Distocia em tigre d'água-de-orelha-vermelha, Trachemys scripta elegans, wied (1839): relato de caso / Dystocia in red-eared slider, Trachemys scripta elegans, wied (1839): case report / Distocia en tortuga de orejas rojas, Trachemys scripta elegans, wied (1839): reporte de caso

Atualmente muitos répteis se tornaram animais de companhia e são mantidos como pet's exóticos. A espécie Trachemys scripta elegans, Wied (1839) é um animal exótico da América do Norte, sua identificação é realizada pelas marcas avermelhadas encontradas lateralmente a sua cabeça. Na rotina clínica as principais enfermidades que acometem os quelônios são as de origem reprodutiva, como a estase folicular e distocia. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um caso recorrente de distocia em um tigre d'água fêmea, para isso, a anamnese, o histórico da paciente, e seus sinais clínicos, em conjunto com os exames complementares de imagem foram essenciais para se obter diagnóstico definitivo. O tratamento foi realizado com a indução medicamentosa utilizando borogluconato de cálcio, seguida da aplicação de ocitocina, esta trouxe resultados positivos para a eliminação dos ovos. Porém devido ao histórico do paciente, optou-se pela intervenção cirúrgica de ovariossalpingectomia, sendo está a maneira permanente de resolução da patologia. O protocolo terapêutico escolhido proporcionou um resultado satisfatório e bem estar ao animal.(AU)

Currently, many reptiles have become companion animals and are kept as exotic pets. The species Trachemys scripta elegans, Wied (1839) is an exotic animal from North America, and its identification is based on the reddish markings found laterally on its head. In routine clinical practice, the main diseases that affect chelonians are those of reproductive origin, such as follicular stasis and dystocia. The aim of this study was to report a recurrent case of dystocia in a female red-eared slider turtle. For this purpose, the patient's anamnesis, history, and clinical signs, along with complementary imaging exams, were essential to obtain a definitive diagnosis. The treatment involved medical induction using calcium borogluconate, followed by the administration of oxytocin, which yielded positive results in egg elimination. However, due to the patient's history, surgical intervention in the form of ovariosalpingectomy was chosen as the permanent solution to the pathology. The chosen therapeutic protocol provided a satisfactory outcome and improved the animal's well-being.(AU)

Actualmente muchos reptiles se han convertido en animales de compañía y se mantienen como mascotas exóticas. La especie Trachemys scripta elegans, Wied (1839) es un animal exótico de América del Norte, su identificación se realiza por las marcas rojizas que se encuentran lateralmente a su cabeza. En la rutina clínica, las principales enfermedades que afectan a los quelonios son las de origen reproductivo, como la estasis folicular y la distocia. El objetivo de este trabajo fue reportar un caso recurrente de distocia en una hembra de tigre de agua, para ello la anamnesis, la historia de la paciente y sus signos clínicos, junto con los exámenes imagenológicos complementarios fueron fundamentales para obtener un diagnóstico definitivo. El tratamiento se realizó con inducción farmacológica con borogluconato de calcio, seguido de la aplicación de oxitocina, que arrojó resultados positivos con la eliminación de huevos. Sin embargo, debido a los antecedentes de la paciente, se optó por la intervención quirúrgica de ovarialpingectomía, que es la forma definitiva de resolución de la patología. El protocolo terapéutico elegido proporcionó un resultado satisfactorio y bienestar al animal.(AU)

Salpingectomía oportunista: patrones de práctica en un grupo de ginecólogos colombianos / Opportunistic Salpingectomy: patterns of practice in a group of colombian gynecologists

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: El cáncer de ovario es la neoplasia de origen ginecológico más letal y el 90% de los casos son de origen epitelial. Se ha postulado el origen del cáncer epitelial de ovario (CEO) en las fimbrias de las trompas de Falopio, por lo cual, se ha sugerido la realización de la salpingectomía oportunista como método de prevención primaria. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo determinar la frecuencia con que los ginecólogos adscritos a la Federación Colombiana de Ginecología y Obstetricia (FECOLSOG) incluyeron salpingectomías oportunistas en su práctica clínica durante los años 2017-2018. MÉTODOS: Se realizó una encuesta a los ginecólogos adscritos a la FECOLSOG. Las variables analizadas incluyeron características demográficas, práctica profesional, método de prevención primaria de cáncer de ovario en pacientes de bajo riesgo y la realización o no de la salpingectomía oportunista y sus respectivas razones. Las variables cualitativas se analizaron con frecuencias absolutas y relativas, mientras que las cuantitativas con medidas de tendencia central y desviaciones estándar con el software STATA 13. RESULTADOS: De 1765 ginecólogos contactados, 353 contestaron la encuesta (tasa de respuesta del 20%). El 62.5% de estos realizan salpingectomía oportunista en su práctica ginecológica y de estos, el 75.2% lo hizo para prevenir cáncer de ovario. Entre las razones manifestadas por los especialistas para no realizar salpingectomía oportunista, el 12.5% no la consideraba un factor de protección frente al cáncer de ovario y un 14.4% consideraba que incrementaba el riesgo de falla ovárica temprana y morbilidad asociada. CONCLUSIÓN: Aunque existen controversias en su realización, la salpingectomía oportunista muestra ser una conducta adoptada por ginecólogos adscritos a FECOLSOG. Se requieren investigaciones futuras para determinar la efectividad de la salpingectomía e implementar estrategias de prevención del cáncer epitelial de ovario.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy and 90% of cases are of epithelial origin. Recently, different investigations attribute their origin to the fimbriae of the fallopian tubes, reason why it has been suggested to perform elective salpingectomy for the prevention of high-grade adenocarcinoma, its most frequent histological variant. This research aims to determine the frequency with which gynecologists from the Colombian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FECOLSOG) included this procedure in their clinical practice during the years 2017-2018. METHODS: A survey was sent electronically to the gynecologists assigned to FECOLSOG on three different occasions with an interval of 15 days between them. The variables analyzed included demographic characteristics, professional practice, primary prevention method of Ovarian Cancer in low-risk patients and the performance or not of elective salpingectomy with their respective reasons. Qualitative variables were analyzed with absolute and relative frequencies, while quantitative variables with measures of central tendency and standard deviations with STATA 13 software. RESULTS: From 1765 gynecologists contacted at least once via email, 353 answered the survey, indicating a response rate of 20%. 62.5% perform elective salpingectomy in their gynecological practice and of these, 75.2% do so to prevent ovarian cancer. Among the reasons for not practicing salpingectomy, 12.5% ​​do not consider it a protective factor for ovarian cancer, and 14.4% believe that it increases the risk of early ovarian failure and morbidity. CONCLUSION: Elective salpingectomy is a promising procedure as a preventive measure against epithelial ovarian cancer. Although there are controversies regarding its performance, salpingectomy seems to be a common practice amongst gynecologists from FECOLSOG, and seems to have higher recurrence within this field. Future research is required to determine the effectiveness of salpingectomy and thus, implement the best strategies for ovarian cancer prevention.

Embarazo ectópico intraligamentario / Ectopic Intraligamentary Pregnancy

Introducción: El embarazo ectópico es la implantación del producto de la concepción fuera de la cavidad endometrial. Objetivo: Reportar un caso de embarazo ectópico intraligamentario por lo infrecuente que es esta localización. Métodos: Presentación de caso de paciente de 25 años, con antecedentes de VIH e infecciones vaginales a repetición. Asiste a emergencias con dolor intenso en bajo vientre e historia de amenorrea de 12 semanas. Se hace el diagnóstico de posible embarazo ectópico abdominal y se decide laparotomía de urgencia. Resultados: Durante el transoperatorio se diagnostica un embarazo ectópico intraligamentario izquierdo, se realiza salpingectomía con resección de todo el ligamento ancho. La paciente evolucionó satisfactoriamente. Conclusiones: El embarazo ectópico continúa siendo una de las principales urgencias dentro de las especialidades quirúrgicas. Sigue elevando la mortalidad materna a nivel mundial y siempre que las condiciones lo permitan se debe pensar en él para hacer un diagnóstico oportuno(AU)

Introduction: Ectopic pregnancy is the implantation of the product of conception outside the endometrial cavity. Objective: To report a case of intraligamentary ectopic pregnancy because of the infrequent nature of this location. Case Report: This is a 25-year-old patient with a history of HIV and repeated vaginal infections. She comes to the emergency room with severe pain in the lower abdomen and history of amenorrhea for 12 weeks. Possible abdominal ectopic pregnancy is diagnosed and the emergency laparotomy is decided. During the transoperative period, a left intraligamentary ectopic pregnancy was diagnosed. Salpingectomy was performed with resection of the entire broad ligament. Result: The patient evolved satisfactorily. Conclusions: Ectopic pregnancy continues to be one of the main emergencies in surgical specialties. Maternal mortality continues raising worldwide and whenever the conditions suggest so, we must think about it to make a timely diagnosis(AU)

Embarazo heterotópico tubo-abdominal / Tube-Abdominal Heterotopic Pregnancy

El embarazo heterotópico es una rara gestación múltiple en donde un embarazo intrauterino coexiste con uno ectópico.La incidencia de embarazo heterotópico es de 1 cada 10 000 a 50 000 embarazos espontáneos. El aumento de los tratamientos por técnicas de reproducción asistida, ha incrementado la incidencia de embarazo heterotópico, ha llegado hasta 1 por ciento de los embarazos logrados por estas técnicas. El objetivo del trabajo es presentar el caso de una paciente con un embarazo heterotópico que resulta poco frecuente. Se presenta una paciente de 32 años, primípara, con antecedentes de salud que acudió por amenorrea de 10,2 semanas, dolor en bajo vientre con intensificación y sangramiento genital a manchas oscuras persistente. En el examen físico se constata un útero aumentado de tamaño que coincide con la amenorrea y el fondo de saco de Douglas abombado y doloroso. El examen ultrasonográfico fue concluyente en el diagnóstico de embarazo heterotópico. Se realizó una laparotomía y una salpingectomía total izquierda y exéresis de la placenta. El posoperatorio inmediato fue satisfactorio; el ultrasonido realizado tres semanas después, mostró la existencia de un embrión intrauterino de aproximadamente 12 semanas, vivo. La paciente fue seguida en consulta de Obstetricia y tuvo un parto eutócico a las 36,2 semanas con recién nacido vivo, en buen estado y bajo peso(AU)

Heterotopic pregnancy is a rare multiple pregnancy where an intrauterine pregnancy coexists with an ectopic pregnancy. The incidence of heterotopic pregnancy is 1 in 10,000 to 50,000 spontaneous pregnancies. The increase of assisted reproductive techniques has increased the incidence of heterotopic pregnancy, up to 1 % of the pregnancies achieved by these techniques. The objective of this study is to present the case of a patient with a heterotopic pregnancy that is rare. We present a 32-year-old female patient, primiparous, with a history of health. She came to consultation due to 10.2-week amenorrhea, low pain with intensification and genital persistent dark bleeding. The physical examination shows an enlarged uterus that coincides with amenorrhea and the plump and painful the bottom of Douglas sac. Ultrasonography was conclusive in the diagnosis of heterotopic pregnancy. A laparotomy and total left salpingectomy and excision of the placenta were performed. The immediate postoperative was satisfactory. The ultrasound performed three weeks later showed the existence of an intrauterine alive embryo of approximately 12 weeks. The patient was followed in consultation with obstetrics and she had a eutocic delivery at 36.2 weeks with alive newborn, in good condition and underweight(AU)

Implications of a two-step procedure in surgical management of patients with early-stage endometrioid endometrial cancer / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: Since European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) recommendations and French guidelines, pelvic lymphadenectomy should not be systematically performed for women with early-stage endometrioid endometrial cancer (EEC) preoperatively assessed at presumed low- or intermediate-risk. The aim of our study was to evaluate the change of our surgical practices after ESMO recommendations, and to evaluate the rate and morbidity of second surgical procedure in case of understaging after the first surgery. METHODS: This retrospective single-center study included women with EEC preoperatively assessed at presumed low- or intermediate-risk who had surgery between 2006 and 2013. Two periods were defined the times before and after ESMO recommendations. Demographics characteristics, surgical management, operative morbidity, and rate of understaging were compared. The rate of second surgical procedure required for lymph node resection during the second period and its morbidity were also studied. RESULTS: Sixty-one and sixty-two patients were operated for EEC preoperatively assessed at presumed low-or intermediate-risk before and after ESMO recommendations, respectively. Although immediate pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed more frequently during the first period than the second period (88.5% vs. 19.4%; p<0.001), the rate of postoperative risk-elevating or upstaging were comparable between the two periods (31.1% vs. 27.4%; p=0.71). Among the patients requiring second surgical procedure during the second period (21.0%), 30.8% did not undergo the second surgery due to their comorbidity or old age. For the patients who underwent second surgical procedure, mean operative time of the second procedure was 246.1+/-117.8 minutes. Third operation was required in 33.3% of them because of postoperative complications. CONCLUSION: Since ESMO recommendations, second surgical procedure for lymph node resection is often required for women with EEC presumed at low- or intermediate-risk. This reoperation is not always performed due to age/comorbidity of the patients, and presents a significant morbidity.

Surgical treatment of clinically early-stage endometrial carcinoma without systematic lymphadenectomy / Tratamento cirúrgico do câncer de endométrio em estágio clínico precoce sem linfadenectomia radical.

Objective: the main aim of this study was to describe the authors’ experience with the surgical treatment of endometrial cancer without systematic lymphadenectomy. Methods: a retrospective cohort study was carried out on a subset of patients suffering of clinically early-stage endometrial carcinoma who underwent hysterectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy without systematic (radical) lymph nodes dissection at our centers from June, 2002, to November, 2011. Descriptive statistics were explored as medians (interquartile range) or frequencies (percentages), as appropriated, and the Kaplan–Meier method was applied for survival estimation. Results: eighty-three patients who underwent surgical treatment with no lymph node dissection (n = 20; 24.1%) or with only a sampling procedure (n=63; 75.98%) were selected for analysis. Among these patients, 27 (32.53%) underwent surgery alone and 56 (67.46%) received some adjuvant treatment. Postoperative complications occurred in five patients (6.02%). Over a median follow-up of 27.4 months (Q25 = 13.7 – Q75 = 46.5), 15 (18.07%) patients suffered from relapses and 11 deaths occurred as result of disease recurrence. Cumulative 1, 2 and 3-year disease- free survivals were 97.32, 91.18 and 78.02%, respectively. Conclusion: on a case-by-case basis, the surgical treatment of clinically early-stage endometrial carcinoma without systematic lymphadenectomy did not seem to decrease survival outcomes and presented low rates of surgical morbidity in our experience, but was also related to a high rate use of adjuvant therapy. .

Objetivo: descrever a experiência dos autores com o tratamento cirúrgico do câncer de endométrio em estádio precoce sem linfadenectomia radical. Métodos: realizou-se estudo de coorte retrospectivo envolvendo um subgrupo de pacientes com câncer de endométrio em estágio clínico precoce tratadas com histerectomia e salpingo-ooforectomia sem linfadenectomia radical, em dois centros pernambucanos, de junho de 2002 a novembro de 2011. As variáveis foram descritas como mediana (intervalo interquartílico) ou frequências (percentuais), utilizando- se o método de Kaplan-Meier para a estimativa das taxas de sobrevivência. Resultados: oitenta e três pacientes submetidas a tratamento cirúrgico sem dissecção linfonodal (n = 20, 24,1%) ou com dissecção apenas por amostragem (n = 63; 75,98%) foram selecionadas para análise. Entre essas pacientes, 27 (32,53%) foram tratadas somente com cirurgia e 56 (67,46%) receberam tratamento adjuvante. Cinco pacientes apresentaram complicações pós-operatórias (6,02%). Durante o acompanhamento mediano de 27,4 meses (Q25 = 13,7 - Q75 = 46,5), 15 (18,07%) pacientes apresentaram recorrência, dentre as quais 11 faleceram em decorrência da recidiva neoplásica. Observou-se sobrevivência cumulativa proporcional livre de doença em um, dois e três anos de 97,32, 91,18 e 78,02%, respectivamente. Conclusão: em um contexto de indicação caso-a-caso, o tratamento cirúrgico do câncer de endométrio em estádio precoce sem linfadenectomia radical parece não ter prejudicado a sobrevivência e apresentou baixas taxas de morbidade cirúrgica em nossa experiência, mas também foi acompanhado de elevada utilização de terapia adjuvante. .

Función hormonal y flujo sanguíneo útero-ovárico en pacientes sometidos a salpingectomía / Hormonal function and uterine and ovary blood flow in patients under salpingectomy

El objetivo de la investigación fue comparar los efectos de la salpingectomía sobre la función hormonal y el flujo sanguíneo útero-ovárico. Se incluyeron 33 mujeres sanas con ciclos menstruales regulares. La salpingectomía fue realizada inmediatamente en los 5 días siguientes a la menstruación. Se tomaron muestras de sangre venosa para determinar las concentraciones de las hormonas folículo estimulante y luteinizante, estradiol y progesterona antes y luego de 3 meses de la cirugía. El flujo sanguíneo fue evaluado usando Doppler color y de pulso para medir el índice de resistencia, índice de pulsatilidad y velocidad sistólica pico en la vasculatura ovárica y las arterias uterinas. Se observó un aumento estadísticamente significativo en las concentraciones de hormonas folículo estimulante y luteinizante después de 3 meses de la salpingectomía (P<0,05). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas en las concentraciones de estradiol y progesterona (P=ns). Se observaron variaciones estadísticas significativas en los valores de velocidad sistólica pico, índice de resistencia e índice de pulsatilidad de la arteria ovárica al comparar los valores antes y 3 meses después de la salpingectomia (P<0,05). También se observó un aumento estadísticamente significativo en el volumen de los ovarios después de 3 meses de la cirugía (P<0,05). Se concluye que luego de 3 meses, la salpingectomía produce cambios en las concentraciones de gonadotropinas, tamaño de los ovarios y en los parámetros ecográficos Doppler de las arterias ováricas

The objetive of research was to compare the effects of salpingectomy over hormonal function and uterine and ovary blood flow. Thirty-three healthy women with normal menstrual cycles were included. Salpingectomy was performed immediately in five days following menstruation. A venous blood sample was taken to determine folicular stimulant and luteinizant hormones, estradiol and progesterone before and after three months of surgery. Bood flow was evaluated using color and pulse Doppler to measure resistance index, pulsatility index and peak systolic flow in ovary vasculare and uterine artery. There were statically significant increased in folicular stimulant and luteinizant hormones concentrations after three months of salpingectomy (P<0.05). There were not significant differences in estradiol and progesterone concentrations (P=ns). There were statistically significant variations in values of peak systolic flow, resistance index and pulsatility index of ovarian arteries when values before and three moths after salpingectomy were compared (P<0.05). There was also a statistically significant increase in ovary volume after three months of surgery (P=0.05). It is concluded that after three months, salpingectomy produces changes in gonadotropins concentrations, ovary size and ultrasound Doppler parameters of ovarian artery