Knowledge and home treatment of measles infection by caregivers of children under five in a low-income urban community, Nigeria

Background: Despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine for over 50 years, measles remains a leading cause of death among young children in developing countries. Aim: This study assessed the knowledge and home treatment of measles by caregivers of children under 5 years. Setting: Abebi community, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study of 509 caregivers of children aged 6 months to 5years in a semi-urban community in Ibadan was conducted using a multi-stage sampling method. An interviewer administered structured questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge of aetiology, main symptoms and signs, and home treatment of measles. Chi-square test and logistic regression were used to explore associations at 5% level of significance. Results: Most of the caregivers were females (96.3%), married (86.1%) and were the biological parents of the children (90.9%). More than half had good knowledge of the cause (59.7%) and main symptoms and signs (52.8%) of measles. However, the composite knowledge was good in 57.6% of caregivers. Over half (54.4%) of the caregivers reported that their children ever had measles. Majority (91.3%) of caregivers whose children had measles gave home treatment, while 24 (8.7%) sought treatment from health facilities alone. There was a significant association between caregivers' educational status, age, tribe and marital status and their knowledge of measles; however, tribe was the only significant predictor of knowledge after regression analysis. Caregivers from other tribes were 3.3 times more likely to have good knowledge of measles than Yoruba caregivers. Caregivers who were 35 years and older compared to those younger than 35 years (OR: 0.625; 95% CI: 0.425­0.921) and those who were not currently married compared to those married (OR: 0.455; 95% CI: 0.273­0.758) had lower odds of having good knowledge of measles, respectively. Conclusion: Home treatment by caregivers of children with measles is high. Health education on the cause, prevention and treatment of measles should be provided for caregivers

Epidémie de rougeole en période post-conflit dans une zone rurale centrafricaine

Introduction : La rougeole est une maladie infectieuse très contagieuse. Les situations de conflit telles que le cas de la République centrafricaine (RCA), peuvent favoriser la survenue des épidémies. L'objectif de ce travail était de décrire l'épidémie de rougeole survenue dans la préfecture sanitaire de Sangha-Mbaéré en termes de temps, lieu et personnes. Patients et méthodes : Il s'agissait d'une étude rétrospective réalisée lors de l'investigation des cas de rougeole survenus à Nola, dans le sud-ouest de la RCA qui a couvert la période du 30 décembre 2015 au 20 avril 2016. La population cible était constituée d'enfants de moins de 15 ans. Nous avons inclus dans l'étude, après consentement éclairé des parents, tout enfant chez qui un agent de santé a suspecté la rougeole avec une fièvre supérieure ou égale à 38°C, une éruption maculo-papulaire généralisée (non vésiculaire) et un des signes suivants : toux, rhinorrhée ou conjonctivite. Les caractéristiques sociodémographiques et cliniques ont été recueillies à l'aide d'un questionnaire anonyme. La saisie et l'analyse des données ont été faites au logiciel Epi Info 7. Résultats : Au total, 31 malades ont été inclus dont 58% de sexe féminin soit un sex-ratio (F/H) de 1,38. L'âge moyen était de 1,9 ± 1,2 ans. Les enfants âgés entre 1 et 4 ans représentaient 74,19% des cas. Tous les enfants (100%) n'étaient pas vaccinés contre la rougeole. Ils provenaient de la commune de Salo dans 51,61% des cas et de Nola dans 48,39%. Le taux d'attaque était de 0,82‰. Dans la commune de Salo, le taux d'attaque était de 2,97‰ (16/5392) et de 0,46‰ (15/32401) à Nola. Le taux de létalité était de 9,68% (3/31). Ce taux était de 33,33% (1/3) avant l'âge d'un an, de 8,70% chez les enfants de 1 à 5 ans. Conclusion : L'épidémie de rougeole survenue à Nola serait liée à une faible couverture vaccinale. Le renforcement de la vaccination et de la surveillance épidémiologique pourrait contribuer au contrôle et à une prévention efficace de la rougeole ainsi que d'autres maladies à potentiel épidémique

Poliartritis agudas virales / Viral acute polyarthritis

Las poliartritis agudas son cuadros de menos seis semanas de duración, cuyas causas pueden o no ser infecciosas. Entre las primeras, destacan las virales, con gran varie-dad de agentes causales. Entre ellos se distinguen por su frecuencia: virus hepatitis B,virus hepatitis C, parvovirus B19, virus rubéola y la fiebre Chicungunya. Tienen elementos comunes, como su expresión poliarticular, generalmente simétrica, con predilección por las pequeñas articulaciones de las manos, siendo habitualmente autolimitadas. A su vez, poseen elementos propios, clínicos y de laboratorio, que permiten diferenciarlos, teniendo algunos una evolución más agresiva con morbilidad más significativa. A su vez, por sus características clínicas y de laboratorio, plantean el diagnóstico diferencial con enfermedades inmunoreumatológicas, como la artritis reumatoidea y el lupus eritematoso sistémico, entre otras.Se realiza una revisión del cuadro clínico y de laboratorio de las poliartritis causadas por los virus señalados, su diagnóstico diferencial y posibilidades terapéuticas.

The acute polyarthritis are pictures of less six weeks duration, whose causes can be or not to be infectious. Among the first, the viral ones stand out with a variety of causal agents. Among there distinguished by their frequency: virus hepatitis B, hepatitis C virus, parvovirus B19, rubella virus and the fever Chicungunya. They have common elements, such as his expression polyarticular, usually symmetrical, with a predilection for the small joints of the hands, being usually self-limiting. At the same time, they have own laboratory and clinical elements that allow differentiation, some having a more aggressive evolution with more significant morbidity. At the same time, for its clinical and laboratory characteristics, raise the differential diagnosis of immunohematological diseases, such as arthritis rheumatoid and systemic lupus erythematosus among others.Is done a review of clinical and laboratory of the polyarthritis caused by the mentioned viruses, differential diagnosis and therapeutic possibilities.

Sarampión: enfermedad reemergente en Venezuela / Measles: a reemerging disease

El sarampión es una infección prevenible por vacunas. El virus responsable de la entidad pertenece a la familia Paramyxoviridae, género Morbillivirus, es altamente contagiosa, y se transmite principalmente a través de las gotas de saliva por la tos. Gracias a la aplicación de la vacuna durante el período 2000-2015, se han evitado aproximadamente 20,3 millones de muertes por sarampión. En 35 años, hubo una reducción del 95% de los enfermos, pasando de 4,5 millones en 1980 a 244.700 casos en 2015. No obstante, a pesar de estos progresos, en los últimos años se ha observado una reemergencia, especialmente en Europa, Asia y África. El periodo de incubación es de 12 a 18 días, las personas infectadas suelen presentar un pródromo de fiebre, malestar general, tos, coriza y conjuntivitis, manchas de Koplik en la mucosa bucal, seguidos por una erupción maculopapular que se extiende típicamente desde la cabeza hasta el tronco y luego las extremidades inferiores; en la fase convaleciente los síntomas remiten, siendo la tos la última en desaparecer. Las complicaciones más frecuentes son neumonía, encefalitis, otitis media, ceguera (especialmente en niños desnutridos) y diarrea. La panencefalitis esclerosante subaguda asociada al sarampión ha disminuido de forma significativa desde el advenimiento de la vacuna. Actualmente en Venezuela, desde finales de agosto de 2017, se ha presentado un brote de la infección, específicamente en Ciudad Guayana del municipio Caroní del estado Bolívar; dado que la enfermedad es desconocida para muchos jóvenes profesionales de la medicina, presentamos esta revisión (AU)

Measles is a vaccine-preventable infection; the virus responsible for the entity belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae, genus morbillivirus, and is a highly contagious disease, transmitted mainly through droplets of saliva by cough. Thanks to the application of the vaccine during the period 2000-2015, approximately 20.3 million deaths from measles had been avoided. In 35 years, there was a reduction of 95% of the patients, from 4.5 million in 1980 to 244,700 cases in 2015. However, in spite of these developments, reemergence had been observed in recent years, especially in Europe, Asia and Africa. The incubation period is 12 to 18 days; infected persons usually present a prodrome of fever, malaise, cough, coryza and conjunctivitis, Koplik spots on the buccal mucosa, followed by a maculopapular eruption that typically extends from the head to the trunk and then the lower limbs; in the convalescent phase the symptoms return, and the cough disappears last. The most frequent complications are pneumonia, encephalitis, otitis media, blindness (especially in malnourished children) and diarrhea. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis associated with measles has decreased significantly since the advent of the vaccine Since the end of August 2017, there has been an outbreak of the infection in Venezuela, specifically in Ciudad Guayana, in the municipality of Caroní, Estado Bolivar. To many young medical professionals, the present review is presented(AU)

Exantemas virales: Sarampión / Viral rashes: measles

Las enfermedades exantemáticas son un conjunto de entidades clínicas de diverso origen, generalmente de etiología infecciosa, cuya manifestación cardinal es una erupción cutánea. Dentro de estas patologías destaca el Sarampión, enfermedad producida por el virus homónimo, un virus ARN de la familia paramyxoviridae, de alta contagiosidad en personas no inmunizadas, que se transmite por contacto directo o por aire. El cuadro clínico consta de dos fases, la fase prodrómica caracterizada por fiebre alta, tos, coriza y conjuntivitis; y la fase exantemática de sintomatología florida con la aparición del rush maculopapular eritematoso característico del sarampión. El diagnóstico se sospecha ante cualquier paciente que presente fiebre y exantema característico del cuadro. La confirmación diagnóstica se realiza mediante serología con la detección de anticuerpos IgM específicos del virus en sangre o secreción oral. El tratamiento se basa principalmente en medidas de soporte y administración de vitamina A. En Chile existe la vacuna trivírica, incluida dentro del Plan Nacional de Inmunizaciones, que confieren inmunidad contra este agente. Durante el presente año se han reportado brotes de sarampión en distintos países del mundo, dentro de ellos Chile, por ello que nace la necesidad de realizar una revisión bibliográfica actualizada de la enfermedad.

The exanthematic diseases are a set of clinical entities of diverse origin, usually due to infection, whose cardinal manifestation is a skin rash. Between these diseases, measles is very important, caused by the homonymous virus, an RNA virus family Paramyxoviridae, highly contagious in people who have not been immunized (5), which is transmitted by direct contact or by air. The clinical features consists of two phases, the prodromal phase characterized by high fever, cough, coryza and conjunctivitis; and the rush phase with the onset of characteristic erythematous maculopapular rush of measles. The diagnosis is suspected in any patient presenting with fever and characteristic rash. Diagnostic confirmation is done by serology detection of virus specific IgM antibodies in blood or oral secretions. The treatment is mainly based on support measures and vitamin A administration. In Chile there is MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, rubella), included in the National Immunization Program, which confers immunity against this agent. During this year, there have been reported measles outbreaks in different countries around the world, among them is Chile, for this reason arises the need for an updated literature review.

Clinical and laboratory features of adult measles cases detected in Van, Turkey

To evaluate adult measles patients with respect to their clinical and laboratory findings as well as complications. The retrospective study was conducted at Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey, between December 2012 and June 2013, and comprised cases diagnosed with measles. The diagnosis was based on clinical findings and all were serologically confirmed with the presence of Anti-measles Immunoglobulin M antibodies. Of the 50 records studied, 41[84%] related to women. Overall mean age was 25.52 +/- 4.07 years. The most common symptoms were fever and rash 50[100%], malaise 49[98%], cough 48[96%], headache 44[88%] and sore throat 36[72%]. The presence of Koplik spots, lymphadenopathy and hepatomegaly were observed in 3[6%], 6[12%] and 2[4%] patients respectively. Thrombocytopenia and elevated liver enzymes were detected in 26[52%] and 22[44%] patients. Pneumonia was the most common complication in 9[18%] patients. Other respiratory complications were bronchitis 5[10%] and laryngotracheitis 6[12%]. Of the cases, 9[18%] exhibited otitis media. Premature delivery and spontaneous abortus occurred in 2[4%] and 3[6%] patients of the 15[30%] pregnant women. Measles continues to be an important health problem in Turkey and needs an effective elimination programme

Review of Childhood Measles Admissions at the National Hospital, Abuja

Background: The global disease burden from measles as a vaccine preventable disease remains high despite decades of interventions by various organs and agencies. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and outcome of childhood cases of measles admitted into the children's emergency ward of the National hospital and highlight the possible contributing factors. Design: Retrospective. Subjects : A total number of 43 children with measles presenting at the National Hospital Abuja; seen over a 40 months period; January 2002 and April 2005. Methods: Cases-folders of patients seen at the Emergency Paediatric Unit (EPU) of the National Hospital Abuja during the period under review with the clinical diagnosis of measles were reviewed. Results: The children were aged between seven to 12months; with 25 (58.1) age 24 months and below. Twenty three (53.5) of the subjects had received prior measles vaccination. History of contact with cases of acute measles was present in 26 (60.5). Associated protein energy malnutrition (PEM) was found in 30 (69.8) with 28 (65.1) parents of these children being of lower social economic classes (III; IV etV). Recorded complications included gastroenteritis; bronchopneumonia; laryngo-tracheo-bronchitis as part of croup syndrome; tuberculosis; and otitis media. Three fatalities (7.0) were record in this review; all in association with bronchopneumonia. Conclusion : Measles with its complications still present as a fatal illness even among vaccinated children

Measles with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM).

We report a seven year old male with measles associated acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) despite having received measles vaccination in infancy. The diagnosis was based on serum antimeasles antibodies and MRI brain. The patient was managed with high dose corticosteroids along with supportive measures. There was a complete neurologically and physica recovery.

[Effect of ionizing radiation of cobalt 60 on radiosensitivity of HeLa cells infected with Measles virus]

Radiotherapy is one of the cancer treatment methods. Prescribed dose for each fraction is considered based on radiosensitivity of tumoral and normal tissues. Viral agents are the effective factors on tissue sensitivity. This research aimed to determine the effect of ionizing radiation of Cobal 60 on radiosensitivity of Hela cells infected with Measles virus. In this study, the radiosensitivity of Hela cells is investigated experimentally and qualitively. The cells have been cultivated in two groups [experimental and blank] and plating efficiency has been obtained. Then 100 lambda measles virus with serial dilution method was used to induce infection in different ratio for experimental group. After cell growth and passage, the two groups were irradiated with 2Gy gamma radiation of cobalt 60. Results respectively indicated cell death increases up to 5-7%, 15-20% and 50-65%, after 2Gy irradiation by Co 60 for contaminating to Measles in low, moderate and high concentrations. The result in radiotherapy of cancers showed, in prescribing dose fraction non cancer disease should be considered

Encore une epidemie au Burkina Faso

En debut 2009; une epidemie de rougeole a frappe pres de 20 000 personnes au Burkina Faso. Cette maladie touche aussi bien des enfants que des adultes

Under nutrition and measles related complications in an outbreak of measles.

An outbreak of measles was reported from Shivpuri district of Madhya Pradesh, India. The authors investigated this outbreak with an objective to describe the under nutrition and measles related complications. A total of 723 children aged 12-59 months were included in this study. Their caregiver was interviewed for necessary information and Mid Upper Arm Circumference measurement of the affected child was done for the assessment of nutritional status. 171 (22.3%) of these had reported to have suffered from one or more measles related complication. 556 (76%) of the measles cases in this study were undernourished. Measles related complications was more among measles affected children who were severely undernourished (38%) in comparison to other groups (chi2 = 97.80; d.f. = 1; p<0.0001).

Measles related complications and the role of vitamin A supplementation.

OBJECTIVE: Measles is associated with high rate of complications and contributes to a major proportion of childhood morbidity and mortality. The role of vit A supplementation (VAS) in the case management of measles and prevention of complications is partially understood and not sufficiently supported by epidemiological data. This paper analyses the possible role of vit A supplementation in prevention of measles related complications and associated fatality. METHODS: A cross sectional study was carried out during an outbreak of measles in Shivpuri, India. A total population of 193,000 was covered by house to house visit and, the caregivers of total 1204 measles cases, including 214 cases with complications, were interviewed using a semi structured interview schedule. The analysis of data was done using Epi Info. RESULTS: The attack rate of 6.7% and rate of complications at 17.8% were found in this investigation. The coverage with routine measles vaccine and the vit A supplementation was 18.3% and 28.9% respectively. The management of measles cases was poor with only 15.8% cases receiving therapeutic doses of vit A. Both complications and case fatality rate was higher amongst children who had not received vit A supplementation in previous 6 months (p<0.05). Measles vaccine also found to have preventive effect on development of complications (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Routine vit A supplementation and measles vaccination reduce the chances of complications amongst cases of measles. The role of VAS becomes more important when the case management is poor. While, measles is frequently associated with complications in the Indian setting, there is a need of enhancing the efforts to improve the delivery of vit A supplementation and measles vaccine to the children in rural areas.

Cirurgia da catarata infantil unilateral / Unilateral pediatric cataract surgery

OBJETIVO: Analisar os resultados visuais de uma série de crianças operadas de catarata unilateral. MÉTODOS: Um estudo retrospectivo foi realizado através da análise de 35 prontuários médicos do Serviço de Catarata Congênita da UNIFESP/EPM. RESULTADOS: Quanto à etiologia, a primeira causa de catarata foi idiopática, a segunda causa foi o trauma e a terceira foi a rubéola congênita. Em 51,4 por cento dos olhos tinham acuidade visual pré-operatória de ausência de fixação. E em 42,8 por cento dos casos operados a acuidade visual final foi igual ou melhor que 20/200. DISCUSSÃO: Embora a cirurgia em catarata unilateral seja motivo de controvérsias entre os oftalmologistas, obteve-se melhora de acuidade visual em número significativo de casos.

PURPOSE: To analyze the results in a series of children submitted to unilateral cataract surgery. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted through the analysis of 35 patient files from the Congenital Cataract Service of UNIFESP/EPM. RESULTS: The main cause of unilateral cataract was idiopathic, the second cause was ocular trauma and the third cause was congenital rubella. Initial visual acuity was very poor in 51.4 percent of the cases (did not fix or follow), and the best corrected final visual acuity was better than 20/200 in 42.8 percent of the eyes. DISCUSSION: Although controversial, the surgical treatment of unilateral cataract, in this study, showed improvement in many cases.

An epidemiological study on incidence, symptoms and complications of measles in bordering districts of West Bengal.

The present study was carried out to find out the incidence of measles in under five children and its complications in four selected urban slums of inter-state border districts of West Bengal. 20 cluster sampling technique was followed and in each cluster 250 under five children were covered. Paramedical workers found out the children of the target age group who had the history of measles in past one year and Medical Officer confirmed the case following standard case definition. Incidence of measles was round to be 3.3% in Purulia, 5.5% in Bankura. 4.6% in Midnapur, 5.7% in Haldia-Tamluk and with an overall rate of 4.8%. Incidence was higher in 0-11 and 12-23 months age group and decreased with increasing age, but no sex difference in incidence of Measles was observed. Only 20% of cases were vaccinated with measles vaccine and 26% received Vitamin A in oil. Diarrhoea was the commonest complications followed by cough and cold, pneumonia and weight loss. The study highlighted the necessity of timely measles vaccine coverage, additional dose at a higher age and Vitamin A oil supplementation through IEC activities.