aqueous humor and serum of patients with uveitis and controls: analysis of 93 cases

Foram estudados 93 pacientes sendo 59 com uveítes e 34 com patologias oculares, consideradas controles. As amostras de humor aquoso e soro foram analisadas para LTC4 por radioimunoensaio. Os resultados no humor aquoso foram signficantivamente maiores que no soro em todos os pacientes, sugerindo que houve produçäo intra ocular de leucotrienos. Näo houve diferença significativa entre os valores do humor aquoso das uveítes e controles, sugerindo que a produçäo intraocular de LT poderia ser decorrente de estimulaçäo pela paracentese ou entäo as patologias näo inflamatórias também poderiam estimular a síntese dod LTs. Os níveis de LTC4 näo mostraram relaçäo com a etiologias das uveítes. As uveites tiveram comportamento homogênio entre si com relaçäo ao tempo de história e atividade inflamatória. Determinou-se pela primeira vez o conteúdo sérico dos leucotrienos, que se mostrou existir, ao contrário do esperado. Demonstrou-se pela primeira vez que as células inflamatórias do humor aquoso de uveítes humanas säo capazes de produzir LTC4

Increased levels of leukotriene c4 in bronchoalveolar lavage from patients with pigeon breede's disease

En este estudio se midió la concentración de Leucotriene C4 (LTC4) y de complejos inmunes en el líquido obtenido po lavado broncoalveolar en pacientes con neumonitis por hipersensibilidad inducida por antígeno aviario (n=14), fibrosis pulmonar idiopática (n=5), neumonitis secundaria a artritis reumatoide (n=5), y en sujetos normales (n=4). Se encontró que los pacientes con neumonitis por hipersensibilidad tenían valores de LTC4 maiores que los sujetos normales (mediana, 5 ng/ml y 2.25 ng/ml, respectivamente) con p < 0.05, mientras que los pacientes con fibrosis pulmonar y artritis reumatóide tenían intermedios. Además, de 5 pacientes con neumonitis por hipersensibilidad y LTC4 < 4 ng/ml sólo uno tenía complejos inmunes elevados, mientras que de 9 pacientes con esta enfermedad y LTC4 > 4 ng/ml, 8 tenían complejos inmunes elevados (p < 0.03). Estos resultados sugieren que probablemente el LTC4 constituye uno de los mediadores biológicos que participan en la inflamación pulmonar de la neumonitis por hipersensibilidad inducida por antígeno aviario

Antigen-induced arthritis in rabbits: a suitable experimental model for the study of arachidonic acid metabolites in articular inflammatory processes

O presente estudo investigou a presença de substâncias de reaçäo lenta da anafilaxia (SRS-A) no líquido sinovial de coelhos com artrite induzida por antígeno utilizando ensaio biológico em ileo isolado de cobaio suspenso em câmara oxigenada contendo atropina, mepiramina e metisergide. Considerou-se SRS-A presente quando a infusäo do líquido sinovial promovia uma contraçäo com pelo menos três minutos de duraçäo que era abolida pela adiçäo de FPL-5512 ao meios. Todos os líquidos sinoviais de joelhos injetados com o antígeno de animais sacrificados até oito horas a partir do início da artrite apresentaram atividade de SRS-A. Nenhum líquido de articulaçöes experimentais com mais de oito horas de artrite, assim como em nenhuma das articulaçöes controles foi detectada a presença dessas substâncias. Esses resultados tornam o modelo experimental em questäo apropriado para o estudo da participaçäo das leucotrienes na fisiopatologia dos processos inflamatórios articulares assim como para o ensaio e desenvolvimento de novas drogas anti-inflamatórias

Relative bioactivity of histamine and slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis released during anaphylactic reaction from different tissues of guinea pigs and rats.

Relative amount of histamine and SRS-A released during Schultz Dale reaction were indirectly estimated. Percent block produced by specific antagonists, mepyramine and FPL 55712, on antigen induced response in various tissues was compared with controls. The relative bioactivity of histamine and SRS-A released was 93% and 7%, respectively, in rat lungs: 37% and 63% in guinea pig lungs; 82% and 18% in guinea pig intestine, 59% and 41% in rat intestine and 100% and 0% in skin of guinea pig and rats. Expectedly, individual experiments showed gross variations because anaphylaxis is rarely dose related.