Otomyiasis: Systematic Review

Abstract Introduction Myiasis is a disease causedby fly larvae that growinthetissues of animals and humans. It can cause a variety of local symptoms, like erythema or pain, depending on its location, and generalized symptomatology, such as fever andmalaise.Myiasis can generate severe complications, for instance sepsis, or directly impact vital tissues. Its management varies depending on the location, and on the preferences of the doctor that faces this challenge. Myiasis usually occurs in tropical countries, and, in many places, it is not a rare condition. The cases are rarely reported, and there are no publishedmanagement protocols. Objective To review the literature regarding the most common agents, the predisposing factors and the treatment alternatives for otic myiasis, a rare form of human myiasis caused by the infestation of fly larvae in the ear cavities. Data synthesis We present a systematic review of the literature. The search in five databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, LILACS and RedALyC) led to 63 published cases from 24 countries, in the 5 continents. The ages of the patients ranged fromnewborn to 65 years old. Themost common agents belong to the Sarcophagidae or Calliphoridae families. Chronic otitis media, previous otic surgical procedures, mental deficit, alcohol or drug abuse, sleeping outdoors, prostration, and malnutrition were predisposing factors. The treatment alternatives are herein discussed. Conclusion The results highlight the need for monitoring, follow-up and standardization of medical approaches. (AU)

First record of Peckia (Sarcodexia) lambens (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) parasitizing Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Brazil / Primeiro registro de Peckia (Sarcodexia) lambens (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) parasitando Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) no Brasil

Collections of larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) carried out in the field in three localities in the city of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, from October 2012 to March 2014, recorded the presence of three species of Diptera parasitizing Spodoptera frugiperda: two species of Tachinidae, Achytas incertus (Macquart, 1851) and Winthemia trinitatis Thompson, 1963, and one species of Sarcophagidae, Peckia (Sarcodexia) lambens (Wiedemann, 1830). The latter is identified for the first time parasitizing S. frugiperda in Brazil.(AU)

Coletas de larvas de Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: |Noctuidae) realizadas no campo em três localidades da cidade de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, entre outubro de 2012 e março de 2014, registraram a presença de três espécies de Diptera como parasitoide de S. frugiperda: duas espécies de Tachinidae, Archytas incertus (Macquart, 1851) e Winthemia trinitatis Thompson, 1963, e uma espécie de Sarcophagidae, Peckia (Sarcodexia) lambens (Wiedemann 1830), sendo esta identificada pela primeira vez no país como parasitoide larval de S. frugiperda.(AU)

A Case of Cutaneous Wound Myiasis Associated with Basal Cell Carcinoma by Sarcophaga africa / 대한피부과학회지

No abstract available.

Bioprospecção de bactérias entomopatogênicas sobre o desenvolvimento pós-embrionßrio de Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), em laboratório / Bioprospecting entomopathogenic bacteria on the postembryonic development of chrysomya megacephala (fabricius, 1794) (diptera: calliphoridae) in laboratory

Chrysomya megacephala, conhecida como mosca-varejeira, tem importânciapara a saúde pública devido ao fato de os adultos serem potenciais vetores depatógenos entéricos, e causadores de miíase, tanto em humanos quanto emanimais. Além disso, trata-se de uma espécie exótica invasora. Os poucos estudosque abordam o controle de C. megacephala empregam os inseticidas químicos,como os piretroides e os organofosfatos e o uso de parasitoides e metabolitossecundßrios de plantas. Bactérias entomopatogênicas são uma alternativainteligente para a redução do uso de agroquímicos, pois possuem maior eficßcia,menor custo e benefícios ambientais, como segurança para os humanos e outrosorganismos não alvo. Nesse sentido, este trabalho avaliou a bioatividade deBrevibacillus laterosporus e Bacillus thuringiensis sobre o desenvolvimento pósembrionßriode Chrysomya megacephala. Foram testadas (bioensaios preliminares)15 cepas da espécie Brevibacillus laterosporus e 3 cepas de Bacillus thuringiensisvar. israelensis contra larvas de primeiro instar de C. megacephala. Anßlisesestatísticas indicaram maior atividade larvicida das cepas Bon 707, IGM 16-92 e Shi3 de B. laterosporus, causando mortalidade significativa e superior a 50%. Foramrealizados bioensaios completos analisando os efeitos letais (mortalidade larval,pupal e total) e subletais (período de desenvolvimento pós-embrionßrio em dias emédia de peso das larvas), das cepas Bon 707, Shi 3 e IGM 16-92. Suspensões deesporos das cepas Shi 3 e Bon 707 apresentaram taxas de mortalidade superiores.A anßlise por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão revelou alterações intestinaisdecorrentes da ingestão pelas larvas de esporos das cepas Bon 707 e IGM 16-92...

Chrysomya megacephala, known as a blowfly species, is important for publichealth due to the fact that adults are potential vectors of enteric pathogens, andcause myiasis, both in humans and in animals. Furthermore, it is an exotic invasivespecies. The few studies that address the control of C. megacephala employchemical insecticides, such as pyrethroids and organophosphates, the use ofparasitoids and secondary plant metabolites. Entomopathogenic bacteria are a smartalternative for reducing the use of pesticides because they have greater efficiency,lower cost and environmental benefits such as safety for humans and other nontargetorganisms. Therefore, this study evaluated the bioactivity of Brevibacilluslaterosporus and Bacillus thuringiensis strains on the post-embryonic developmentChrysomya megacephala. Fifteen strains of Brevibacillus laterosporus species and 3strains of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis were tested (preliminary bioassays)against first instar larvae of C. megacephala. Statistical analysis indicated higherlarvicidal activity of the strains Bon 707, IGM 16-92 and Shi 3 of B. laterosporus,causing significant mortality, higher than 50%. Complete bioassays analyzing thelethal effects (larval, pupal and total mortality) and sublethal effects (period in days ofpost-embryonic development and mean weight of larvae) were performed with strainsBon 707, Shi 3 and IGM 16-92. Spore suspensions of strains Bon 707 and Shi 3presented higher mortality rates. Analysis by transmission electron microscopyrevealed intestinal alterations resulting from the intake of spores of Bon 707 and IGM16-92 strains by the larvae...

Traumatic Myiasis Caused by an Association of Sarcophaga tibialis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) and Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in a Domestic Cat in Italy

We describe here a rare case of traumatic myiasis occurred in August 2014, caused by an association of 2 Diptera species, Sarcophaga tibialis Macquart (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) and Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), in a domestic cat in northern Italy. Species identification was based on adult male morphology. The present case is the first report of S. tibialis as an agent of myiasis in Italy, and also the first ever report of myiasis caused by an association of S. tibialis and L. sericata. The cat developed an extensive traumatic myiasis in a large wound on the rump, which was treated pharmacologically and surgically. The biology, ecology, and distribution of S. tibialis and L. sericata are also discussed. A literature review is provided on cases of myiasis caused by S. tibialis, and cases of myiasis by L. sericata involving cats worldwide and humans and animals in Italy.

Differential Diptera succession patterns onto partially burned and unburned pig carrion in southeastern Brazil / Diferenças no padrão de sucessão de Diptera em carcaças de porco parcialmente carbonizadas e não carbonizadas

In the present contribution we compared the entomological succession pattern of a burned carcass with that of an unburned one. For that, we used domestic pig carcasses and focused on Calliphoridae, Muscidae and Sarcophagidae flies, because they are the ones most commonly used in Postmortem Interval estimates. Adult and immature flies were collected daily. A total of 27 species and 2,498 specimens were collected, 1,295 specimens of 26 species from the partially burned carcass and 1,203 specimens of 22 species from the control carcass (unburned). The species composition in the two samples differed, and the results of the similarity measures were 0.875 by Sorensen and 0.756 by Bray-Curtis index. The results obtained for both carcasses also differ with respect to the decomposition process, indicating that the post mortem interval would be underestimated if the entomological succession pattern observed for a carcass under normal conditions was applied to a carbonized carcass.

Nesta contribuição, nós comparamos o padrão de sucessão entomológica de uma carcaça carbonizada com outra não carbonizada. Para tal, nós usamos carcaças de porcos domésticos e focamos nos dípteros Calliphoridae, Muscidae e Sarcophagidae, por estes serem os grupos de insetos mais comumente usados na estimativa do intervalo pós-morte. Moscas adultas e seus imaturos foram coletados diariamente. Um total de 27 espécies e 2.498 espécimes foi coletado, 1.295 espécimes de 26 espécies na carcaça parcialmente carbonizada e 1.203 espécimes de 22 espécies na carcaça controle (não carbonizada). A composição específica das duas amostras foi diferente e os cálculos de similaridade resultantes foram 0,875 pelo índice de Sorensen e 0,756 pelo índice de Bray-Curtis. Os resultados obtidos para ambas as carcaças também diferiram em relação ao processo de decomposição, indicando que o intervalo pós-morte poderia ser subestimado se o padrão de sucessão entomológica observado na decomposição de uma carcaça sob condições normais fosse aplicado a uma carcaça carbonizada.

Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) dux (Diptera: Sarcophagidae): A flesh fly species of medical importance

BACKGROUND: Although tropical climate of Thailand is suitably endowed with biodiversity of insects, flies of medical importance is not well investigated. Using information from literature search, fly survey approach and specialist's experience, we review database of Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) dux Thomson (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), one of the priorities flesh fly species of medical importance in Thailand. RESULTS: This review deals with morphology, bionomics and medical involvement. Important morphological characteristics of egg, larva, puparia and adult were highlighted with illustration and/or micrographs. Search pertaining to molecular analysis used for fly identification and developmental rate of larvae were included. Medical involvement of larvae was not only myiasis-producing agent in humans and animals, but associated with human death investigations. CONCLUSIONS: This information will enable us to accurate identify this species and to emphasis the increase medically important scene in Thailand.

Synanthropy of Sarcophagidae (Diptera) in La Pintada, Antioquia-Colombia / Sinantropía de Sarcophagidae (Diptera) en La Pintada, Antioquia-Colombia

Recently, populations of flies have increased in numbers given the elevated levels of organic matter waste produced by anthropic activities and domestication of animals. Such increase represents a worldwide health concern, since flies can be vectors of human diseases. The great variety of feeding and developmental habits of flies of the family Sarcophagidae taking place on animal corpses, feces and decomposed organic matter make them potential vectors of pathogens. Herein, we evaluated the synanthropic index (SI), as well as other ecological aspects of this family, through simultaneous monthly samplings in three areas with different degrees of human disturbance (urban, rural and forest). Each area had four van Someren Rydon traps, each one with a different bait (i.e., human feces, chicken viscera, fish and decomposing onion). Traps were active during 48 hours each month, and specimen collection was made every 12 hours. A total of 7 446 Sarcophagidae individuals were collected (1 275 males and 6 171 females), belonging to 27 species and nine genera. Tricharaea (Sarcophagula) canuta (SI=+96.67), Oxysarcodexia taitensis (SI=+93.85), Peckia (Peckia) chrysostoma (SI=+90.00) and Tricharaea (Sarcophagula) occidua (SI=+88.76) exhibited the highest values of synanthropy index, revealing a strong preference for human settlements. The most abundant species were Oxysarcodexia conclausa (21.80%), Ravinia effrenata (18.67%), Oxysarcodexia bakeri (11.45%) and Oxysarcodexia taitensis (10.20%), all of which exhibited preference for urban environments. Additionally, we are reporting seven new records of Sarcophagid flies for Colombia: Oxysarcodexia angrensis, Oxysarcodexia bakeri, Oxysarcodexia diana, Oxysarcodexia similata, Oxysarcodexia timida, Peckia (Peckia) pexata and Titanogrypa (Cucullomyia) placida.

La población de moscas se ha visto incrementada recientemente por la proliferación de residuos de materia orgánica proveniente de la actividad antrópica, así como por la domesticación de animales. Este aumento constituye una gran alerta de salud a nivel mundial, ya que algunas moscas son vectores de enfermedades al humano. Los Sarcophagidae cuentan con una gran variedad de hábitos de alimentación y desarrollo, los cuales tienen lugar en cadáveres de animales, excrementos y materia orgánica en descomposición; haciéndolos posibles vectores de patógenos. En este estudio se evaluó el índice de sinantropía, al igual que otros aspectos ecológicos de esta familia median- te muestreos mensuales simultáneos en tres zonas (urbana, rural y bosque), usando trampas van Someren Rydon ceba- das con excremento humano, vísceras de pollo, pescado y cebolla en descomposición. En cada zona se instalaron cuatro trampas (una por atrayente), durante 48 horas cada mes, realizando recolectas cada 12 horas. Se recolectaron 7 446 individuos de Sarcophagidae (1 275 machos y 6 171 hembras), de 27 especies y nueve géneros. Tricharaea (Sarcophagula) canuta (+96.67), Oxysarcodexia taitensis (+93.85), Peckia (Peckia) chrysostoma (+90.00) y Tricharaea (Sarcophagula) occidua (+88.76) presentaron los índices de sinantropía más altos del estudio, lo que refleja una fuerte preferencia por asentamientos humanos. Las especies más abundantes fueron: Oxysarcodexia conclausa (21.80%), Ravinia effrenata (18.67%), Oxysarcodexia bakeri (11.45%) y Oxysarcodexia taitensis (10.20%), todas exhibiendo preferencia por ambientes urbanizados. Se reportan siete nuevos registros para Colombia: Oxysarcodexia angrensis, Oxysarcodexia bakeri, Oxysarcodexia diana, Oxysarcodexia similata, Oxysarcodexia timida, Peckia (Peckia) pexata y Titanogrypa (Cucullomyia) placida.

Identification of common Sarcophagidae by short cytochrome oxidase I fragment / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To identify the common Sarcophagidae with a 278 bp fragment of cytochrome oxidase I in mitochondrial DNA and to obtain an unambiguous and rapid identification method for Sarcophagidae in forensic investigations.@*METHODS@#Nineteen Sarcosaprophagous flies were collected from 16 locations in 12 Chinese provinces. All specimens were comprised of 4 species. The mtDNA of flies was extracted with SDSPK extraction method. Polymerase chain reaction was conducted in an Eppendorf 5331 thermal cycler. The PCR products were purified and sequenced and the obtained sequences were uploaded to GenBank. A neighbor-joining tree was constructed with MEGA4.0 package.@*RESULTS@#The 19 Sarcosaprophagous flies were well clustered. The intraspecific variation within species varied from 0% to 3%, while the interspecific variations between species varied from 8% to 12%.@*CONCLUSION@#Congeneric species can be separated by the short fragment (278 bp region in the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene), which will be instrumental for implementation of the Chinese Sarcophagidae database and lay a foundation for post mortem interval estimation in future forensic cases.

DNA-Based Identification of Necrophagous Fly Species Using Abdominal-B (Abd-B) Homeobox Sequence / 대한법의학회지

In medicolegal investigations, correct identification of the necrophagous fly species collected around and on the corpse is an essential step for estimating the postmortem interval (PMI). Therefore, forensic pathologists and entomologists investigating deaths due to violent crimes need a rapid, easy-to-use protocol to identify fly species found on corpses. A rapid and robust DNA-based tool that can distinguish between various immature and mature species from the Calliphoridae, Muscidae, and Sarcophagidae families would be ideal for such investigations. To date, the DNA barcode initiative is the best approach for identifying species-specific nucleotide sequences. We have developed 3 sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR)-based identification systems derived from the Abdominal-B homeobox sequences of 17 fly species belonging to the Muscidae and Sarcophagidae. The flies used in this study were collected in Korea. These assay systems can classify 17 forensically important fly species into the dipteran family group and reliably distinguish them from inter- and intraspecific fly species through a 2-step multiplex PCR. This novel approach may also be used as an alternative to conventional DNA-based identification methods.

Caracterización citogenética de lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826) (Diptera: calliphoridae), Cepa Bogotá, Colombia / Cytogenetic characterization of lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826) (diptera: calliphoridae), Bogotá-Colombia strain / Caracterização citogenética de lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826) (diptera: calliphoridae), cepa Bogotá, Colômbia

Introducción: Lucilia sericata es una especie de importancia médica y forense, utilizada en terapia larval para curar heridas crónicas y en estudios médico-legales empleada en la estimación del intervalo post mórtem y el traslado de cadáveres. No existen registros de las características citogenéticas de esta mosca en el neotrópico. El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue identificar las características morfométricas cromosómicas y las estructuras primarias del cariotipo, a partir de especímenes de L. sericata de la cepa Bogotá, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Se tomaron huevos embrionados, que fueron previamente esterilizados en su superficie, se maceraron y luego fueron sembrados en el medio de cultivo L-15, suplementado con 20% de SFB, e incubados a una temperatura de 28 °C, sin atmosfera de C0(2). La preparación de los cromosomas se obtuvo de monocapas celulares semiconfluentes, empleando diversas soluciones: antimitótica (Colchicina), hipotónica (KCl 0,075 M) y fijadora (Carnoy: metanol y ácido acético; 3:1). Se llevó a cabo la técnica de bandeo C para la identificación de regiones cromosómicas de heterocromatina constitutiva. Resultados: Se obtuvieron parámetros morfométricos de cada par cromosómico. El número diploide del cariotipo obtenido de los cultivos celulares fue 2n = 12; éstos se clasificaron morfológicamente, de acuerdo con patrones previamente establecidos, así: los pares I, II, IV y V fueron metacéntricos, y el par III fue submetacéntrico. A su vez, el par sexual fue heteromórfico, siendo el cromosoma X metacéntrico y el cromosoma Y submetacéntrico. El bandeo C fue positivo para todos los pares cromosómicos. Conclusiones: Se establecieron las características citogenéticas de L. sericata, cepa Bogotá, Colombia, relacionadas con número, forma, tamaño, posición del centrómero y regiones heterocromáticas de los cromosomas.

Objective: Lucilia sericata is an important species for medical and forensic purposes, it is used in maggot therapy in the treatment of chronic wounds and in medical-legal studies for establishing the post-mortem interval and the transfer of corpses. Currently there are no records of the cytogenetic characteristics of this fly in Neotropical region. The main objective of this study was to identify morphometric characteristics and primary structures from karyotype of L. sericata strain Bogota, Colombia. Methods and materials: Embryonated eggs were taken, which were previously surface sterilized, macerated and then seeded in L-15 medium culture, supplemented with 20% FBS and incubated at 28 °C, without C0(2) atmosphere. The preparation of chromosomes was obtained from semiconfluent monolayers, pretreated with various solutions: antimitotic (Colchicine), hypotonic (KCl 0.075 M) and fixative (Carnoy, methanol and acetic acid, 3:1). C-banding technique was carried out to identify chromosomal regions of constitutive heterochromatin. Results: Morphometric parameters were obtained from each pair of chromosomes. The diploid karyotype number obtained from cell cultures was 2n = 12; they were classified morphologically, according to patterns established previously, as follows: pairs I, II, IV and V were metacentric and pair III was submetacentric. On the other hand, the sexual pair was heteromorphic, being X chromosome metacentric and Y chromosome submetacentric. C banding was positive for all chromosome pairs. Conclusions: The cytogenetic characteristics of L. sericata, strain Bogotá, were established according to number, shape, centromer position and heterochromatic regions.

Introdução: Lucilia sericata é uma espécie de importência médica e forense, utilizada em terapia larval para curar feridas crônicas e em estudos médico-legais empregada na estimação do intervalo post morteme o traslado de cadáveres. Não existem registros das características citogéneticas desta mosca no neotrópico. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi identificar as características morfométricas cromossômicas e as estruturas primárias do cariótipo, a partir de especímenes de L. sericata da cepa Bogotá, Colômbia. Materiais e métodos: Tomaram-se ovos embrionados, que foram previamente esterilizados em sua superfície, se maceraram e depois foram semeados no médio de cultivo L-15, suplementado com 20% de SFB, e incubados a uma temperatura de 28 °C, sem atmosfera de C02. A preparação dos cromossomas obteve-se de monocamadas celulares semiconfluentes, utilizando diversas soluções: antimitótica (Colchicina), hipotônica (KCl 0,075 M) e fixadora (Carnoy: metanol y ácido acético; 3:1). Levou-se a cabo a técnica de bandas C para a identificação de regiões cromossômicas de heterocromatina constitutiva. Resultados: Se obtiveram parâmetros morfométricos de cada par cromossômico. O número diplóide do cariótipo obtido dos cultivos celulares foi 2n = 12; estes se classificaram morfologicamente, de acordo com patrões previamente estabelecidos, assim: os pares I, II, IV e V foram metacêntricos, e o par III foi submetacéntrico. Por sua vez, o par sexual foi heteromórfico, sendo o cromossoma X me-tacêntrico e o cromossoma Y submetacêntrico. As bandas C foram positivas para todos os pares cromossômicos. Conclusões: Se estabeleceram as características citogenéticas de L. sericata, cepa Bogotá, Colômbia, relacionadas com número, forma, tamanho, posição do centrômero e regiões heterocromáticas dos cromossomas.

Composition, Abundance and Richness of Sarcophagidae (Diptera: Oestroidea) in Forests and Forest Gaps with Different Vegetation Cover

This study was carried out in the Base Operacional Geólogo Pedro de Moura (BOGPM) in the Urucu River Basin, Coari, state of Amazonas, Brazil, during April, June, and October 2007, in 16 areas, 4 in primary forests (environment MT) and 12 in gaps (environments C1, C2, and C3) at different stages of vegetation recovery, with different plant cover height. We collected 3,547 specimens of flesh flies. The 3,525 individuals identified to species level included 10 genera, 6 subgenera, and 23 species. Sarcodexia lambens (Wiedemann) (47.1 percent) and Peckia (Peckia) chrysostoma (Wiedemann) (19.1 percent) were the most abundant species. The abundance patterns and estimated richness differed between the environments, and were separated in two groups, one of the gaps (C1, C2, and C3) and another of forests (MT). Both abundance and estimated richness were higher in the gaps (C1, C2, and C3) than in the forest (MT).

Gastrointestinal Myiasis by Larvae of Sarcophaga sp. and Oestrus sp. in Egypt: Report of Cases, and Endoscopical and Morphological Studies

Four cases of gastric or intestinal myiasis are reported. The cases contain 2 males (1 child 10 years old, and 1 adult 40 years old) and 2 females (1 girl 18 years old, and 1 adult 50 years old) from Minia Governorate, Southern Egypt. Three of them, including cases no. 1, 3, and 4, were gastric myiasis, and complained of offensive hematemesis of bright red blood. Minute moving worms, larvae of the fly, were found in the vomitus. On the other hand, case no. 2 had intestinal myiasis, and complained of abdominal distention, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The stool of case 2 was mixed with blood, and minute moving worms were observed in the stool. Endoscopy was performed to explore any pathological changes in the stomach of the patients. The larvae were collected and studied macroscopically, microscopically, and us-ing a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to identify their species. Three different types of larvae were identified. The larvae isolated from case 1 were diagnosed as the second stage larvae of Sarcophaga species, and the larvae isolated from case 2 were the third stage larvae of Sarcophaga species. On the other hand, the larvae isolated from cases 3 and 4 were diagnosed as the third stage larvae of Oestrus species.

Sequencing of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene in sarcosaphagous flies from 14 provinces in China / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To detect the 278 bp region of gene of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) in mitochondral DNA (mtDNA) of sarcosaphagous flies, identify the species of sarcosaphagous flies, and provide reference for forensic application.@*METHODS@#Samples were collected in Baotou and Chifeng of Inner Mongolia, Tianjin, Nanning, Fuzhou, Linyi of Shandong, Shijiazhuang, Yinchuan, Lanzhou, Huairou of Beijing, Xinxiang and Nanyang of Henan, Datong of Shanxi, Wuhu of Anhui, Quzhou of Zhejiang, Changsha, Zhuzhou and Yongzhou of Hunan. A total of 38 flies were randomly collected from rabbits, dogs and pigs which were set outdoors, then the flies' mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were extracted by the improved small insects DNA homogenate method. Amplification was conducted by Perkin-Elmer 9600 thermal cycler, then vertical non-denaturing 7% polyacrylamide gelectrophoresis. PCR products were purified using the nucleic acid purification kit. Sequences of both strands were obtained by direct sequence of the double-stranded PCR product using one of the PCR primers and the ABI PRISM big dye terminator cycle sequencing dit. Sequence reactions were electrophorsed on ABI Model 3730 DNA Sequencers. A UPGMA tree was contrasted using the maximum composite likelihood method in MEGA4.@*RESULTS@#The 38 sarcosaphagous flies belonged to 3 families(Muscidae, Calliphoridae, and Sarcophagidae), 10 genuses (Musca Linnaeus, Hydrotaea Robineau-Desvoidy, Aldrichina Townsend, Hemipyrellia Townsend, Achoetandrus Bezzi, Protophormia Townsend, Chrysomya Robineau-Desvoidy, Lucilia Robineau-Desvoidy, Helicophagella Enderlein, and Boettcherisca Rohdendorf), and 12 species [Musca domestica (Linnaeus), Hydrotaea (Ophyra) capensis (Wiedemann), Lucilia caesar (Linnaeus), Lucilia illustris (Meigen), Aldrichina graham (Aldrich), Hemipyrellia ligurriens, Achoetandrus (Chrysomya) rufifacies (Macquary), Protophormia terraenovae (Robineau-Desvoidy), Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius), Lucilia sericata (Meigen), Helicophagella melanura (Meigen), and Boettcherisca peregrine (Robineau-Desvoidy)].@*CONCLUSION@#The genus of the sarcosaphagous flies can be identified by 278 bp gene sequence analysis of CO I in mtDNA. This method is rapid, convenient and precise.

Notes on necrophagous flies (Diptera: Calyptratae) associated to fish carrion in Colombian Amazon / Notas sobre moscas necrófagas (Diptera: Caliptratae) associadas a carcaças de peixe na Amazônia Colombiana

In recent years, there has been an increasing number of studies on carrion fly communities due to their medical importance and as a consequence of the large number of studies on forensic entomology. Surprisingly few studies have adressed with the asynantropic flies of the Amazon, and none were done in Colombia. A faunistic study of asynantropic flies of the families Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Muscidae and Fannidae in three different landscapes of the Colombian Amazon is presented, trapping effectiveness is assessed, and the first record of Mesembrinella batesi (Aldrich, 1922) and Fannia femoralis (Stein, 1897) from Colombia is reported.

Apesar de existir uma quantidade considerável de estudos sobre dípteros decompositores devido a sua importância medica e ao avanço da entomologia forense, poucos dizem respeito as moscas asinantrópicas na Amazônia e nada foi feito na Colômbia. No presente trabalho é feito um estudo faunístico sobre moscas, principalmente das famílias Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Muscidae e Fanniidae em três diferentes paisagens da Amazônia Colombiana, além do primeiro registro das espécies Mesembrinella batesi (Aldrich, 1922) e Fannia femoralis (Stein, 1897) para Colômbia e avaliação da amostragem utilizada.

Revisão das duas espécies de Tapacura Tibana & Lopes, 1985 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae: Sarcophaginae) / Revision of the two species of Tapacura Tibana & Lopes, 1985 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae: Sarcophaginae)

Esta revisão apresenta um estudo da morfologia externa das espécies de Tapacura Tibana & Lopes 1985, especialmente da terminália masculina. Tapacura inclui atualmente duas espécies: T. mariarum Tibana & Lopes, 1985 e T. mexicana Lopes, 1988, que foram relacionados a Peckiamyia Dodge, Retrocitomyia Lopes e a Sinopiella Lopes & Tibana na descrição original. São apresentadas redescrições, ilustrações e uma diagnose genérica mais ampla. Uma comparação entre as espécies de Tapacura e aquelas dos gêneros relacionados tem mostrado que Tapacura é mais similar morfologicamente a Peckiamyia, especialmente porque ambos têm o 3º setor costal da asa com pequenas cerdas ventrais, o fêmur médio do macho sem ctenídio e o edeago muito reduzido e pigmentado.

This revision presents a study on external morphology of the species of Tapacura Tibana & Lopes 1985, especially of the male terminalia. Tapacura includes presently two species: T. mariarum Tibana & Lopes, 1985 and T. mexicana Lopes, 1988, which were related to Peckiamyia Dodge, Retrocitomyia Lopes and Sinopiella Lopes & Tibana in the original description. Redescriptions, illustrations and a broadest generic diagnosis are presented. A comparison between the Tapacura species and those of the related genera has showed that Tapacura is more morphologically similar to Peckiamyia, especially because both have the third costal section of the wing with ventral setulae, male mid femur without ctenidium and a very reduced and pigmented aedeago.

A new species of Johnstonimyia Lopes from Vanuatu (New Hebrides) (Diptera, Sarcophagidae)

A new species of the genus Johnstonimyia Lopes, namely J. lopesi, is described and illustrated.

Notes on species of the genus Agria R.-D. (Diptera, Sarcophagidae)

A key is given for the identification of females of all Holarctic species included into this genus, and keys are provided for distinguishing third instar larvae and puparia of two Palaeartic species. In addition to these, the description of the A. monachae (Kr.) female has been expanded.

Scanning eletron microscopy of the first instar larvae of Sarcodexia lambens and Peckia chrysostoma (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)

The first instar larvae of Sarcodexia lambens (Wiedemann, 1830) and Peckia chrysostoma (Wiedemann, 1830) dissected from females reared in laboratory, are described under scanning electron microscope (SEM).